Encyclopedia

Audio Bit Depth In digital audio, bit depth describes the amount of data contained in each sample, using the unit bits (not to be confused with bytes). Common examples of bit depth include CD audio, which is recorded at 16 bits, and DVD audio which can support up to 24-bit audio.
Audio codec An audio codec is a computer program that compresses/decompresses digital audio data according to a given audio file format or streaming audio format. Most codecs are implemented as libraries which interface to one or more multimedia players, such as XMMS, Winamp or Windows Media Player.
Audio commentary On a DVD, an audio commentary is a bonus track consisting of a lecture or comments by one or more speakers, who talk about the movie as it progresses. Depending on the nature of the movie, and upon the person providing the spoken dialogue, it can add a wealth of informative, entertaining information about a movie of which most audience members would not be aware.
Audio control surface An audio control surface allows the interaction between multi-track audio sequencer computer applications that record or mix audio to be controlled using a simulation of an analog mixing console. This heavily reduces the operators reliance on the keyboard and mouse, as well as giving a feeling of using an older analog mixing console.
Audio converter In signal processing, an audio converter or digital audio converter is a type of electronic hardware technology which converts an analog audio signal to a digital audio format, either on the input (Analog-to-digital converter or ADC), or the output (Digital-to-analog converter, or DAC). They are common in numerous technologies —notably in computer sound cards, digital cellular phones, and portable recording devices.
Audio crossover Audio crossovers are a class of electronic filters designed specifically for use in audio applications, especially hi-fi. Commonly used dynamic loudspeaker drivers are incapable of covering the entire audio spectrum all with acceptable loudness and lack of distortion by itself.
Audio description Audio description refers to an additional narration track for blind and visually impaired viewers of visual media, including television and movies, dance, opera, and visual art. For simplicity, this article focuses on the most common venues for description: TV and film.
Audio Disturbances Audio Disturbances were a critically acclaimed, Miami-based rock band from the late 1980s until the mid-1990s. The original members were Brian Hampton (guitar, bass), Kurt Schweizer (drums, guitar, vocals), Lazaro Lazo (bass, guitar, keyboards, percussion) and Eric Alexandrakis (lead vocals and keyboards).
Audio electronics Audio electronics is the branch of electronics which deals specifically with audio and sound related technologies. Audio electronics derives most of its circuits from mainstream electronics but (sometimes) slightly modified for the specific needs of sound reproduction, such as high-end audio.
Audio engineering Audio engineering is a part of audio science dealing with the recording and reproduction of sound through mechanical and electronic means. The field of audio engineering draws on many disciplines, including electrical engineering, acoustics, psychoacoustics, and music.
Audio equipment A piece of audio equipment is any device designed principally to reproduce, record or process sound. This includes microphones, radio receivers, AV Receivers, CD players, tape recorders, amplifiers, mixing consoles, effects units and loudspeakers.
Audio Engineering Society Established in 1948, the Audio Engineering Society (AES) draws its membership from amongst engineers, scientists, manufacturers and other organisations and individuals with an interest or involvement in the professional audio industry. This includes film, TV and any media requiring the production of audio as a part of its business.
Audio feedback Audio feedback (also known as the Larsen effect) is a special kind of feedback which occurs when a feedback loop exists between an audio input (for example, a microphone or guitar pickup) and an audio output (for example, a loudspeaker). In this example, a signal received by the microphone is amplified and passed out of the loudspeaker.
Audio filter An audio filter is a type of filter used for processing sound signals. Many types of filters exist for applications including graphic equalizers, synthesizers, sound effects, CD players and virtual reality systems.
Audio format An audio format is a medium for storing sound and music. The term is applied to both the physical recording media and the recording formats of the audio content – in computer science it is often limited to the audio file format, but its wider use usually refers to the physical method used to store the data.
Audio frequency An audio frequency (abbreviation: AF) is the measurement of the cycles per second of any sound. The variable whose frequency is being measured can be any physical property capable of oscillating, such as electric current, sound pressure in air, or mechanical vibration.
Audio frequency-shift keying Audio frequency-shift keying (AFSK) is a modulation technique by which digital data is represented as changes in the frequency (pitch) of an audio tone, yielding an encoded signal suitable for transmission via radio or telephone. Normally, the transmitted audio alternates between two tones: one, the "mark", represents a binary one; the other, the "space", represents a binary zero.
Audio Home Recording Act The Audio Home Recording Act of 1992 (AHRA) amended the United States copyright law by adding chapter 10 "Digital Audio Recording Devices and Media." The act enabled the release of recordable digital formats such as Sony and Phillips' Digital Audio Tape DAT without fear of contributory infringement lawsuits.
Audio level compression Audio level compression, also called dynamic range compression, volume compression, compression, limiting, or DRC (often seen in DVD player settings) is a process that manipulates the dynamic range of an audio signal. Compression is used during sound recording, live sound reinforcement, and broadcasting to improve the perceived volume of audio.
Audio logger Audio Loggers are all-in-one devices designed to record multiple channels of audio 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year. Most devices can record either mono or stereo and contain large hard drives to save the digitized audio.
Audio mastering Mastering is the process of preparing and transferring recorded audio to a medium that will be used in the production of copies. The specific medium varies, depending on the intended release format of the final product.
Audio mixing Audio mixing is used for sound recording, audio editing and sound systems to balance the relative volume and frequency content of a number of sound sources. Typically, these sound sources are the different musical instruments in a band or vocalists, the sections of an orchestra, announcers and journalists, crowd noises and so on.
Audio mute circuit Audio circuits need a method to "mute" the output so that there is no signal at all when desired. One may need to mute when switching programs, at the push of a button, in response to a control signal, when powering up and down, and when the power cable is disconnected.
Audio normalization Audio normalization is the process of increasing (or decreasing) the amplitude (volume) of a digital audio recording. Typically normalization increases the amplitude of the audio waveform to the maximum level without introducing any distortion into the recording.
Audio over Ethernet In audio engineering (and now in broadcast engineering), audio over Ethernet (sometimes AoE) is the concept of using an Ethernet-based network to distribute digital audio. It is designed to replace bulky snake cables, and to use the existing wiring infrastructure in a facility, providing a reliable backbone for any audio application, such as for multiple studios or stages.
Audio post production Audio post production is the general term for all stages of production happening between the actual recording in a studio and the completion of a master recording. It involves, sound design, sound editing, audio mixing, and the addition of effects.
Audio power The term sine power is used in the specification or measurement of audio amplifiers or loudspeakers. A meaningful and reliable measure of the power output of an audio amplifier, or the power handling of a loudspeaker is continuous sine wave power, or more strictly 'continuous average sine wave power'.
Audio quality measurement Audio quality measurement seeks to quantify the various forms of corruption present in an audio system or device. The results of such measurement are used to maintain standards in broadcasting, to compile specifications, and to compare pieces of equipment.
Audio restoration Audio restoration is a generalized term for the process of removing imperfections (such as hiss, crackle, noise, and buzz) from sound recordings. Audio restoration can be performed directly on the recording medium (for example, washing a gramophone record with a cleansing solution), or on a digital representation of the recording using a computer (such as a AIFF or WAV file).
Audio Research Corp Audio Research Corporation is the oldest manufacturer of high end audio still in operation. They were pioneers at advancing the state-of-the-art for audio reproduction in the seventies, re-introducing the vacuum tube as the primary active amplification device.
Audio tape length and thickness Since the widespread adoption of reel-to-reel audio tape recording in the 1950s, audio tapes and tape cassettes have been available in many formats. This article describes the length, tape thickness and playing times of some of the most common ones.
Audio theatre Audio theatre is a generic term for a modern art form which is disseminated in various media. It had its greatest flowering on radio, before television was introduced, during the period known as the Golden Age of Radio, and as a result has often been called "Radio Theatre" or "radio drama" although as a form, it is independent of its medium.
Audio Units Audio Units (AU) are a system-level plug-in architecture provided by Core Audio, a set of application programming interface services provided by Apple Computer's Mac OS X operating system. Those services allow to generate, process, receive, or otherwise manipulate streams of audio.
Audio Video Interleave Audio Video Interleave, known by its acronym AVI, is a multimedia container format introduced by Microsoft in November 1992 as part of the Video for Windows technology. AVI files contain both audio and video data in a standard container that allows simultaneous playback.
Audio-Animatronics Audio-Animatronics is the registered trademark for a form of robotics created by Walt Disney Imagineering for shows and attractions at Disney theme parks, and subsequently expanded on and used by other companies. The robots move and make noise, generally speech or song.
Audio-mastick Audio-mastick is an electroacoustic music group with electronic tendencies (musique concrète and electronic music). It asserts the heritage of Pierre Schaeffer, Pierre Henry, Bernard Parmegiani, and Bruno d' Auzon...
Audio-Reader The Kansas Audio-Reader Network, usually known simply as Audio-Reader, is a radio reading service for the blind operated out of Lawrence, Kansas. The program began operating on October 11, 1971, and is the second such service to operate in the United States.
Audio-Technica , established in 1962 and headquartered in Tokyo, Japan, is a company that designs and manufactures professional wired and wireless microphones, headphones, phonographic magnetic cartridges, and other audio equipment.
Audio-visual speech recognition Audio visual speech recognition (AVSR) is a technique that uses image processing capabilities in lip reading to aid speech recognition systems in recognizing undeterministic phones or giving preponderance among near probability decisions.
Audio/modem riser The audio/modem riser, also known as an AMR slot, is an expansion slot found on the motherboards of some Pentium III, Pentium 4, and Athlon personal computers. It was designed by Intel to interface with chipsets and provide analog functionality, such as sound cards and modems, on an expansion card.
Audiobaba Audiobaba is a beta-stage music recommendation and playlist generator plug-in for iTunes and Windows Media Player that, unlike most music recommendation systems, does not utilize centralized collaborative filtering algorithms.
Audioblogging Audioblogging is a variant on the blogging trend of online self-publishing, using audio to reach the audience instead of text used by traditional blogs. Audioblogs have similar form as blogs, using post-based entries cataloged by time and date.
Audiobulb Records Audiobulb Records is a Sheffield based independent record label holding a global artist roster – brought together under the banner of ‘exploratory electronic music’. The label was founded in 2003 by David Newman with the aim of promoting a new generation of innovative electronic artists.
Audiocl Audiocl is an extremely easy and fast-speed tool to convert your Video file to MP3, WAV, WMA and OGG files. It copies the audio digitally-not through the soundcard-which enables you to make perfect copies of the originals.
Audiocubes AudioCubes (legal name Audio Cubes Inc) was founded in 2002 by Kohn Liu, webmaster of MiniDisc T-Station, and Ichiro Matsuda, owner of HyperJack, a Japan based MiniDisc equipment exporter. AudioCubes is a US company with a warehouse in Osaka, Japan and it began in 2002 selling Japanese audio gear, primarily in hard-to-find headphones and earphones.
AudioDesk AudioDesk is an audio workstation application by Mark of the Unicorn (MOTU) for the Mac OS. It is a multi-track recording, editing, and mixing application, with both offline file-based processing and realtime effects.
AudioFile AudioFile (broadcast August 2000 - September 26, 2002) was a live American TV show on TechTV that focused on the role of technology in music. Each episode contained either interviews with musicians or focused on technology trends and issues (such as MP3's and Napster) that reshape the musical landscape.
AudioFile (company) AudioFile was a software company that was founded in Massachusetts in 1990. It was founded thanks to venture capital investment by the Massachusetts Technology Development Corporation, and had Richard Goldhor as its chief scientist.
Audiogenic Audiogenic Software is one of the oldest United Kingdom game development companies, starting in 1985 out of the ashes of an earlier Audiogenic company that had been founded in the late 1970's, and finally publishing its last new title in 1997, after the core of the development team were taken over by Codemasters to create Brian Lara Cricket on the PlayStation. The company is, however, still in existence and continues to license its portfolio of titles to third parties for conversion onto new formats.
Audiologist An audiologist is the professional specializing in; testing, monitoring, and diagnosing disorders of the auditory and vestibular system portions of the ear; an audiologist diagnoses and treats hearing and (balance) problems. Most audiologists have received an Au.
Audiometrist An audiometrist (Australia) has different qualifications than an audiologist. In Australia an audiometrist usually has a TAFE qualification and needs to be accredited with a professional body to provide services to eligible pensioners and war veterans via the Office of Hearing Services program.
Audiometry Audiometry is the testing of hearing ability. Typically, audiometric tests determine a subject's hearing levels with the help of an audiometer, but may also measure ability to discriminate between different sound intensities, recognize pitch, or distinguish speech from background noise.
Audiomulch AudioMulch Interactive Music Studio is a piece of software for real-time sound synthesis, music composition and performance-oriented audio processing. It consists of an environment in which the user connects together audio-processing "mulching contraptions".
Audion tube The Audion is an electronic amplifier device invented by Lee De Forest in 1906. It was the forerunner of what is generally known as a triode today, in which the flow of current from the filament to the plate was controlled by a third element, the grid.
Audioslave Audioslave is a rock supergroup consisting of Chris Cornell (former frontman of Soundgarden) and the former instrumentalists of Rage Against the Machine, Tom Morello (guitar), Tim Commerford (bass), and Brad Wilk (drums).
Audioslave (DVD) Audioslave is the name of a DVD by American rock band Audioslave, released in 2003. It contains the three videos the band had made up to that point, as well as two songs performed live on the David Letterman Show.
AudioTron The Turtle Beach AudioTron is 1U rack mountable Internet appliance stereo component for streaming digital audio files. These files can reside on a Microsoft Windows (or Samba software) network share or streaming media Internet radio stations.
Audiovox Audiovox Corporation is a leading international supplier and value added service provider in the consumer electronics industry. The Company markets mobile and consumer electronics products under the Audiovox brand name and other brand names such as Jensen, Acoustic Research, Advent, Terk and Code Alarm, as well as private labels through a global distribution network.
Audism Audism is a term used to describe discrimination or stereotypes against deaf or hard of hearing people, for example by assuming that the cultural ways of hearing people are preferable or superior to those of deaf or signing culture, or that deaf people are somehow less capable than hearing people.
Audit An audit is an evaluation of an organization, system, process, project or product. In accounting, an audit is an independent assessment of the fairness by which a company's financial statements are presented by its management.
Audit (academics) An audit in academics is the completion of a course of study for which no assessment is completed or grade awarded; especially audit is awarded to those who have elected not to receive a letter grade for a course in which letter grades are typically awarded.
Audit Bureau of Circulations The Audit Bureau of Circulations is one of the several organizations of the same name operating in different parts of the world. It audits circulation, readership, and audience information for the magazines, newspapers, and other publications produced by its members.
Audit Command Language ACL is a global leader in data analytics technology or "Computer Aided Audit Tools and Techniques" (CAATTS), one of the fastest growing fields within the Audit Profession. CAATTS use computer technologies to assist auditors in performing comprehensive and efficient audits.
Audit Commission The Audit Commission is a public corporation in the United Kingdom, established under the Local Government Finance Act 1982, to appoint auditors to all local authorities in England and Wales. The National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990 extended the remit of the Commission to cover health service bodies.
Audit Scotland Audit Scotland is a public body in Scotland which is responsible for auditing approximately 200 governmental organisations, which spend over ÂŁ20 billion of public money each year. These include the Scottish Executive, local councils and NHS Scotland.
Audit working papers Audit working papers are the documents which keeping all audit evidences obtained during financial statements auditing. Audit working paper is to be able to support the audit works done in order, sufficent and assurance audit evidences have been obtained and reasonable assurance audit conclusion can be made in due course.
Auditing Practices Board The Auditing Practices Board Limited (APB) was originally established in 1991 as a committee of the Consultative Committee of Accountancy Bodies, to take responsibility within the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland for setting standards of auditing with the objective of enhancing public confidence in the audit process and the quality and relevance of audit services in the public interest. In 2002 APB was re-established under the auspices of The Accountancy Foundation and, following a UK government review, it has been transferred to the Financial Reporting Council (FRC).
Audition (performing arts) An audition is a sample performance by an actor, singer, musician, dancer or other performing artist. It is used in the casting process to demonstrate the level and range of a performer's talent, and functions as a job interview for the performing arts.
Audition Online Audition Online (Korean: 오디션 온라인), also known as Dancing Paradise in Japan, is a downloadable Multiplayer Online Casual Game produced by T3 Entertainment. Originally started for and still popular in Korea, Audition Online has since been distributed into many different other regions and/or countries - Audition versions for Hong Kong, Thailand, China, Japan, Vietnam, Taiwan, South-East Asia, and the Philippines.
Auditor's report The auditor's report is a formal opinion issued by an independent auditor, which is attached to a company's annual report. The auditor's report is intended to advise investors and other financial statement users whether the company's financial statements have been prepared in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), whether they are free of material misstatement and whether they show a "true and fair" view of the operating results, financial position and cash flows of the company concerned.
Auditorium (Community of Christ) The Auditorium is a house of worship and office building located on the greater Temple Lot in Independence, Missouri. The Auditorium is part of the headquarters complex of the Community of Christ which also includes the Independence Temple.
Auditorium Theatre Chicago, IL 4/15/05 The first in a series of official bootlegs of Tori Amos concerts. Each official bootleg is a double-disc package recorded during her "Original Sinsuality" and "Summer of Sin" tours brimming with live rarities, fan favorites and stunning cover versions.
Auditory illusion An auditory illusion is an illusion of hearing, the sound equivalent of an optical illusion: the listener hears either sounds which are not present in the stimulus, or "impossible" sounds. In short, audio illusions highlight areas where the human ear and brain, as organic, makeshift tools, differ from perfect audio receptors (for better or for worse).
Auditory imagery In psychology and neuropsychology, auditory imagery is the subjective experience of hearing in the absence of auditory stimulation. It occurs when one mentally rehearses telephone numbers, or has a song "on the brain": the phenomenon is usually defined to be spontaneous (that is, not under direct conscious control); it can be distressing.
Auditory integration training Auditory integration training (AIT) is a program designed to treat auditory processing disorders (APD) (previously termed central auditory processing disorders or CAPD). AIT is an intervention that aims to help an individual make the most use of his or her residual hearing, and so improve the ability to understand speech and sounds in the environment (Davis 1999, 189).
Auditory-verbal therapy Auditory-verbal therapy is a method for teaching deaf children to listen and speak using their residual hearing in addition to the constant use of amplification devices such as hearing aids, FM devices, and cochlear implants. Auditory-verbal therapy emphasizes speech and listening, discouraging reliance on visual communication such as lip-reading or Signed Languages ( American Sign Language, British Sign Language, etc).
Audlem Audlem is a village in the county of Cheshire in the north-west of England, approximately seven miles south of Nantwich. In 2005 it was voted Cheshire's 'Village of the Year' and the North of England 'Village of the Year' also the 'Most Vibrant Village in Cheshire'.
Audley End House Audley End House () is largely an early 17th-century country house just outside Saffron Walden, Essex, south of Cambridge, England. It was once a palace in all but name and renowned as one of the finest Jacobean houses in England.
Audley Freed Audley Freed was the guitarist and chief songwriter for the North Carolina based rock and roll band Cry of Love (band). Audley disbanded Cry of Love in the late 1990's and joined The Black Crowes, replacing longtime guitarist Marc Ford.
Audley Miller Audley Montague Miller (born 19 October 1869 in Brentry, Westbury-on-Trym, Gloucestershire, England; died 26 June 1959 in Clifton, Bristol, England) was an amateur cricketer who played one Test match for England. Miller's Test came as a result of his touring South Africa in 1895-96.
Audnedal Audnedal is a municipality in the county of Vest-Agder, Norway. It is an inland municipality, and borders in the north on Åseral municipality, Hægebostad in the west, Lyngdal and Lindesnes in the south and Marnardal in the east.
Audoin Alduin, Auduin, or Audoin was king of the Lombards from 539 or 546 to 563 or 565. The Lombards became, under him, a fœderatus of the Byzantines (541), signing a treaty with Justinian I which gave them power in Pannonia and the north.
Audouinella Audouinella is a wide-spread genus of red algae, found in marine and freshwater. Grows as small tufts of red, brown, or black hairlike filaments on any solid surface - most dramatically on the edges of slow-growing leaves.
Audre Lorde Project The Audre Lorde Project is a Brooklyn, New York-based organization for queer people of color. The organization concentrates on community organizing and radical nonviolent activism around progressive issues within New York City, especially relating to queer and transgender communities, AIDS and HIV activism, pro-immigrant activism, prison reform and organizing among youth of color.
Audresselles Audresselles is a seaside French village and commune, south of Cape Gris Nez, in the Pas-de-Calais département, Nord-Pas-de-Calais région. The commune covers about 2000 acres (8 km²) of cultivated lands, two beautiful beaches, and seashore cliffs.
Audrey (band) Swedish four-piece Audrey (Website) formed in 2002 and started performing gigs in April of the same year. Having recorded a demo in the studio of an artist's collective in Gothenburg in the summer of 2003, the positive responses were immediate.
Audrey Callaghan Audrey Elizabeth Callaghan, Lady Callaghan of Cardiff, née Audrey Elizabeth Moulton, (July 28, 1915 - March 15, 2005), was the wife of British prime minister James Callaghan and was herself a politician and campaigner and fundraiser for children's health and welfare.
Audrey Cohen Educator Audrey Cohen founded the Women's Talent Corps in 1964, located at 75 Varick Street in Tribeca. Later, the Talent Corps became The College for Human Services, which in turn became Audrey Cohen College, which in 2002 (six years after Cohen's death in 1996) became part of the Metropolitan College of New York (Cohen, in collaboration with educator Janith Jordan, developed an educational system known as Purpose-Centered Education].
Audrey Eu Audrey Eu (}, LLB (HKU), LLM (London), SC, JP was born on September 11, 1953 in Hong Kong with family roots in Shanghai. She is a member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong and is currently the leader of the Civic Party.
Audrey Gillan Audrey Gillan is a reporter for The Guardian and has the title of "Special Correspondent". Gillan began reporting for The Guardian in 1998 after seven years of previous experience with other news organizations.
Audrey Jeffers Audrey Layne Jeffers CM, OBE (born February 12, 1898 in Port of Spain, died June 24, 1968) was a Trinidadian social worker and the first female member of the Legislative Council of Trinidad and Tobago. Although born to an upper middle class family, Jeffers was moved from an early age by the sufferings of the poor and dispossessed.
Audrey Long Audrey Long (born April 14, 1922 in Orlando, Florida) was a movie actress who specialized in playing blonde bland, good girls in movies of the 1940's and 50's. She later married Leslie Charteris, the creator and writer of The Saint mystery books and retired from acting.
Audrey Marie Hilley Audrey Marie Hilley (June 4, 1933 - February 26, 1987) was a poisoner, a fraud, and a thief. She managed to elude arrest for three years while on the run as a fugitive from justice, and then, while serving a 20-year-to-life sentence, managed to obtain a prison furlough, disappear into the backwoods of Alabama, and reappear only to die on the way to the hospital in her hometown of Anniston.
Audrey Meadows Audrey Cotter Meadows Six, known as Audrey Meadows (February 8 1926 – February 3 1996), born Audrey Cotter, was an Emmy Award-winning American actress best known for playing the deadpan housewife, Alice Kramden in the 1950s American television comedy, The Honeymooners.
Audrey Niffenegger Audrey Niffenegger (born June 13, 1963 in South Haven, Michigan) is a writer and artist. She is also a professor in the Interdisciplinary Book Arts MFA Program at the Columbia College Chicago Center for Book and Paper Arts.
Audrey O'Brien Audrey O'Brien is the first female Clerk of the Canadian House of Commons. Appointed in 2005, the Clerk of the House is a Governor-in-Council nomination and is the most senior public servant of the administration of the House of Commons.
Audrey Pheffer Audrey Pheffer (b. 1941) represents District 23 in the New York State Assembly, which is comprised of Rockaway Beach, Howard Beach and Ozone Park, among other neighborhoods found within the New York City borough of Queens.
Audrey Puente Audrey Puente is a meterologist for WWOR-TV (MY 9) in New York City. Before, provided weather forecast for CBS 2 News This Morning and CBS 2 News at Noon, but on Jan 1, 2007 the station hired John Elliott to take her position.
Audrey Reader Dame Audrey Tattie Hinchcliff Reader DBE (9 December 1903 - 6 March 1989) was an Australian charity worker, who worked primarily in promoting the interests of women and of immigrants to Australia. In 1987 she was awarded Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire for her services to women's affairs and politics.
Audrey Richards Pioneering British woman ethnographer, Audrey Richards received her PhD in 1931 from the London School of Economics under Malinowski. She conducted fieldwork in Zambia (then Northern Rhodesia), where she worked primarily among the Bemba.

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