Encyclopedia

Auburn Mall The Auburn Mall is an enclosed shopping mall located on Route 12 in Auburn, Massachusetts, near the intersection of the Massachusetts Turnpike (Interstate 90) and I-290/I-395. The mall is currently owned and managed by Simon Property Group.
Auburn Metropolitan Area The Auburn Metropolitan Area--officially the Auburn-Opelika Metropolitan Statistical Area--is a metro area in east-central Alabama with a 2005 population of 123,254. It was the 19th fastest growing metro area in the United States between 1990 and 2000.
Auburn Prison Auburn Prison is a prison located in Auburn, New York, USA. Constructed in 1816, it was the first state prison in New York, the site of the first execution via electric chair in 1890, and the namesake of the "Auburn System," a correctional system believed to rehabilitate prisoners.
Auburn system The Auburn system is a penal method of the 19th century in which persons worked during the day in groups and were kept in solitary confinement at night, with enforced silence at all times. The silent system evolved during the 1820s at Auburn Prison in Auburn, N.
Auburn State Recreation Area In the heart of the Gold Country, the Auburn State Recreation Area (Auburn SRA) covers over 35,000 acres (142 km²) along 40 miles (60 km) of the North and Middle Forks of the American River, in Placer County, California. Once teeming with thousands of gold miners, the area is now a natural area offering a wide variety of recreation opportunities to over 500,000 visitors a year.
Auburn Tigers The Auburn Tigers is the name given to several sports teams of Auburn University. The university is a member of the Southeastern Conference and competes in NCAA Division I, fielding 18 varsity teams in 13 sports:
Auburn Tigers football Auburn Tigers football represents Auburn University in NCAA Division I-A college football. The team, currently coached by Tommy Tuberville, has consistently been one of the most successful National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I-A college football programs in the last 50 years.
Auburn University Auburn University (AU or Auburn) is a state university located in Auburn, Alabama, in the United States. With over 23,000 students and 1,200 faculty, it is the largest university in the state and according to U.
Auburn University Chapel The Auburn University Chapel is a structure on the National Register of Historic Places and is the oldest building in its original location in Auburn, Alabama. The chapel was built in 1851 as a Presbyterian church in the Greek Revival style.
Auburn University Montgomery Auburn University Montgomery - AUM is a coeducational public university located in Montgomery, Alabama. It is the metropolitan campus of Auburn University and was established by an act of the Alabama Legislature in 1967.
Auburn, Maine Auburn is a city in and the county seat of Androscoggin County, Maine, USA. It is one of two principal cities of and included in the Lewiston-Auburn, Maine Metropolitan New England City and Town Area and the Lewiston-Auburn, Maine Metropolitan Statistical Area (which is part of the Portland-Lewiston-South Portland, Maine Combined Statistical Area).
Auburn, New South Wales Auburn is a suburb in the Local Government Area of Auburn Council in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, about 15 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district. The suburb has a train station (on the South line and Western line) and a hospital with basic 24-hour emergency facilities on Norval and Hargrave Streets.
Auburn, South Australia Auburn () is the name of a small town in the southern edge of the Clare Valley, in the Mid North of South Australia. It is approximately 109 kilometres from the state's capital, Adelaide and 27 kilometres south of the town of Clare.
Auca Mahuevo The sedimentary deposits in eroded badlands at Auca Mahuevo in the Patagonian province of Neuquen, Argentina, are among the paleontologist's rare Lagerstätten, the undisturbed strata that give glimpses of a range of ecology at a given moment in the Earth's history. The sedimentary layers at Auca Mahuevo were laid down 80 millions years before present and offer an unequalled view of a fossilized titanosaurid sauropod hatchery.
Aucasaurus Aucasaurus was a medium-sized Argentinian theropod dinosaur of the Santonian stage. It was around 4 m (13 ft) long and 1 m (3 ft) high at the hip, weighing around 700 kg (1,500 lb); considerably smaller than the related Carnotaurus, although the arms were longer.
Aucassin and Nicolette Aucassin et Nicolette is a medieval French chantefable, or combination of prose and verse (literally, a "sung story"), similar to a prosimetrum. It is the only known chantefable from what was once a very popular literary tradition, and it is from this work the term chantefable was coined in its concluding lines: “No cantefable prent fin” ("Our chantefable is drawing to a close").
Aucán Huilcamán Aucán Huilcamán Paillama, leader ("werkén") of the indigenous Mapuche organization Consejo de Todas las Tierras ("Council of all lands"). He intended to run for president in 2005 election, but his candidacy was rejected.
Aucifer Λucifer (sometimes spelled Aucifer, pronounced Lucifer) is a Japanese rock group, best known for contributing several of their songs to the popular anime, Kaikan Phrase. The band was formed in 1998/1999, and disbanded in early 2003.
Aucilla River The Aucilla River arises close to Thomasville, Georgia and passes through the Big Bend region of Florida, emptying into the Gulf of Mexico at Apalachee Bay. The river is 75 mi (121 km) long and has a drainage basin of 747 square miles.
Auckland (Countess of Ranfurly's Own) and Northland Regiment The Auckland (Countess of Ranfurly's Own) and Northland Regiment is a Territorial Force unit of the New Zealand Army. It was formed in 1965 during the reorganisation of the army by the amalgamation of two separate regiments:
Auckland (NZ electorate) Auckland (or, more formally, City of Auckland) was a New Zealand electorate. It covered the core of Auckland during the early days of New Zealand democracy, when the city was small enough to be covered by two or three seats.
Auckland Animal Action Auckland Animal Action is an animal liberation group that has been operating since August 1996 and campaigns in Auckland, Aotearoa/New Zealand. There is also a London Animal Action and formally a Wellington Animal Action.
Auckland Art Gallery The Auckland Art Gallery is the principal public gallery in Auckland, New Zealand and has the most extensive collection of national and international art in New Zealand. It frequently hosts travelling international exhibitions.
Auckland Castle Auckland Castle is a castle near to the town of Bishop Auckland in County Durham, England. It is the official residence of the Bishop of Durham and has been owned by the diocese for 800 years, initially serving as a hunting lodge.
Auckland Central Transit Corridor The Auckland Central Transit corridor is a new transit link for buses (and later on, potentially light rail Revamping Grafton Bridge to cost $7.3m - New Zealand Herald, Tuesday 03 October 2006) between the Britomart Transport Centre in downtown Auckland, New Zealand, and the commercial-centre suburb of Newmarket.
Auckland City Auckland City (informally Central Auckland) is the territorial authority covering the Auckland isthmus and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf. The Auckland urban area consists of the urban parts of this city and its neighbouring cities, namely North Shore, Waitakere, and Manukau, along with parts of the nearby Papakura, Rodney and Franklin Districts.
Auckland College of Education Auckland College of Education was a college of education located in Auckland, New Zealand. On 1 September 2004 it amalgamated with the University of Auckland and formed a new Faculty of Education with the university’s School of Education.
Auckland Colvin Sir Auckland Colvin (1838-1908) was a British bureaucrat who made his reputation while working in Turkey where he was regarded almost as powerful as the Caliph. He is also credited with having started Colvin Taluqdars' College in Lucknow which developed into one of the most prestigious public schools in India.
Auckland District Law Society The Auckland District Law Society is the professional body for barristers and solicitors practising in the Auckland region of New Zealand. It operates in conjunction with the New Zealand Law Society and was established in 1879.
Auckland Domain The Auckland Domain is Auckland's oldest park, and one of the largest in the city, in the central suburb of Grafton. It lies mostly within the crater of a 140,000 year old volcano, one of the oldest in the Auckland Volcanic Field, which had in time been formed into a gently sloped crater ring with a small scoria cone (Pukekaroa) in the centre.
Auckland green gecko The Auckland green gecko, Naultinus elegans elegans, is a subspecies of gecko found only in the northern half of the North Island of New Zealand, except north of Whangaroa. The other subspecies, the Wellington green gecko, is found in the southern half of the North Island and the two ranges do not overlap.
Auckland Girls' Grammar School Auckland Girls' Grammar School is a prestigious New Zealand secondary school for girls located in Newton, in the Auckland central business district. Established in 1888, it is one of the oldest and most well-respected secondary institutions in the country.
Auckland International College Auckland International College (often abbreviated AIC) is a private coeducational secondary school in Auckland, New Zealand. The school is instituted under the Japanese juku company Oshu Corporation, and is part of a bigger institution Academy for the International Community (also abbreviated AIC).
Auckland Islands The Auckland Islands (Motu Maha) () form a sub-Antarctic archipelago of New Zealand. They lie 465 km from the South Island port of Bluff, between the latitudes 50° 30' and 50° 55' S and longitudes 165° 50' and 166° 20' E.
Auckland Islands Teal The Auckland Islands Teal (Anas aucklandica) is a species of dabbling duck of the genus Anas that is endemic to Auckland Islands off New Zealand. An old report of "the same flightless duck" on North East Island, The Snares group (Hector, 1896) most likely refers to a straggler.
Auckland Park, Gauteng Auckland Park is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. Both the University of Johannesburg and the South African Broadcasting Corporation are located in the suburb, giving it a large student and professional population.
Auckland Philharmonia Orchestra The Auckland Philharmonia Orchestra was established in the mid 1980's, and although essentially a regional orchestra it has become one of New Zealand's major performing organisations. The instigation of its Composer-in-Residence programme in 1990 has made the orchestra an important force in the promotion of New Zealand composed music.
Auckland Region The Auckland Region is one of the 16 Regions of New Zealand, named for Auckland City, the large city at its heart. It is the most populated region of New Zealand, as well as being the most powerful in economic terms.
Auckland Rugby League The Auckland Rugby League (ARL) is the governing body for the sport of Rugby league in the Auckland Region. It is responsible for rugby league in the region and is the owner of Carlaw Park, once the "spiritual home of rugby league in New Zealand".
Auckland Savings Bank Building Built in 1884 and located at 260 Queen Street, Auckland, this building was formerly owned by the Auckland Savings Bank, but became a McDonalds in the 1980s (with a dance studio also located in the building). Much of the facade and interiors have been renovated and the original bank vault still remains in use as a stockroom.
Auckland University of Technology The Auckland University of Technology (AUT University) is New Zealand’s newest university, formed on 1 January 2000 when the Auckland Institute of Technology was granted university status. Its primary campus is on Wellesley Street in central Auckland, close to the University of Auckland.
Auckland University of Technology Alumni Association The Auckland University of Technology Alumni Association is an alumni association of the Auckland University of Technology and of its former institutions, including the Auckland Institute of Technology, and the Auckland Technical Institute.
Auckland University Students' Association The Auckland University Students' Association (AUSA), founded in 1891, represents students at the University of Auckland. AUSA organises student events, publicises student issues, administers student facilities, and assists affiliated student clubs and societies.
Auckley Auckley is a village and civil parish in the Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster in South Yorkshire, about five miles east of Doncaster town centre. According to the 2001 census the parish had a population of 3,266.
Aucoumea klaineana Aucoumea klaineana (Angouma, Gaboon, or Okoumé) is a flowering plant in the family Burseraceae, native to equatorial west Africa in Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, and Rio Muni. It is a medium-sized hardwood tree growing to 30-40 m tall, rarely larger, with a trunk 1-2.
Auction call In finance, an Auction Call is the option to call a securitized bond usually after a set time period or after the deal's assets have amortized substantially. Typically, the deal's trustee places the entire portfolio of assets up for bid.
Auction catalog An auction catalog is a catalog that lists items to be sold at an auction. Auction catalogs for rare and expensive items, such as art, jewelry, postage stamps, and antique furniture, are of interest in and of themselves, for they will frequently include detailed descriptions of the items, their provenance, historical significance, photographs, and so forth.
Auction Rate Security An Auction Rate Security (ARS) typically refers to a debt instrument (corporate or municipal bonds) with a long-term nominal maturity for which the interest rate is reset through a dutch auction. It could also refer to a preferred stock for which the dividend is reset through the same process.
Auction sniping Auction sniping is the process of watching a timed online auction (such as on eBay or Yahoo!), and placing a winning bid at the last possible moment (often literally seconds before the end of the auction), giving the other bidders no time to outbid the sniper.
Auction software Auction software is application software, that can either be deployed on a Web server for online auctions or as stand-alone software for live auctions, that handles all aspects of conducting an auction. It provides the ability for users to post items for sale in an auction format as well as the ability to bid on those items.
Auction theory Auction theory is an applied branch of game theory which deals with how people act in auctions. There are many possible designs (or sets of rules) for an auction and typical issues studied by auction theorists include the efficiency of a given auction design, optimal and equilibrium bidding strategies, and revenue comparrison.
Auctores octo morales The Auctores octo morales (Eight Moral Authors) was a collection of Latin textbooks, of an elementary standard, that was used for pedagogy in the Middle Ages in Europe. It was printed in many editions, from the end of the fifteenth century.
Auctoritas Auctoritas is the Latin origin of English "authority". According to Benveniste , auctor (which also gives us English "author") is derived from Latin augeĹŤ ("to augment"): The auctor is is qui auget, the one who augments the act or the juridical situation of another.
Aud the Deep-Minded Aud the Deep-Minded (Old Norse: Auðr djúpúðga Ketilsdóttir; also known as Unn or Aud Ketilsdatter) (834-900 AD) was the second daughter of Ketil Flatnose and Yngvid Ketilsdóttir. She married Olaf the White of Dublin, "King" of Ireland.
Audace class destroyer The Audace class destroyers were two guided missile destroyers built for the Italian Navy during the Cold War. Both ships have recently been decommissionedThese ships were designed for area air defence and also had a heavy gun armament.
Audacious class aircraft carrier The Audacious class aircraft carrier was a class of ship proposed by the British government in the 1930s - 1940s. The Audacious class was originally designed as an expansion of the Implacable class with double storied hangars.
Audax (cycling) Audax is a style of long distance cycling found mostly in France, but also in Holland, Belgium and Germany to a lesser extent. The term is now also commonly used to describe a different style of long distance cycling found in many countries including France, Great Britain, Australia, Canada and the USA.
Audemus jura nostra defendere Audemus jura nostra defendere (Latin "We Dare Defend Our Rights" or "We Dare Maintain Our Rights") is a state motto of Alabama, depicted on a yellow ribbon below the coat of arms and completed in 1923.
Audencia Founded in 1900 as École Supérieure de Commerce, Audencia Nantes School of Management has grown since the late 1970s to become a well-ranked French management school. It holds triple accreditation by the Association of MBAs, AACSB and Equis.
Audenshaw Junction rail crash The Audenshaw Junction rail crash occurred on the evening of 20 May 1970 at Audenshaw, Greater Manchester, England. A Class 506 electric multiple unit train from Manchester Piccadilly to Hadfield had started away from a signal when a set of points moved underneath the train, causing it to be derailed and throwing the centre carriage onto its side.
Audenshaw Reservoirs The Audenshaw Reservoirs were constructed between 1877 and 1882 by the Manchester Corporation, and are located in the townships of Audenshaw and Denton in Tameside Metropolitan Borough, Greater Manchester, in northern England.
Audenshaw School Audenshaw School, formerly Audenshaw Grammar School, is an all boys secondary school in the town Audenshaw, part of the Borough of Tameside (in Manchester, England). It now also has a sixth form which takes both boys and girls.
Audeo The audEo project appeared in the 1980s, managed by a group of friends with activities in music creation (Fiori del Fiume), music marketing (Dansa do Som, Salt'Ibérico, k7 xunga), concert production (Colectivo Novo Fogo e Arte, Luís Armastrondo, audEo produções), radio production (Rádio Universitária do Porto), alternative press (Da Frente, Confidências do Exílio, Escupe, Nuvens, Blitz, se7e, Anonyme) and design. Their aim was to work with a wide range of new music creators, from academic to underground.
Audhali Audhali ( [] or العواذل []), or the Audhali Sultanate (Arabic: سلطنة العوذلي []), was a state in the British Aden Protectorate. It was a founding member of the Federation of Arab Emirates of the South in 1959 and its successor, the Federation of South Arabia, in 1963.
Audi 100 The Audi 100 was a mid-sized automobile from Audi, made between 1968 and 1994. The C3 model of the 100 (sold in the United States as the Audi 5000 until 1988) was controversial in that it was targeted by CBS News as being unsafe, but it was eventually cleared by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
Audi 4000CS Quattro The Audi 4000CS Quattro was a special line of passenger cars manufactured by Audi — one of the premier European automobile manufacturers — for the 1985, 1986, and 1987 model years. Other models manufactured during the three stated model years included the Coupe GT, the 4000S, and the 5000 series.
Audi 50 The Audi 50 was a three-door supermini hatchback launched by Audi in 1974 and sold only on continental Europe. The car was offered with a 1093 cc engine producing either 50 or 60 PS (37 or 44 kW/49 or 58 hp) for the LS and GL models, respectively.
Audi 80 The Audi 80 was an Audi automobile produced from 1972 to 1995. It initially shared its platform with the Volkswagen Passat, and was available as a sedan, station wagon, coupé and convertible, although the coupé and convertible models were not badged as members of the range.
Audi A5 The Audi A5 is a compact coupé, based on the A4 and expected to be released by Audi next year. The 'four-door coupé' version would be the direct rival of a possible Mercedes-Benz CLE-Class, and the two-door coupé and convertible versions would fight against the Mercedes-Benz CLK-Class and BMW 3-Series.
Audi A7 The Audi A7 is a mid-size coupé expected to be released by Audi in 2007. There will be a 'four-door coupé' version, inspired by the Mercedes-Benz CLS-Class, and also two-door coupé and convertible versions to compete against the Mercedes-Benz CL-Class, the SL-Class, and the BMW 6-Series.
Audi A8 The Audi A8 is a full-size luxury car built by the German automaker Audi to replace the V8 model as its flagship offering. Although the Volkswagen Phaeton, long wheelbase Jaguar XJ8 and Lexus LS 430 compete in the same size and price category as the A8, the Mercedes-Benz S-Class and BMW 7 Series are often thought to be its primary rivals.
Audi Allroad Quattro The Audi allroad quattro is a Wagon crossover automobile produced by Audi from 2000 till today. The allroad quattro remains in production for Europe and the UK, but not for North America at this time (12/2006).
Audi F103 F103 was the internal designation for a series of car models produced by Auto-Union in West Germany from 1965 to 1972, derived from the earlier DKW F102. To signify the change from a two-stroke to four-stroke engine, the DKW marque was dropped in favour of Audi, a name which had lain dormant since the Second World War.
Audi Q3 The Audi Q3 is an automobile manufactured by Audi AG of Germany that is expected to debut commercially in 2010. The three-door only SUV wil lbe aimed as more of a lifestyle/sports car, rather than for the family/off-road market its older Q5 & Q7 brothers aim for.
Audi Q7 The Audi Q7 is a full-size luxury SUV produced by the German car manufacturer Audi since 2006 (with the help of Noble engineers such as Laboyrie, Gregg and McHewgor), released at the same time as the competing Mercedes-Benz GL-Class. The Q denotes a new family of vehicles for Audi, designated the 7 in its placement between the Audi A6 and Audi A8.
Audi Quattro S1 The Audi Sport Quattro S1 is an all-wheel-drive Group B rally car introduced in 1985 by Audi as an update to the 1984 Audi Quattro Sport. The car features a inline 5-cylinder engine that displaces 2110 cc and produces 444 bhp.
Audi R10 The Audi R10 is a racing car prepared for sports car racing in the LMP1 class of the 24 Hours of Le Mans and other similar endurance races. The car was unveiled Tuesday, December 13 2005 at 12:00 CET, and went on to win both its maiden race at the 2006 12 Hours of Sebring and the 2006 24 Hours of Le Mans.
Audi R8 (race car) The Audi R8 is a Sports Prototype race car introduced in 1999 for Sportscar racing as a redevelopment of their Audi R8R (open top LMP) and Audi R8C (closed top LMGTP). The 2000 and later version Audi R8 was very successful, winning many races and championships until it was retired during the 2006 season.
Audi R8 (road car) The Audi R8 is a mid-engined sports car released by the German automaker Audi in 2006. Audi announced in 2005 that the name of the successful Audi R8 race car would be used for a new road car in 2007, the Audi R8, based on the Audi Le Mans Quattro concept car, which appeared at the 2003 Geneva Auto Show and 2003 International Motor Show.
Audi Roadjet The Audi Roadjet is a concept car developed by the German manufacturer Audi and officially unveiled at the 2006 North American International Auto Show in Detroit, Michigan. It is a study of a sporty and luxurious mid-size station wagon.
Audi Rosemeyer The Rosemeyer is a concept car built and shown by Audi during 2000 at various auto shows throughout Europe. Although it was never intended for production, it's striking design and highly sporting nature drew considerable attention to the brand, and many potential buyers highly anticipated a production version, to no avail.
Audi RS2 Avant The Audi RS2 Avant was a limited edition, high performance Audi station wagon sold from 1994 to 1996. Collaboratively designed by Audi and Porsche and built on Audi's 80 Avant, it was the company's first "RS" vehicle and the first of their high performance Avants; it used the most powerful and most thoroughly developed version of the company's turbocharged 5-cylinder engine, and was unmatched in performance among both wagons and 4-doored sedans at the time of its release.
Audi RS6 The Audi RS6 is the highest-performance version of Audi's A6 model. There is currently no production version of this car since the introduction of the newest A6 model although a replacement is currently in testing for production.
Audi S Models The Audi S Models are a range of performance cars from the German automotive company Audi. These cars are modified versions of Audi's standard range of vehicles and numerous S models have been produced over the years.
Audi Shooting Brake The Audi Shooting Brake (also known as the Audi TT Shooting Brake) is a concept car developed by the German manufacturer Audi and officially unveiled at the 2005 Tokyo Motor Show. It is a study of a sporty two-door compact hatchback.
Audi V8 The Audi V8 was a large luxury sedan built by Audi AG of Germany from 1988 to 1994 as the company's range-topping model, and was the first Audi to use its namesake engine configuration. It was replaced by the A8 in 1994, though the A8 would not be sold in North America until the 1997 model year.
Audie Bock Audie Elizabeth Bock (born 15th October 1946) achieved remarkable notoriety by being elected to the California State Assembly in 1999 as a Green Party member during a special election for the 16th Assembly District. This special election was the last in a series of five special elections in twelve months known as the special election musical chairs.
Audience An audience is a group of people who participate in an experience or encounter a work of art, literature, theatre, music or academics in any medium. Audience members participate in different ways in different kinds of art; some events invite overt audience participation (see pb theatre and dance company) and others allowing only modest clapping and criticism and reception.
Audience impression An audience impression is a measure of how large an audience a song reaches. For example, one play by a New York radio station might be rated as a certain number of million impressions, meaning that this is a reasonable if necessarily inexact estimate of the number of people who heard it.
Audience response Audience response is a type of interaction associated with the use of audience response systems, to create interactivity between a presenter and his audience. Systems for co-located audiences combine wireless hardware with presentation software and systems for remote audiences may use the telephone or web polls for audiences watching through television or the internet .
Audience scanning Audience scanning (sometimes called "crowd scanning") refers to when a laser effect is allowed to come into direct contact with the people observing a laser show or display. Although this is necessary for many laser effects such as tunnels, it is often considered potentially dangerous due to the possibility of eye exposure to damaging levels of light.
Audience screen Media planning is a science and one that has seen growth and increased discipline over the last few years through the introduction of new technology. These technologies have morphed from audience segmentation to audience profiling, but the most recent wave of technology to affect media planning is based on Audience Screening, which can be defined as the opportunity to purchase an actual audience online rather than impressions.
Audience segments Audience Segments as a topic is an element of social marketing. Basically audience segments are groups of people who share a common or personal interest or affinity for certain types of products, activities or preferences.
Audience wave The "audience wave", "Ola" (in Brazil) also called a Mexican wave, particularly in Australia and the United Kingdom, or simply "the wave", is a phenomenon that commonly occurs in the audiences of sporting events, and sometimes in other large crowds.
Audiencia Nacional of Spain The Audiencia Nacional de España ("National Court of Spain"), is a high court in Spain. It has its seat in Madrid, with jurisdiction over all of Spain, unlike most of the courts which have a territorial bailiwick.
Audichron Audichron was a talking clock, or a time announcer which was developed and produced by the Audichron Company, starting in the 1930s. There were several types of Audichron machines including the stand time piece (STM), M12, temperature machine (TEMP) and the Comparator.
Audichron Company Audichron Company was a company founded in the 1930s by John Franklin in Atlanta, Georgia to produce the Audichron, a talking clock. By the 1970s, there were thousands of Audichron time-of-day announcers in use all over the world.
Audio amplifier An audio amplifier is an electronic amplifier that amplifies low-power audio signals (signals composed primarily of frequencies between 20 hertz to 20,000 hertz, the human range of hearing) to a level suitable for driving loudspeakers and is the final stage in a typical audio playback chain. The preceding stages in such a chain are low power audio amplifiers which perform tasks like pre-amplification, equalization, tone control, mixing/effects, or audio sources like record players, CD players, and cassette players.
Audio Alchemy Audio Alchemy was a high fidelity audio equipment manufacturer based in California, USA. It produced many lines of relatively affordable audio products, including CD players, transports, digital audio processors, and amplifiers.
Audio Analogue Audio Analogue is a manufacturer of home audio equipment originally based in Pisa, Italy that subsequently moved to Monsummano Terme, PT, Italy after the original founders, Federico Paoletti and Santo Prattico, left the company. Established in 1995, they sell a wide range of AV receivers, CD players, amplifiers, and tuners.

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