Encyclopedia

Apple II system clocks Apple II system clocks, also know as real-time clocks, were commodities in the early days of computing. A clock/calendar did not become standard in the Apple II line of computers until 1987 with the introduction of the Apple IIGS.
Apple IIc The Apple IIc, the fourth model in the Apple II series of personal computers, was Apple Computer's first endeavor to produce a portable computer. The end result was a "luggable" 7½ pound notebook sized version of the Apple II which could easily be transported from place to place.
Apple IIc Plus The Apple IIc Plus was the sixth and final model in the Apple II line of personal computers, produced by Apple Computer. The "Plus" in the name was a reference to the additional features it offered over the original portable Apple IIc, such as greater storage capacity (a built-in 3.
Apple IIe The Apple IIe was the third model in the Apple II series of personal computers, produced by Apple Computer. The "e" in the name stood for "enhanced", referring to the fact that several popular features were now built-in that were only available as third party upgrades and add-ons in earlier models.
Apple IIe Card The Apple IIe Card (Apple Computer part #820-0444-A) is, in a sense, the smallest Apple II "computer" ever designed, though as a hardware emulator card it is not considered an extension of the Apple II line. Released in March 1991 for use with the LC family of Macintosh computers, the card allows compatible Macs to run software designed for Apple II computers (except the 16-bit Apple IIGS).
Apple IIgs demos The Apple IIgs demoscene goes back to the days of the original Apple II series in the 1980s, when software crackers would put "signature screens" at the beginnings of games of which they had broken the copy protection.
Apple IIGS The Apple IIGS, the fifth model inception of the Apple II, was the most powerful member of the Apple II series of personal computers made by Apple Computer. At the time of its release it had stunning color graphics and state-of-the-art sound capabilities that surpassed those of most other computers, including the black and white Macintosh (apart from a lower vertical resolution).
Apple Intel transition The Apple Intel transition was the process of changing the CPU of Macintosh computers from PowerPC processors to Intel x86 processors. The transition began at the 2005 Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC), when Apple Computer CEO Steve Jobs made the historic announcement that the company would transition from the use of PowerPC microprocessors supplied by Freescale (formerly Motorola) and IBM in their Macintosh computers, to processors designed and manufactured by Intel, a chief supplier for most of Apple's competitorsApple press release, June 6, 2005:Apple to Use Intel Microprocessors Beginning in 2006.
Apple Interactive Television Box The Apple Interactive Television Box was a set-top box developed by Apple Computer (now Apple Inc.) in partnership with a number of national tellecommunications firms, including British Telecom and Belgacom amongst others.
Apple Jacks Apple Jacks is a brand of cereal produced by Kellogg's and targeted mainly at children. The product is described by Kellogg's as a "crunchy, sweetened multi-grain cereal with apple and cinnamon", in spite of the advertising claim that it doesn't taste like apples.
Apple keyboard The term Apple keyboard is used to refer to any computer keyboard designed for the Apple Macintosh and its associated Mac OS. Its keyboard layout differs from others, including the IBM PC keyboard, mainly in its modifier and other special keys:
Apple Loops Utility Apple Loops Utility is a small companion utility to Apple Soundtrack], [[Garageband, Logic Express, and Logic Pro, all made by Apple Computer. It allows users to create loops of audio that can be time-stretched.
Apple maggot The apple maggot (Rhagoletis pomonella), also known as railroad worm, is a pest of several fruits, mainly apples. The adult form of this insect is about 3/16 of an inch long, slightly smaller than a house fly, with a white dot on its thorax and a characteristic black banding shaped like and "F" on its wings.
Apple Media Tool The Apple Media Tool was a multimedia authoring tool and associated programming environment sold by Apple in the late 1990s. It was primarily aimed at producing multimedia presentations for distribution on CD-ROM and was aimed at graphic designers who did not have programming experience.
Apple Monitor // The Apple Monitor // was a CRT-based green monochrome 12-inch monitor manufactured by Apple Computer for the Apple II personal computer family. Apple didn't manufacture the monitor until halfway through the shelf life of the II series.
Apple Monitor /// The Apple Monitor /// was a CRT-based monochrome monitor manufactured by Apple Computer for the Apple III personal computer, introduced in 1980. As Apple's first monitor in their business line of machines, it preceded the Apple Monitor // by several years.
Apple Motion Motion is a software application produced by Apple Computer for their Mac OS X operating system. It is used to create and edit motion graphics, titling for video production, and 2D compositing for visual effects.
Apple Network Server The Apple Network Server (ANS) was a short-lived line of PowerPC-based server computers manufactured by Apple Computer from February 1996 to April 1997, when it was discontinued due to very poor sales. It was codenamed "Shiner" and originally consisted of two models, the Network Server 500/132 ("Shiner LE") and the Network Server 700/150 ("Shiner HE"), which got a companion model, the Network Server 700/200 (also "Shiner HE") with a faster CPU in September 1996.
Apple Newton Connection Kit The Newton Connection Kit (NCK) was a package sold by Apple Computer in the early 1990s which included the Newton Connection Software, a serial cable and manuals for connectivity between Macintosh personal computers and a Newton personal digital assistant. The kit allowed users of the Newton to synchronize it with a Macintosh, and also transfer files, restore Newton and install software onto a Newton.
Apple Newton Fax Modem The Apple Newton Fax Modem was an external fax modem manufactured and sold by Apple Computer as an accessory for the Newton personal digital assistant. It uses a short serial cable, and can be powered from two AA batteries.
Apple Newton OS Newton OS was the operating system for the Apple Newton PDAs produced by Apple from 1993 - 1997. Newton OS was written entirely in C++ and trimmed to be low power consuming and use the available memory efficiently.
Apple of Discord An apple of discord is a reference to the Golden Apple of Discord which, according to Greek mythology, the goddess Eris (Gr. Ερις, "Strife") said would go "to the fairest" at the wedding of Peleus and Thetis, sparking a vanity-fueled dispute between Hera, Athena and Aphrodite that eventually led to the Trojan War (for the complete story, see The Judgement of Paris).
Apple Open Collaboration Environment Apple Open Collaboration Environment, or AOCE (sometimes OCE), was a collection of messaging-related technologies introduced for the Mac OS in the early 1990s. It included the PowerTalk mail engine, which was the primary client-side interface to the system; the PowerShare mail server for workgroup installations; and a number of additional technologies such as Open Directory, encryption and digital signature support.
Apple Orchard Mountain Apple Orchard Mountain is the highest point along the Blue Ridge Parkway in Virginia, United States. Located in Jefferson National Forest, Apple Orchard Mountain is the county highpoint for both Bedford County and Botetourt County, Virginia.
Apple picking Apple picking is a recreational activity which is participated in during harvest time in areas with apple trees. Farms with apple orchards may open them to the public, where consumers may themselves pick the apples they will buy.
Apple pie In cooking, an apple pie is a fruit pie (or tart) in which the principal filling ingredient is apples. Pastry is generally used top-and-bottom, making a double-crust pie, the upper crust of which may be a pastry lattice woven of strips; exceptions are deep-dish apple pie with a top crust only, and open-face Tarte Tatin.
Apple Paladin The Paladin was a combination of a computer, fax machine, scanner, and phone all-in-one produced by Apple Computer as a single office solution for a small business. It had a monochrome LCD screen and a phone handset attached to it.
Apple Pro Mouse Apple's Pro Mouse was originally introduced at the July 2000 Worldwide Developers Conference. Apple Computer was the first, and to this day one of the only companies, to ship an optical mouse as the standard input device.
Apple ProFile The ProFile was a hard drive produced by Apple Computer, initially for use with the Apple III personal computer. The original model had a formatted capacity of 5 MBs and connected to a special interface card that plugged into an Apple III slot.
Apple Public Source License The Apple Public Source License is the open source/free software license under which Apple Computer's Darwin operating system was released. An open source license was voluntarily adopted to further involve the community from which much of Darwin originated.
Apple Qadministrator Apple Qadministrator is a utility for creating and managing Qmaster] [[Computer cluster|clusters, which are used for distributing encoding, rendering and compression processes throughout a Mac-based network. The program is included with Shake - Apple's compositing software - and Final Cut Studio.
Apple Qmaster Apple Qmaster is a system made by Apple Computer] that provides [[automation|automated work distribution and processing for high-volume projects created with certain digital visual effects software packages: Shake, Alias Maya, Compressor, DVD Studio Pro and any UNIX command-line program. It processes such jobs on a cluster of Macintosh or Xserve computers.
Apple Records discography This article is a discography for Apple Records, a record label founded in 1968 by The Beatles. In addition to releasing The Beatles' work (although the rights remained with EMI), Apple had an eclectic roster of other recording and publishing artists.
Apple Remote The Apple Remote is a remote control made for use with Apple products with infrared capabilities released after October 2005. The remote is largely based on the interface of the iPod shuffle and has only six buttons.
Apple Remote Desktop Apple Remote Desktop (ARD) is a Macintosh application produced by Apple Computer, first released on March 14 2002, that replaced a similar product called Apple Network Assistant. Aimed at computer administrators responsible for large numbers of computers and teachers who need to assist individuals or perform group demonstrations, Apple Remote Desktop allows users to remotely control or monitor other computers over a network.
Apple River (Illinois) The Apple River is a tributary of the Mississippi River, about 40 mi (65 km) long, in southwestern Wisconsin and northwestern Illinois in the United States. It rises in Lafayette County, Wisconsin, and flows for most of its length in Illinois, through Jo Daviess and Carroll Counties.
Apple scab Apple scab is a disease of apple trees (genus Malus) caused by the ascomycete fungus Venturia inaequalis. The disease manifests as dull black or grey-brown lesions on the surface of tree leaves, buds or fruits.
Apple scruffs The Apple scruffs were a loosely-knit group of hardcore Beatles fans who were known for congregating outside the Apple Corps building and at the gates of the Abbey Road Studios in London during the waning days of Beatlemania in hopes of seeing or interacting with the band members.
Apple Sanity Apple Sanity (Ăp’əl Sǎn’ǐ-tē) is the name of an alternative interpretation to the Abrahamic story of "The Fall" of Adam and Eve. Contrary to the traditional Christian doctrine that The Fall represents the loss of God's divine grace (thereby creating the necessity for all to find salvation), the philosophy of Apple Sanity claims that humankind should embrace its fate of inheriting pain, suffering, and mortality, as part of the worldly knowledge gained from eating fruit from the Tree of Knowledge.
Apple Scribe Printer The Apple Scribe Printer was a thermal printer made by Apple Computer and first introduced in 1984 alongside the Apple //c for a relatively low retail price of $299. It was a thermal printer, but was a significant advancement over the old Silentype.
Apple SilenType The Apple SilenType was Apple Computer's first printer, released in June 1979 for US$599 Apple II History Chapter 13, at the same time as the Apple II+. The SilenType's firmware was written by Andy Hertzfeld, who later worked on the Apple Macintosh.
Apple SOS (operating system) SOS , which stands for the Sophisticated Operating System, was the computer operating system released in 1980 that was used by the ill-fated Apple III computer. Despite the failure of the Apple III, SOS was a very forward-thinking operating system in many ways and its features influenced the design of ProDOS that was later released for the Apple //e and later Apple II computers.
Apple Specialist Apple Specialist is an independent Apple Computer reseller which over time has demonstrated exceptional, consistent, and comprehensive knowledge of Apple technology, offers its entire line of hardware and software, offers complete service and support for branded products, and has been designated as Specialist by the manufacturer. Apple Premiere Specialists constitute an elite 100 businesses among the Specialist designated group.
Apple Store (retail) Apple Stores are computer-related retail stores owned and operated by Apple Inc.. As of October 6, 2006, Apple has 167 stores open including 149 in the United States, 7 in the United Kingdom, 7 in Japan and 4 in Canada.
Apple TV Apple TV (styled tv) is a set-top box being developed by Apple with a planned release date of February 2007. The Apple TV was announced by Steve Jobs during the keynote speech at the 2007 Macworld Expo in San Francisco on January 9, 2007.
Apple Valley High School Apple Valley High School, commonly referred to as AVHS, is a public four-year high school in Apple Valley, Minnesota. It is a part of Minnesota Independent School District 196 (aka Rosemount-Apple Valley-Eagan ISD 196).
Apple Valley, California Apple Valley is a town located in the Victor Valley of San Bernardino County, California, incorporated on November 14, 1988. As of 2005 the California Department of Finance estimates the population to be 75,000.
Apple Valley, Utah Apple Valley is a newly-incorporated town in Washington County, Utah, located east of Hurricane along SR-59. It was incorporated on October 14, 2004, and a 2005 population estimate by the Utah Population Estimates Committee placed its population at 617.
Apple Wassail The Apple Wassail is a traditional form of wassailing practiced in the cider orchards of South West England during the winter. There are many well recorded instances of the Apple Wassail in the early modern period.
Apple Workgroup Server Apple Workgroup Server (AWS or sometimes WGS) and, later, Macintosh Server, were the names given to selected models of Macintosh computers which were sold by Apple Computer with additional server software and sometimes bigger hard drives . Apart from that, they were mostly identical to computers out of Apple's workstation range.
Apple-Intel architecture The Apple-Intel architecture is a name used for Apple Macintosh personal computers developed and manufactured by Apple Computer that use Intel x86 processors, rather than the PowerPC and 68k processors used in their predecessors.
Appleby (GO Station) The Appleby GO Station is a train and bus station in the GO Transit network located in the 5000 block of Fairview Street in Burlington, Ontario in Canada. It is a stop on the Lakeshore West line train service.
Appleby (UK Parliament constituency) Appleby was the name of a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom) for two periods, as a borough represented by two Members of Parliament from 1295 until abolished by the Great Reform Act of 1832, and later as a county constituency represented by a single member from 1885 to 1918.
Appleby College Appleby College is a private school (grades 7-12) located in Oakville, Ontario, Canada, founded in 1911 by John Guest, a former Headmaster of the Preparatory School at Upper Canada College. Guest dreamed of establishing a small boarding school in the country, and did so with the support and financial assistance of Sir Byron Edmund Walker, a prominent Canadian businessman and patron of the arts.
Appleby Horse Fair The Appleby Horse Fair is a horse fair which is held annually at Appleby-in-Westmorland, Cumbria. It is held in early June and has taken place since the reign of James II, who granted a charter allowing a horse fair, "near to the River Eden".
Appleby Magna Appleby Magna is a village and civil parish in the North West Leicestershire district of Leicestershire, England. The parish of Appleby Magna actually includes the village of Appleby Parva as well as Appleby Magna.
Appleby Parva Appleby Parva, or Little Appleby, part of the parish of Appleby Magna in Leicestershire, is a hamlet about a mile south of Appleby church at the crossroads of the highways from Ashby de la Zouch to Tamworth and from Atherstone to Burton upon Trent. It is recorded as a separate manor in Domesday.
Applecross The Applecross peninsula ( A' Chomraich in Gaelic ) is a peninsula in Wester Ross, Highland, on the west coast of Scotland. The name Applecross is at least 1300 years old and is not used locally to refer to the 19th century village with the pub and post office, lying on the small Applecross Bay, facing the Inner Sound, on the opposite side of which lies the Inner Hebridean island of Raasay.
Applecross Senior High School Applecross Senior High School is a state or government funded Senior High School in Ardross, a southern suburb of Perth, Western Australia. It is renowned as one of the top public high schools in the state, and consistently ranks high academically.
AppleCD AppleCD was a range of early SCSI-based CD ROM drives for Apple Macintosh personal computers, manufactured and sold by Apple Computer. Earlier AppleCD drives required a CD caddy in order to be used, while later models used a tray-loading mechanism.
Appledore Island Appledore Island, Maine, one of the Isles of Shoals located ten miles off the Maine/New Hampshire coast, is best remembered for the artists salon that thrived there in the late 1800s, before the advent of artists' colonies as we know them today. Celia Thaxter reigned over an impressive group of friends who were also the leading artists, musicians, and writers of the day.
AppleEvent Object Model The AppleEvent Object Model (AEOM) was a set of protocols built on top of AppleEvents by which applications running under Mac OS could control each other's functions. Applications that implemented some part of the AEOM were called scriptable, because they could be controlled via AppleScript.
Applegate River The Applegate River is a tributary of the Rogue River, approximately 40 mi (64 km) long, in southwestern Oregon in the United States. It drains forested foothills of the Siskiyou Mountains along the northern Californa border.
AppleLink AppleLink was the name of both Apple Computer's online service for its dealers, third party developers, and users, and the client software used to access it. Prior to the commercialization of the Internet, AppleLink was a popular service for Mac and Apple IIGS users.
Apples and oranges "Apples and oranges" refers to the idiom "comparing apples and oranges" or "apples to oranges", which is used to indicate that two items or groups of items have not been validly compared. The idiom evokes the apparent differences between items which are popularly thought to be incomparable, such as apples and oranges.
Appleseed EX Appleseed EX is a video game by Sega for the PlayStation 2 based on the 2004 film of the same name based on the manga of the same name by Masamune Shirow. The game will be released in September 2006, as well as the Limited Box set.
Appleseed Foundation Appleseed Foundation, a non-partisan and non-profit organization founded in 1993 by some members of the Harvard Law School class of 1958, is a network of public interest law centers that work to identify and address injustices in their communities. As one of the nation's largest legal pro bono networks, Appleseed Centers work both independently and collectively, bringing their own experiences to create local solutions that are nationally relevant.
Applesoft BASIC Applesoft BASIC (sometimes called "Applesoft II") was the second dialect of BASIC supplied on the Apple II computer, superseding Integer BASIC. Applesoft BASIC was supplied by Microsoft and its name is derived from the names of both Apple and Microsoft.
AppleSearch AppleSearch was a client/server search engine from Apple Computer, first released for the "classic" Mac OS in 1994. AppleSearch appears to have seen little use in its original form, although much of the crawling, indexing and searching code was apparently re-used almost verbatim in Sherlock, released in 1997.
AppleShare IP Migration AppleShare IP Migration is a utility by Apple Computer to import users and settings from the legacy AppleShare IP to Mac OS X Server. It is only installed on the server itself, found at /Applications/Server/AppleShare IP Migration.
AppleSingle AppleSingle and AppleDouble are file formats developed by Apple Computer in order to store Mac OS "dual-forked" files on the Unix filesystem being used in A/UX, Apple's first Unix-like operating system. AppleSingle combined both file forks and the related Finder meta-file information into a single file, whereas AppleDouble stored them as two separate files.
Appletini The appletini, also known as the apple martini, is a cocktail containing vodka and either apple juice, apple cider, or apple liqueur. Typically, the apple vodka is shaken or stirred with a sweet and sour mix and then strained into a martini glass.
Appleton East and West Appleton East and West is a civil parish in the Richmondshire district of North Yorkshire, England. It contains the villages East Appleton and West Appleton, and had a population of 76 according to the 2001 census.
Appleton Farms Appleton Farms in Ipswich and Hamilton, Massachusetts is a 658-acre farm owned and maintained by The Trustees of Reservations (TTOR). Established in 1638 as a land grant to Samuel Appleton, Appleton Farms is one of the oldest continuously operating farms in the United States.
Appleton Medical Center Appleton Medical Center, formerly Appleton Memorial Hospital, serves the northern side of the city of Appleton, Wisconsin. The hospital was chartered by the State of Wisconsin in 1949After a 12 year fundraising effort , Appleton Memorial Hospital opened in 1958[http://www.
Appleton Wiske Appleton Wiske is a small village and civil parish that sits between Northallerton and Yarm in the Vale of York; a flat tract of land that runs between the North Yorkshire Moors to the east, the Yorkshire Dales to the west and the River Tees to the north.
Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography Appleton's Cyclopædia of American Biography is a six-volume collection of biographies of famous Americans, published between 1887 and 1889, edited by James Grant Wilson (1832-1914) and John Fiske (1842-1901); published by D. Appleton and Company, New York.
Appleton-le-Street with Easthorpe Appleton-le-Street with Easthorpe is a civil parish in the Ryedale district of North Yorkshire, England, consisting of Appleton-le-Street and Easthorpe. The parish had a population of 117 according to the 2001 census.
Appleton-with-Eaton Appleton-with-Eaton is a civil parish in the Vale of White Horse district of Oxfordshire, England, south west of Oxford. It consists of Appleton and Eaton, on the south bank (which is here actually the east bank) of the River Thames.
Appletreewick Appletreewick is a village and civil parish in Wharfedale, in the Yorkshire Dales, and is part of the Craven district of North Yorkshire,England. The parish had a population of 234 according to the 2001 census.
AppleTalk Echo Protocol AEP (AppleTalk Echo Protocol) is a transport layer protocol in the AppleTalk protocol suite designed to test the reachability of network nodes. AEP generates packets to be sent to the network node and is identified in the Type field of a packet as an AEP packet.
AppleTalk Remote Access AppleTalk Remote Access, or ARA, was a protocol stack that allowed AppleTalk to be run over modems. It became a fairly major product for Apple Computer in the early to mid-1990s when their first portable and laptop computers were available (and very popular).
Appley Bridge railway station Appley Bridge railway station serves the Lancashire villages of Appley Bridge and Shevington in the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan in Greater Manchester, England, United Kingdom. The station itself is in the Lancashire side of the village, but it is supported by the Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Executive and as such within the GMPTE ticketing zone.
Applicant tracking system An Applicant Tracking System (ATS) is a software application that enables the electronic handling of corporate recruitment needs. Most include a corporate career site, allowing companies to post jobs onto their own website, as a way to attract candidates.
Application analyst An application analyst is someone whose job is to support a given application or applications. This may entail some programming, some system administration skills, and the ability to analyse a given problem, diagnose it and find its root cause, and then either solve it or pass the problem on to the relevant people if it does not lie within the application analyst's area of responsibility.
Application and Data Integration Application and Data Integration (ADI) is the use of software and architectural principles to bring together (integrate) a set of enterprise computer applications, with an emphasis on decoupling the data integration (application adaptors and message transformations) from the business processes that use the data. ADI uses middleware technologies such as an Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) as part of a service-oriented architecture as a means of integration.
Application binary interface In computer software, an application binary interface (ABI) describes the low-level interface between an application program and the operating system, between an application and its libraries, or between component parts of the application. An ABI differs from an application programming interface (API) in that an API defines the interface between source code and libraries, so that the same source code will compile on any system supporting that API, whereas an ABI allows compiled object code to function without changes on any system using a compatible ABI.
Application briefcase Application Briefcase is a software tool that allows web application users to use specific components of those applications even when they are not connected to the web. It has to be secure, should require minimal retraining, and should be self sufficient to execute most tasks that web application users need to perform when they are working in an independent mode.
Application Center Test Application Center Test is a Microsoft load testing tool for web servers, focused on ASP. It operates in a similar fashion to the market leader Mercury LoadRunner in simulating numerous HTTP sessions from one machine.
Application directory In RISC OS and the ROX Desktop, an application directory is a grouping of software code, help files and resources that together comprise a complete software package but are presented to the user as a single file. They also form the basis of the Zero Install application distribution system and are similar to the NEXTSTEP, GNUstep and Mac OS X concept of bundles.
Application Discovery and Understanding Application Discovery and Understanding (ADU) is the process of automatically analyzing artifacts of a software application and determining metadata structures associated with the application in the form of lists of data elements and business rules. The relationships discovered between this application and a central metadata registry is then stored in the metadata registry itself.
Application Enhancer Application Enhancer (APE) is a software program released by Unsanity for Apple's Mac OS X operating system. Application Enhancer provides a framework that allows third-party developers to write "haxies" for OS X.
Application firewall An application firewall limits the access which software applications have to the operating system services, and consequently to the internal hardware resources found in a computer, much as a car firewall limits access of heat, or even fire, to the passengers of the vehicle. The reason that application firewalls are needed in today's internet and data-sharing world is that the other types of firewalls in existence do not control the execution of data, only of the flow of data to the computer's processor.
Application framework In computer programming, an application framework is a term usually used to refer to a set of libraries or classes that are used to implement the standard structure of an application for a specific operating system. By bundling a large amount of reusable code into a framework, much time is saved for the developer, since he/she is saved the task of rewriting large amounts of standard code for each new application that is developed.
Application checkpointing Checkpointing is a technique for inserting fault tolerance into computing systems. It basically consists on storing a snapshot of the current application state, and use it for restarting the execution in case of failure.
Application Isolation API The Application Isolation API (JSR 121) provides a specification for isolating and controlling Java application life cycles within a single Java Virtual Machine (JVM) or between multiple JVMs. An isolated computation is described as an Isolate that can communicate and exchange resource handles (e.
Application Kit The Application Kit is a collection of classes within the OpenStep specification and provided by such operating systems as OPENSTEP, GNUstep, and Mac OS X under Cocoa, providing classes oriented around graphical user interface capabilities.
Application layer The application layer is the seventh level of the seven-layer OSI model. It interfaces directly to and performs common application services for the application processes; it also issues requests to the presentation layer.
Application layer firewall In computer networking, an application layer firewall is a firewall operating at the application layer of a protocol stack. Generally it is a host using various forms of proxy servers to proxy traffic instead of routing it.
Application Lifecycle Management Application lifecycle management (ALM) regards the process of delivering software as a continuously repeating cycle of inter-related steps: definition, design, development, testing, deployment and management. Each of these steps needs to be carefully monitored and controlled.

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