Encyclopedia

Articulatory synthesis Articulatory synthesis refers to computational techniques for synthesizing speech based on models of the human vocal tract and the articulation processes occurring there. The shape of the vocal tract can be controlled in a number of ways which usually involves modifying the position of the speech articulators, such as the tongue, jaw, and lips.
Articuno is one of the fictional species of Pokémon creatures from the multi-billion-dollar Pokémon media franchise – a collection of video games, anime, manga, books, trading cards and other media created by Satoshi Tajiri. Its main purpose in the games, as with all other Pokémon, is to battle both "wild" Pokémon, untamed creatures encountered while the player passes through various environments, and "tamed" Pokémon that are owned by Pokémon trainers.
Artie Bell Arthur 'Artie' James Bell (1915- 7 August 1972) Belfast, Northern Ireland a Northern Irish motorcycle road racer became known for his short, yet brilliant, post-World War II Isle of Man TT career that came to notice with his second place finish in the 1947 Isle of Man TT on a second-hand 500cc Norton he bought himself on which he lead for three of the seven laps.ozebook.
Artie Burns A New Hampshire based male model, Artie Burns previewed his newest look "Derelicte" at the Milan Fashion Show in 2005. Widely considered one of the world's most attractive men, Burns has spent the last several months focusing on sculpting his body through an intensive weight lifting regimen.
Artie Henry Middle School Middle School is a Junior High school in the Leander Independent School District. It was established in the year 2002 for a more convenient use for the future middle schooler's from Charlotte Ann Cox Elementary School, Ada May Faubion Elementary School, and Rutledge Elementary School.
Artie Simek Artie Simek, sometimes credited as Art Simek (living status unknown), was an American comic-book letterer for Marvel Comics throughout the companies various iterations from the 1940s. Along with Sam Rosen, he was considered{[fact}} one of the best in the field, and one of the two lettered virtually every landmark Marvel comic, with Simek's working including The Fantastic Four #1 (Nov.
Artifact (archaeology) In archaeology, an artifact or artefact is any object made or modified by a human culture, and often one later recovered by some archaeological endeavor. Examples include stone tools such as projectile points, pottery vessels, metal objects such as buttons or guns, and items of personal adornment such as jewellery and clothing.
Artifact (fantasy) In role-playing games and fantasy literature, an artifact is a magical object with some marvelous and alarming power, so great that it cannot be duplicated by any known art allowed by the premises of the fantasy world, and cannot be destroyed by ordinary means. Artifacts often serve as MacGuffins, the central focus of quests to locate, capture, or destroy them.
Artifact (medical imaging) Artifacts are misrepresentations of tissue structures seen in medical images produced by modalities such as Ultrasonography, X-ray Computed Tomography, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging. These artifacts are caused by a variety of mechanisms, such as:
Artifakt Artifakt is a compilation album by Better Than Ezra, sold only at the band's concerts and through the official Better Than Ezra merchandise website beginning in 2001. The previously rare and unreleased songs comprising the album span the band's entire career, including outtakes and b-sides from their officially released albums as well as re-recorded material from their cassette-only first release, Surprise.
Artifakt (musician) Artifakt is the stage name of Matthew de Nobrega, a South African psychedelic trance producer, DJ, and pioneer of the South African psytrance scene. A regular feature of indoor and outdoor trance parties all over South Africa, Artifakt is one member of the Timecode Records record label collective.
Artificial atom The term Artificial atom is commonly used to describe objects that have bound, discrete electronic states, as is the case with naturally occurring atoms. Semiconductor quantum dots are the most common example of artificial atoms.
Artificial Ants In computer science, Artificial Ants stand for multi-agent methods inspired by the pheromone-based communication of biological ants. Combinations of Artificial Ants and local search algorithms have become a method of choice for numerous optimization tasks involving some sort of graph, e.
Artificial castling In chess, artificial castling, also known as castling by hand, refers to a maneuver in which a king who has lost the right to castle does so in several normal moves, instead of one special one. For example, in the following common sequence of moves (in algebraic notation):
Artificial consciousness Artificial consciousness (AC), also known as machine consciousness (MC) or synthetic consciousness, is a field related to artificial intelligence and cognitive robotics whose aim is to define that which would have to be synthesized were consciousness to be found in an engineered artifact.Aleksander, Igor (1995).
Artificial cranial deformation The artificial cranial deformation or the artificial deformation of the skull is a widespread phenomenon which exists among the primitive people of every continent. It can be defined as the product of "dynamic distortion of the normal vectors of the infantile neurocranial growth through the agency of externally applied forces "(Moss, 1958; p 275).
Artificial demand Artificial demand constitutes demand for something that in the absence of exposure to the vehicle of creating demand, would not exist. It has controversial applications in microeconomics (pump and dump strategies) and advertising.
Artificial digestion Artificial digestion is a laboratory technique that reduces digestible material for analytical purposes. Naturally occurring digestive agents such as pepsin and hydrochloric acid are typically used to accomplish artificial digestion.
Artificial disc replacement Artificial disc replacement is a medical procedure in which degenerated discs in the spine are replaced with artificial ones. The procedure is primarily used to treat chronic, severe low back pain from degenerative disc disease.
Artificial disintegration Artificial disintegration is the term coined by Ernest Rutherford for the process by which an atomic nucleus is broken down by bombarding it with high speed alpha particles, either from a particle accelerator, or a naturally decaying radioactive substance such as radium, as Rutherford originally used.
Artificial flower Artificial flowers and imitations of natural flowers are sometimes made for scientific purposes (as the collection of glass flowers at Harvard University, which illustrates the flora of the United States), but more often as articles of decoration and ornament.
Artificial gem Artificial gems are not imitations of real gems, but the actual formation by artificial means of the real precious stone, so that the product is identical, chemically, physically and optically, with the one found in nature. Diamonds, ruby, sapphires and emeralds have been manufactured in labs, which possess very nearly identical chemical and physical characteristics to the genuine article.
Artificial grammar learning Artificial Grammar Learning is a paradigm of study within cognitive psychology. It's goal is to investigate the processes that underlie human language learning, by testing subjects' ability to learn a made-up language in a laboratory setting.
Artificial gravity Artificial gravity is a simulation of gravity in outer space or free-fall. Artificial gravity is desirable for long-term space travel for ease of mobility and to avoid the adverse health effects of weightlessness.
Artificial General Intelligence Research Institute Founded in 2001, the Artificial General Intelligence Research Institute's (AGIRI) mission is to "foster the creation of powerful and ethically positive" Artificial General Intelligence. AGIRI hosts an online forum, publishes material on the development, application and implications for AGI, and hosts AGI workshops in the Washington, DC area.
Artificial harmonic To produce an artificial harmonic, a stringed instrument player (such as a guitarist) holds down a note on the neck with the left hand, thereby shortening the vibrational length of the string, uses a finger to lightly touch a point on the string that is an integer divisor of its vibrational length, and plucks or bows the side of the string that is closer to the bridge. This technique is used to produce harmonic tones that are otherwise inaccessible on the instrument.
Artificial heart An artificial heart is a prosthetic device that is implanted into the body to replace the original biological heart. It is distinct from a cardiac pump, which is an external device used to provide the functions of both the heart and the lungs.
Artificial heart valve An artificial heart valve is a device which is implanted in the heart of patients who suffer from valvular diseases in their heart. When one or two of the four heart valves of the heart have a malfunction, the choice is normally to replace the natural valve by an artificial valve.
Artificial human companion Artificial human companions have been proposed as one means of assisting the elderly in maintaining an acceptable standard of life. Senior citizens make up an increasing percentage of the population in the Western nations, and, according to Judith Masthoff of the University of Brighton, they tend to live alone and have a limited social network.
Artificial Heart (song) "Artificial Heart" is a single by Soul Asylum, originally released off of their EP, Clam Dip & Other Delights, in 1988. The song is about a girl who gets an artificial heart, but a man then kills her and puts her body parts in a trashcan.
Artificial immune system An artificial immune system (AIS) is a type of optimisation algorithm inspired by the principles and processes of the vertebrate immune system. The algorithms typically exploit the immune system's characteristics of learning and memory to solve a problem.
Artificial induction of immunity Immunity against infections that can cause serious illness is generally beneficial. Since Pasteur provided support for a germ theory of infectious disease, we have increasingly induced immunity against a widening range of diseases to prevent the associated risks from the wild infections.
Artificial intelligence Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be defined as the study of methods by which a computer can simulate aspects of human intelligence. One aim of this study is to design a computer that might be able to reason for itself.
Artificial Intelligence (series) Artificial Intelligence is a series of albums by Warp Records released in the early 1990s to exhibit the capabilities and sounds of electronic music. The series is remarkable for its inclusion of groups and individuals who would later become leaders in modern electronic music, techno, and ambient, such as Dr.
Artificial Intelligence Applications Institute The Artificial Intelligence Applications Institute (AIAI) at the School of Informatics at the University of Edinburgh is a non-profit technology transfer organisation that promotes the benefits of the application of Artificial Intelligence research to commercial, industrial, and government organisations worldwide.
Artificial kidney An artificial kidney is the machine and its related devices which clean the blood of patients who have a temporary (acute) or an ongoing (chronic) failure of their kidneys. The procedure of cleaning the blood by this means is called hemodialysis.
Artificial leather Under the name of artificial leather, or of American leather cloth, large quantities of a material having, more or less, a leather-like surface were once used, principally for upholstery purposes, such as the covering of chairs, lining the tops of writing desks and tables, &c. There was considerable diversity in the preparation of such materials.
Artificial life Artificial Life, (commonly Alife or alife) is a field of study and art form that examines systems related to life, its processes and its evolution through simulations using computer models, robotics, and biochemistry (called "soft", "hard", and " wet" approaches respectively). Artificial life compliments traditional Biology by trying to recreate biological phenomena rather than take them apart.
Artificial lift Artificial lift system involves the use of artificial means to improve the flow of crude oil and gas to the surface by introducing a mechanical means lifing the oil/gas to the surface from the wellbore using high pressure gas, mechanical pumps, velocity strings. Artificial lift is needed in wells when there is insuffcient pressure from the oil/gas reservoir to lift the fluid to the surface.
Artificial membrane An artificial membrane, also called a synthetic membrane, is a membrane prepared for separation tasks in laboratory and industry. Its active part, which permits selective transport of material, usually consists of polymers or ceramics, seldom glass or metals.
Artificial mythology Artificial mythology (compare artificial language) is any invented mythology that, rather than arising out of centuries of oral tradition, are penned over a short period of time by a single author or small group of collaborators. While many literary works carry mythic themes, only a few approach the dense self-referentiality of, for example, J.
Artificial neural network An artificial neural network (ANN) or commonly just neural network (NN) is an interconnected group of artificial neurons that uses a mathematical model or computational model for information processing based on a connectionist approach to computation. In most cases an ANN is an adaptive system that changes its structure based on external or internal information that flows through the network.
Artificial neuron An artificial neuron (also called a "node" or "Nv neuron" or "Binary neuron" or "McCulloch-Pitts neuron") is an abstraction of biological neurons and the basic unit in an artificial neural network. The Artificial Neuron receives one or more inputs (representing the one or more dendrites) and sum them to produce an output (synapse).
Artificial noise Artificial noise in the context of sports is the use of sound-making or amplifying devices. This practice is frowned upon by most sports leagues and conferences as an attempt to give the home team an unfair advantage.
Artificial pacemaker A pacemaker (or "artificial pacemaker", so as not to be confused with the heart's natural pacemaker) is a medical device designed to regulate the beating of the heart. The purpose of an artificial pacemaker is to stimulate the heart when either the heart's native pacemaker is not fast enough or if there are blocks in the heart's electrical conduction system preventing the propagation of electrical impulses from the native pacemaker to the lower chambers of the heart, known as the ventricles.
Artificial pancreas The artificial pancreas is a promising technology in development to help diabetic persons automatically control their blood glucose level by providing the substitute endocrine functionality of a healthy pancreas.
Artificial passenger An artificial passenger (AP) is a device that would be used in a motor vehicle to make sure that the driver stays awake. IBM has developed a prototype that holds a conversation with a driver, telling jokes and asking questions intended to determine whether the driver can respond alertly enough.
Artificial photosynthesis Artificial photosynthesis is a research field that attempts to replicate the natural process of photosynthesis, converting sunlight, water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and oxygen. Sometimes splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen by using sunlight energy is also referred to as artificial photosynthesis.
Artificial powered exoskeleton An artificial powered exoskeleton is a self-powered exoskeleton typically intended for use by humans in battle, construction and survival in dangerous environments. The concept first appeared in fiction in Stratemeyer Syndicate's Tom Swift and His Jetmarine novel and was later popularized in science fiction writer Robert A.
Artificial reality Artificial reality was the term Myron W. Krueger used to describe his interactive immersive environments, based on video recognition techniques, that put a user in full, unencumbered contact with the digital world.
Artificial reproduction Artificial reproduction is the creation of new life by other than the natural means available to an organism. Examples include artificial insemination, in vitro fertilisation, cloning and embryonic splitting, or cleavage.
Artificial respiration Artificial respiration is a technique for providing air for a person who is not breathing on their own, but whose heart is still beating. The provider breathes into the other person's lungs, preferably with the assistance of a barrier device.
Artificial scarcity Artificial scarcity is an economic term describing the scarcity of items even though the technology and production capacity exists to create an abundance. Artificial scarcity occurs when the price of goods rises above their marginal cost.
Artificial selection Artificial selection is the breeding of certain traits over others. It was originally defined by Charles Darwin in contrast to the process of natural selection, in which the differential reproduction of organisms with certain traits is attributed to improved survival and reproductive ability in the natural habitat of the organism.
Artificial society Artificial Society is the specific agent based computational model for computer simulation in social analysis. It is mostly connected to the theme in complex system, emergence, Monte Carlo Method, computational sociology, multi agent system, and evolutionary programming.
Artificial stone Artificial stone was a name for various kinds of synthetic stone products used from the 19th century to the early 20th century. They were used in building construction, civil engineering work, and industrial uses such as grindstones.
Artificial turf Artificial turf, or synthetic turf, is a grass-like man-made surface manufactured from synthetic materials. It is most often used in arenas for sports that were originally or are normally played on grass, however, it is now being used on residential lawns and commercial applications, as well.
Artificial T cell receptor Artificial T cell receptors (also known as chimeric T cell receptors) are engineered molecules, which when expressed by T cells, redirect the T cells to kill a target cell with a specificity dictated by the artificial receptor.
Artificial whitewater An Artificial whitewater course (AWWC) is a training site for whitewater kayaking, whitewater Racing, whitewater rafting, playboating and slalom canoeing with artificially generated currents. They work either by natural river flow, pumping water or tidal action.
Artichoke Artichokes are three types of vegetables. When unqualified, the term "artichoke" nearly always refers to the globe artichoke, of which the aboveground part is eaten, in contrast to the other two, where a root part is eaten.
Artikelly Artikelly (Irish: Ard Tighe Ceallaigh; meaning "Hill of Kelly's house)is a small village in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland, 1 km north east of Limavady and adjoining the major industrial area at Aghanloo. In the 2001 Census it had a population of 360 people.
Artiletra Artiletra (a fusion of a Portuguese expression, "Arte e Letra" meaning "Art and Letter") is a Cape Verdean bi-monthly newspaper/magazine. It is headquartered in Mindelo, the nation's second largest city and is one of the most circulated newspapers in Cape Verde.
Artilleribataljonen Artilleribataljonen (Artillery Battalion) comprises the complete artillery force of Norway, numbering some 550 soldiers and officers and 12 M109AG3N self-propelled howitzers (under mobilization, the force will expand to 50-60 howitzers).
Artillery Historically, artillery (from French artillerie) refers to any engine used for the discharge of large projectiles during war, served by a crew of men. The term also describes ground-based troops with the primary function of manning such weapons.
Artillery (band) Artillery is a Danish thrash metal band that was active during the 1980s and participated in the early development of the genre. Their highly energetic, riff-centric and often fast-paced music is similar in style to that of Slayer and Megadeth from the same era.
Artillery (computer game) Artillery is the generic name for either early two or three-player turn-based strategy computer games involving tanks fighting each other in combat or similar derivative games. Artillery games are among the earliest computer games developed; the theme of such games is an extension of the original uses of computer themselves, which were once used to calculate the trajectories of rockets and other related military-based calculations.
Artillery battery In military science, a battery is a unit of artillery guns or rockets, so grouped in order to facilitate battlefield communication and command and control, as well as to provide dispersion. Batteries are grouped in larger units called battalions, which are further grouped into regiments.
Artillery brigade An artillery brigade is a specialised form of military brigade dedicated to providing artillery support. Other brigades might have an artillery component, but an artillery brigade is a brigade dedicated to artillery and relying on other units for infantry support, especially when attacking.
Artillery Ground The Artillery Ground is one of London's most centrally located cricket grounds, situated just off the City Road immediately north of the City of London. It belongs to the Honourable Artillery Company and is hemmed in by the Company's headquarters and numerous office buildings.
Artillery observer An artillery observer is a soldier responsible for directing artillery fire and aircraft onto enemy positions. Because artillery is an indirect-fire weapon system, the guns are typically not in line-of-sight of their target.
Artillery wheel The artillery wheel was developed for use on gun carriages when it was found that the lateral forces involved in horse artillery manoeuvres caused normally-constructed cart wheels to collapse. Rather than having its spokes mortised into a wooden nave (hub), it has them fitted together (mitred) then bolted into a metal nave.
Artiluc Artiluc is the name of a type of silver coin forged and used in the Republic of Ragusa that had its capital city in Dubrovnik, Croatia. The Republic existed from 1294 to 1803 but the coin was not minted for all of that period.
Artin approximation theorem In mathematics, the Artin approximation theorem is a fundamental result of Michael Artin in deformation theory which implies that formal power series with coefficients in a field k are well-approximated by the algebraic functions on k.
Artin billiards In mathematics and physics, the Artin billiards are a type of dynamical billiards first studied by Emil Artin in 1924. It is a study of the geodesic motion of a free particle on the non-compact Riemann surface mathbb{H}/Gamma where mathbb{H} is the upper half-plane and Gamma=PSL(2,mathbb{Z}) is the modular group.
Artin L-function In mathematics, an Artin L-function is a type of Dirichlet series associated to a linear representation ρ of a Galois group G. These functions were introduced in the 1923 by Emil Artin, in connection with his research into class field theory.
Artin Penik Artin Penik is a Turkish man of Armenian descent who set himself aflame in protest of the terrorist attacks in Esenboga International Airport by the Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA, also known as Third October) on August 10 1982. He died five days later.
Artin reciprocity In mathematics, Artin reciprocity refers to various results connecting Artin L-functions associated to abelian extensions of a number field with Hecke L-functions associated to Hecke's grossencharacters of that number field. The reciprocity law itself was introduced by Emil Artin in the middle of the 1920s.
Artin's conjecture on primitive roots In mathematics, the Artin conjecture is a conjecture on the set of primes p modulo which a given integer a > 1 is a primitive root. The conjecture was made by Emil Artin to Helmut Hasse on September 27, 1927, according to the latter's diary.
Artin–Wedderburn theorem In abstract algebra, the Artin–Wedderburn theorem is a classification theorem for semisimple rings. The theorem states that a semisimple ring R is isomorphic to a product of ni-by-ni matrix rings over division rings Di, for some integers ni, both of which are uniquely determined up to permutation of the index i.
Artington Artington is a village and civil parish in the borough of Guildford, in Surrey, England, lying on the edge of the built-up area of Guildford. It is about mile and a half south of Guildford town centre, and west of the River Wey, above the ford which gave Guildford its name and on the North Downs Way and A3100 road.
Artinskian In the geologic timescale, the Artinskian is the age of the Cisuralian epoch of the Permian period of the Paleozoic era of the Phanerozoic eon that extends from 284 million 400 thousand to 275 million 600 thousand years ago, approximatedly. The Artinskian age succeeds the Sakmarian age and precedes the Kungurian age, all in the same epoch.
Artis Natura Artis Magistra (Latin for "Nature is the mother (or teacher) of art") commonly known simply as Artis, is a zoo in the centre of Amsterdam. It is the oldest zoo of the Netherlands, founded in 1838 by G.
Artis Gilmore Artis Gilmore (born September 21 1948, in Chipley, Florida) is a former professional basketball player in the American Basketball Association (ABA) and National Basketball Association (NBA). Nicknamed "The A-Train" for his unprententious but dominating style of play, the durable 7 ft 2 in (2.
Artis the Spoonman Artis the Spoonman is an American street performer from Seattle, Washington, born in Kodiak, Alaska, 3 October, 1948 who plays music with a set of spoons. He also can play two flutes simultaneously with his nose, and do a wide variety of amazing feats with bubbles.
Artisan Entertainment Artisan Entertainment was a privately held independent American movie studio that has been owned by Lions Gate Entertainment, since 2003. At the time of its acquisition Artisan had a library of thousands of films developed through acquisition, original production, and production and distribution agreements.
Artisan fishing Artisan fishing is a term sometimes used to describe small scale commercial or subsistence fishing practises, particularly using traditional techniques such as rod and tackle, arrows and harpoons, throw nets and drag nets, etc. It does not usually cover the concept of fishing for sport, and might be used when talking about the pressures between large scale modern commercial fishing practises and traditional methods, or when aid programs are targeted specifically at fishing at or near subsistence levels.
Artist collective An artist collective is an initiative that is the result of a group of artists working together, usually under their own management, towards shared aims. The aims of an artists collective can include almost anything that is relevant to the needs of the artist, this can range from purchasing bulk materials, sharing equipment, space or materials, through to following shared ideologies, aesthetic and political views or even living and working together as an extended family.
Artist development deal An artist development deal is usually the first of a recording artist's contracts with a major record label. In lieu of high royalties or other desirable rights, the label will promise to develop the skills and public profile of the artist.
Artist District, Los Angeles, California The Artist District, previously known as the Warehouse District, occupies the eastern side of Downtown Los Angeles. Its borders are roughly Alameda Street on the west, Temple Street on the north, the LA River on the east, and 6th Street on the south.
Artist exploitation Artist exploitation refers to the phenomenon of artists being exploited by the commercial interests involved in publishing their work and denied their appropriate financial share of the profits engendered via their work.
Artist in residence An artist in residence (AIR) program is a program where an artist is invited to reside in a location for a period of time during which their activities as resident artist are supported. Most often these activities have something to do with or are heavily influenced by the location and time period and often support or promote the organization which funded the program.
Artist Pension Trust The Artist Pension Trust (APT) is a non-profit organization that was started by Moti Shniberg in 2002. The purpose of the organization is to provide financial security to artists who otherwise may not have a retirement plan.
Artist Placement Group The Artist Placement Group (APG) was founded in 1966 as an artist-run organisation seeking to refocus art outside the gallery, predominantly through attaching an artist in a business or governmental context for a period of time.
Artist residency An artist residency is a program where artists are given space to live or work for some time at reduced or no cost. Residency programs often give access to tools, and offer the chance to meet and work with notable artists, curators, writers, and theorists.
Artist trading cards Artist trading cards, also known as ATCs, are 2 ½ x 3 ½ inch (64 x 89 mm) miniature works of art which artists trade with one another, similar to the way people trade sports cards. ATCs are a relatively new art form which formally began in September 1996.
Artist's proof An artist's proof is, at least in theory, an impression of a print taken in the printmaking process to see the current printing state of a plate while the plate (or stone, or woodblock...) is being worked on by the artist.
Artist's Statement An artist's statement is a brief text composed by an artist and intended to explain, justify, and contextualize his or her body of work. Artists often have a short (50-100 word) and a long (500-1000 word) version of the same statement, and they may maintain and revise these statements throughout their careers.
Artist-run initiatives Artist-run initiatives (ARIs) are any projects run by visual artists to present their and others' projects. They might approximate a traditional art gallery space in appearance or function, or they may take a markedly different approach, limited only by the artist's understanding of the term.
Artist-run space An artist-run space is a gallery space run by artists, thus circumventing the structures of public and private galleries. With its roots in the alternative salons of the early modern era, the phenomenon came to be important in the do-it-yourself era of post-Freeze British art.
Artistamp Artistamp refers to a postage stamp-like artform. It is similar to a Cinderella stamp, in that it is not valid for postage, but it differs from a forgery or a bogus stamp in that (typically) no intention is made to fool any post office or collector of stamps.

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