Encyclopedia

Austrian Diplomatic Academy The Diplomatic Academy of Vienna, known as the "DA", is the world's oldest school of international relations, outdating the Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University. As it is a purely a graduate institute, it maintains both a Masters of Advanced International Studies and Diploma programs, training students in international history, diplomacy, law, economics, and politics.
Austrian euro coins Austrian euro coins have a unique design for each denomination, with a common theme for each of the three series of coins. The minor coins feature Austrian flowers, the middle coins examples of architecture from Austria's capital, Vienna, and the two major coins famous Austrians.
Austrian Eastern Railway The Austrian Eastern Railway (German Ostbahn) was the name of a former railway company during the time of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. Today, the term is still used to describe certain railway lines which were formerly operated by that company.
Austrian Football Association The Austrian Football Association (Ă–FB) (German: Ă–sterreichischer FuĂźball-Bund) is the governing body of football in Austria. It organizes the football league, Austrian Bundesliga, the Austrian Cup and the Austrian national team, as well as its female equivalent.
Austrian Holocaust Memorial Award The Austrian Holocaust Memorial Award (AHMA) was founded by the Austrian Holocaust Memorial Service in 2006. The prize is assigned annually to a person, who has shown special endeavors for the memorial of the Shoa.
Austrian Holocaust Memorial Service The Austrian Holocaust Memorial Service (AHMS) (German: "Ă–sterreichischer Gedenkdienst") is an alternative to Austria's compulsory national military service / alternative service. Its participants serve at major Holocaust memorial institutions.
Austrian champions Austrian champions (in German: Ă–sterreichischer Meister) is the general name for a champion in a team or singles competition Austria's elite national sport (bundesliga) competitions, and is thus comparable with the title of German champions. In contrast to Austrian state champions, the title Austrian champions is assigned in all age categories and also in disciplines in which the Austrian federal sport organization is (still) not recognized.
Austrian knot An Austrian Knot (or Tyrolean Knot) is an elaborate design of twisted cord or lace worn as part of a dress uniform, usually on the lower sleeve. It is usually a distinction worn by officers; the major exception is the hussars, in which Austrian knots are worn by all ranks.
Austrian legislative election, 1945 The elections to the Austrian National Council held in fall of 1945 were the first after World War II. Surprisingly, the KPĂ– only gained four seats, even though it was strongly supported by the Soviet Union, which had its troops in the east of the country.
Austrian legislative election, 1949 The elections to the Austrian National Council of 1949 were the first elections after World War II when former Nazis were allowed to vote. A newly created party, the Federation of Independents (VdU) (a predecessor of the Freedom Party of Austria) specifically targeted this group of voters and immediately took away a large number of votes from the Ă–VP and SPĂ–.
Austrian legislative election, 1953 The elections to the Austrian National Council of 1953 were the first elections after the KPÖ had left the coalition with the ÖVP and SPÖ in 1950. The SPÖ leaped ahead of the ÖVP in votes, but the coalition between the two parties was continued under the Chancellorship of ÖVP politician Julius Raab, while Adolf Schärf of the SPÖ remained Vice Chancellor.
Austrian legislative election, 1956 The elections to the Austrian National Council of 1956 were the first elections after the conclusion of the Austrian State Treaty. The coalition between the ÖVP (led by Julius Raab) and the SPÖ (led by Adolf Schärf) was continued.
Austrian legislative election, 1959 In the elections to the Austrian National Council of 1959, the SPĂ– leaped ahead of the Ă–VP in votes, but trailed behind it by one seat. The KPĂ– lost all its seats in parliament in has remained an extra-parliamentary party since then.
Austrian legislative election, 1966 The elections to the Austrian National Council of 1966 resulted in a victory for the Austrian People's Party (Ă–VP) headed by Josef Klaus. The Ă–VP was able to end the coalition with the Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPĂ–) and rule alone during the following four years.
Austrian legislative election, 1970 The elections to the Austrian National Council of 1970 were the first where a plurality was won by the SPĂ–, now led by Bruno Kreisky. The previous Ă–VP government headed by Josef Klaus was replaced by a minority cabinet which was tolerated by the FPĂ– (led by Friedrich Peter).
Austrian legislative election, 1971 The elections to the Austrian National Council of 1971, held only one year after the 1970 elections, were the first after a reform of election law that increased the number of seats in parliament from 165 to 183. Bruno Kreisky, leader of the SPĂ–, had already led a minority cabinet since 1970, which had been tolerated by the FPĂ–.
Austrian legislative election, 1979 The elections to the Austrian National Council of 1979 resulted in small gains to the SPĂ– led by Chancellor Bruno Kreisky, which held an absolute majority at that time. The FPĂ– also made small gains, while the Ă–VP lost.
Austrian legislative election, 1983 The elections to the Austrian National Council taking place in 1983 were the last campaign where the SPĂ– was led by Chancellor Bruno Kreisky, who had been the head of government since 1970. Kreisky was beyond his zenith and already faced severe opposition on the issues of the introduction of nuclear power in Austria (a plant a Zwentendorf had been built but was never put into operation after the 1978 referendum rejecting it), the construction of the Konferenzzentrum next to the Vienna United Nations Complex, and a scandal involving the construction of the new General Hospital in Vienna.
Austrian legislative election, 1986 The elections to the Austrian National Council taking place in fall of 1986 followed shortly after Jörg Haider had ousted Norbert Steger as the leader of the FPÖ at the party convention in Innsbruck. SPÖ Chancellor Franz Vranitzky did not want to continue the coalition with the FPÖ now led by Haider and announced early elections.
Austrian legislative election, 1995 The elections to the Austrian National Council taking place in fall of 1995 were the first to follow Austria's accession to the EU and followed only a year after the 1994 elections. The coalition government headed by Franz Vranitzky between the SPĂ– and the Ă–VP broke down after disagreements on the government budget for the next year.
Austrian legislative election, 2002 The election for the National Council of 24 November 2002 took place prematurely, only three years after the last elections. Since early 2000, Austria had been ruled by a coalition under Chancellor Wolfgang SchĂĽssel of the conservative Austrian People's Party (Ă–VP), which had then only been in third place, closely trailing the Freedom Party of Austria (FPĂ–), with which it entered into a coalition.
Austrian Northwestern Railway The Austrian Northwestern Railway (German Ă–sterreichische Nordwestbahn, Ă–NWB) was the name of a former railway company during the time of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. Today, the term is still used (although only rarely) to refer to the railway line which was formerly operated by that company.
Austrian post offices in Crete Along with several other nations, Austria maintained its own post offices in Crete at the beginning of the 20th century. Since the unit of money in Crete was the franc, the post office issued Austrian stamps surcharged in centimes and francs, from 1903 on, and in 1908 issued stamps similar to the 60th-year issue of Austria proper, but denominated in the local currency.
Austrian post offices in the Ottoman Empire Austria and other European nations maintained an extensive system of post offices in the Ottoman Empire, typically motivated by the unreliable postal system of the Ottomans. For Austria, the practice started in 1748 with the establishment of a post office in Galata outside of Constantinople, and eventually extended to dozens of locations throughout the Balkans and the eastern Mediterranean.
Austrian presidential election, 1998 The Austrian presidential election of 1998 was won by the incumbent president Thomas Klestil, who sought reelection as an independent candidate. The Austrian People's Party, who had originally put him up in 1992, reluctantly supported him again, while the Austrian Social Democratic Party and the Austrian Freedom Party did not propose any competing candidates.
Austrian presidential election, 2004 Presidential elections were held in Austria on 25 April 2004. While the post of President of Austria is a largely ceremonial one, presidential elections are conducted on a party basis and are seen as a test of the relative standing of the major parties.
Austrian Parliament Building The Austrian Parliament Building, (in German: Parlament or Hohes Haus, formerly the Reichsratsgebäude), is where the two Houses of the Parliament of Austria conduct their sittings. The building lies at the Ringstraße in the first district Innere Stadt in Vienna, close by the Hofburg Imperial Palace and the Palace of Justice.
Austrian Peace Service The Austrian Peace Service is the smallest of the three sectors of the Austrian Association for Service Abroad. It offers the possibility to substitute the compulsory military service with a 14-month alternative service abroad.
Austrian Pinscher The Austrian Pinscher is a breed of pinscher-type dog developed to drive and guard livestock; dogs much like these can be found in paintings from around the 18th century. They are also talented rat catchers and often lived in and guarded farmers' homes.
Austrian Postal Savings Bank The Austrian Postal Savings Bank building (German language: Ă–sterreichische Postsparkasse) is a famous Jugendstil building in Vienna, designed and built by the architect Otto Wagner. The building is regarded as an important early work of modern architecture, representing Wagner's first move away from Art Nouveau and Neoclassicism.
Austrian resistance The Austrian resistance to the Nazi rule that started with the Anschluss in 1938 had a prehistory of socialist and communist activism against the era of Austrofascism from 1934. These activists, limited primarily to adherents of the political far left, operated in isolation from the Austrian mainstream during the war years.
Austrian Research Promotion Agency The Austrian Research Promotion Agency is "the central Austrian organisation for promotion of research and innovation". It was a result of consolidating the Industrial Research Promotion Fund, the Austrian Space Agency, the Bureau for International Research and Technology Cooperation, and the Technology Impulse Society into one Agency.
Austrian Riviera The Austrian Riviera (German Ă–sterreichische Riviera, Italian Riviera Austriaca) is a description for the coastal strip of former Austrian Littoral, a Habsburg crown land which, until 1921, ran along the northeastern Adriatic Coast.
Austrian Service Abroad Austrian Service Abroad (formerly Austrian Association for Service Abroad) is a non-profit initiative, founded in 1998 by Andreas Maislinger. The organization provides positions for an alternative Austrian national service all over the world.
Austrian School The Austrian School, also known as “the Vienna School” and as “the Psychological School”, is a school of economic thought that advocates the adherence to strict methodological individualism. As a result Austrians hold that the only valid economic theory is one that is logically derived from basic principles of human action.
Austrian Southern Railway The Austrian Southern Railway (German Ă–sterreichische SĂĽdbahn or just SĂĽdbahn, Slovene JuĹľna Ĺľeleznica) was an Austrian railway company established in 1841. It was the main railway company in the Austrian Empire (later Austria-Hungary) operating train services between Vienna and Trieste until 1923.
Austrian State Treaty The Austrian State Treaty () or Austrian Independence Treaty established Austria as a sovereign state. It was signed on May 15, 1955 in Vienna at the Schloss Belvedere among the Allied occupying powers (France, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Soviet Union) and the Austrian government.
Austrian Student Mission The Austrian student mission (Ă–SM Ă–sterreichische Studentenmission - Christen an der Uni) is a group of students from various churches, who wants to make Jesus known at the universities in Austria. Currently there are 6 groups in almost every major university in Austria.
Austrian Theory of the Business Cycle The Austrian business cycle theory is in many ways the quintessence of Austrian economics, as it integrates so many ideas that are unique to that school of thought, such as capital structure, monetary theory, economic calculation, and entrepreneurship.
Austrian Trade Union Federation The Austrian Trade Union Federation or Austrian Federation of Trade Unions (de: Ă–sterreichischer Gewerkschaftsbund, abbreviated OeGB or Ă–GB) is a socialist-dominated labour union of employees. It is constituted as an association and is subdivided into 13 smaller affiliated trade unions.
Austrian Traded Index The Austrian Traded Index (ATX) is the most important stock market indices of the Wiener Börse and the largest trading place in the Austrian economy. The ATX is, like most European indices, defined as a price index.
Austrian wine Austrian wines are primarily focused on white wines similarly to Germany, however, Austria has a more temperate climate. Most wines come from the region north of Vienna and they produce about 70% white wines and 30% red wines
Austrian Western Railway The Austrian Western Railway (German Westbahn) was the name of a former railway company during the time of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. Today, the term is still used to refer to the railway lines which was formerly operated by that company.
Austrian Young Physicists' Tournament The Austrian Young Physicists' Tournament (AYPT) is an Austrian competition among teams of secondary school students in their ability to solve complicated scientific problems, to present solutions to these problems and to defend them in scientific discussions called "Physics Fights".
Austrian Zoo Association The Austrian zoo organization (Ă–sterreichische Zoo Organisation) is the union of the Austrian, scientifically lead zoos, which keep to the international guidelines of the EAZA (European Association of Zoos and Aquaria).
Austrians Austrians (German: Ă–sterreicher) are defined as the people of the Republic of Austria and its historical predecessor states, and to this extent share a common Austrian culture and being of Austrian descent. Some definitions also include speaking the German language as a mother tongue.
Austric languages The Austric language superfamily is a large theoretical grouping of languages primarily spoken in Southeast Asia, the Pacific, and the eastern Indian subcontinent. It includes the Austronesian language family of the Malay archipelago, Pacific islands and Madagascar, as well as the Austro-Asiatic language family of mainland Southeast Asia, Eastern India and Bangladesh.
Austro-Asiatic languages The Austro-Asiatic languages are a large language family of Southeast Asia, and also scattered throughout India and Bangladesh. The name comes from the Latin word for "south" and the Greek name of Asia, hence "South Asia".
Austro-Eurafrasia Austro-Eurafrasia is a future supercontinent that is predicted to form when Australia collides with Eastern Asia, forming a large mountain range higher than the Himalayas. The collision will also close the western Pacific Ocean.
Austro-Hungarian Army The Austro-Hungarian Army was the ground force of the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy (1867 - 1918). It was composed of the common army (recruited from everywhere), the Austrian Landwehr (recruited only from Cisleithania), and the Hungarian Honvédség (recruited only within the Kingdom of Hungary).
Austro-Hungarian Navy The Austro-Hungarian Navy was the naval force of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The official name in German was the Kaiserliche und Königliche Kriegsmarine (Imperial and Royal Navy, also known by the acronym K.
Austro-Prussian War The Austro-Prussian War (also called the Seven Weeks War, the Unification Waror the German Civil War) was a war] fought in [[1866 between the Austrian Empire and its German allies and the Kingdom of Prussia with its German allies and Italy, that resulted in Prussian dominance over the German states. In Germany and Austria it is called the Deutscher Krieg (German war) or Bruderkrieg (war of brothers).
Austro-Turkish War of 1716-18 The Treaty of Karlowitz (1699) was not an acceptable long-standing agreement for the Ottoman Empire. 12 years after Karlowitz, the Turks began the long prospect of taking revenge for their defeat in the Sixteen Years War.
Austroalpine nappes The Austroalpine nappes are a geological nappe stack in the European Alps. The Alps contain three such stacks, of which the Austroalpine nappes are structurally on top of the other two (meaning they were thrusted over the other two).
Austroeurafrasiatica Austroeurafrasiatica ((also called Austro-Antarctica-Eurafrasia ) following the Pangaea Ultima supercontinent theory) is a possible future supercontinent that could result from a collision between Antarctica and Australia (now part of the supercontinent of Austro-Eurafrasia). The collision would result mountain ranges similar to the Himalayas.
Austromarxism Austromarxism was the left-socialist movement, led by Victor Adler, Otto Bauer, Karl Renner and Max Adler, members of the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria during the late decades of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and the First Austrian Republic (1918-1934). It is known for its theory of nationality and nationalism, and its attempt to conciliate it with socialism in the imperial context.
Austronesia Austronesia, in historical terms, refers to the homeland of the people who speak Austronesian languages, to which Malay, Filipino, Indonesian, Malagasy, and around a thousand other languages belong. The Austronesian homeland is thought by linguists to have been prehistoric Taiwan.
Austronesian alignment Austronesian alignment, commonly known as the Philippine- or Austronesian-type voice system, is a typologically unusual morphosyntactic alignment that combines features of ergative and accusative languages. It is best known from the languages of the Philippines, but is also found in Formosa, Borneo, and Madagascar, and has been reconstructed for the ancestral Proto-Austronesian language.
Austronesian languages The Austronesian languages are a language family widely dispersed throughout the islands of Southeast Asia and the Pacific, with a few members spoken on continental Asia. It is on par with Indo-European and Uralic as one of the best established ancient language families.
Austronesian people The Austronesian people are a population group in Oceania and Southeast Asia who speak or had ancestors who spoke one of the Austronesian languages. They form a diverse group of peoples stretching roughly halfway round the globe, ranging from Madagascar to Easter Island.
Austropop Austropop is a musical movement, which started in Austria in the middle of the 1970s. Apart from the artists all hailing from Austria, it is characterized by lyrics sung and written in Austrian German Austrian dialect, hence making them fully intelligible in Austria and Southern Germany only.
Austrotaxus Austrotaxus spicata, the New Caledonia Yew or Southern Yew, is a species of yew, the sole species in the genus Austrotaxus. Its classification has been disputed in the past, with some suggestions that it may be best placed in its own family the Austrotaxaceae or be related to the Podocarpaceae, but recent genetic evidence places it firmly in the Taxaceae, related to the other yews in the genera Taxus and Pseudotaxus.
Autapomorphy An autapomorphy in cladistics is a derived trait that is unique to a given taxon. That is, it is shared by all the ingroup taxa of that clade, but not found in any outgroup taxon, not even those most closely related to the clade.
Autar Singh Paintal Autar Singh Paintal (born September 24, 1925 in Mogok, Burma; died December 21, 2004 in Delhi, India) was a medical scientist who has made pioneering discoveries in the area of neurosciences and respiratory sciences. His son Deepak, now Vice-Chancellor of Delhi University, is also at the forefront of botanical research.
Autarkis An Autarkis is a fictional term found in White Wolf Game Studio's Vampire: The Masquerade books and role-playing games. It is used to describe vampires who turn their back on the Jyhad, refusing to serve a sect, Camarilla or Sabbat, or associate with their Clan.
Autarky An autarky is an economy that limits trade with the outside world, or an ecosystem not affected by influences from its outside, and relies entirely on its own resources. In the economic meaning, it is also referred to as a closed economy.
AutĂłdromo Internacional de Curitiba AutĂłdromo Internacional de Curitiba (also known as AutĂłdromo de Pinhais and Circuit Raul Boesel) is a motorsports circuit located in Curitiba, Brazil. It has been host to the World Touring Car Championship, Formula Renault, and Stock Car Brasil racing.
Autódromo José Carlos Pace Autódromo José Carlos Pace is the venue of the Formula One Brazilian Grand Prix, located in a suburb of the city of São Paulo, named after José Carlos Pace, a Brazilian Formula One driver, who had died prior to its naming. It is still widely known by its former name, Interlagos.
Autódromo Oscar Alfredo Gálvez The Autódromo Oscar Alfredo Gálvez is a motor racing circuit in Buenos Aires, Argentina built in 1952 under president Juan Perón, named Autódromo 17 de Octubre until Perón's overthrow, as 17 October was a date of great significance to his political party.
Auteur theory In film criticism, the 1950s-era auteur theory holds that a director's films reflects that director's personal creative vision, as if he or she were the primary "auteur" (the French word for 'author'). In some cases, producer)s are considered to have a similar "auteur" role for films that they have produced.
Authena Authena is an open source digital rights management (DRM) framework and implementation. The basic principle is that the content creator should have ultimate control over the restrictions applied to the content, as opposed to a middleman between the creator and consumer.
Authentic assessment Authentic assessment is an umbrella concept that refers to the measurement of "intellectual accomplishments that are worthwhile, significant, and meaningful,"Wehlage, Newmann, & Secada, 1996, p. 23 as compared to multiple choice standardized tests.
Authentic Costeño Autonomy Movement The Authentic Costeño Autonomy Movement (Spanish: Movimiento Auténtico Autónomo Costeño - MAAC) is a regional Nicaraguan political party founded in 1993 by Faran Dometz Hebbert, a Moravian pastor from Pearl Lagoon and former director of the Moravian High School in Bluefields. MAAC represents the Creole establishment.
Authentic interpretation An authentic interpretation is an official interpretation of Catholic canon law given by the Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts. Authentic interpretations are governed by canon 16 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law (see also CCEO c.
Authentic Labor Front The Authentic Labor Front (Spanish: Frente Auténtico del Trabajo or FAT) is an independent confederation of labor unions in Mexico. It was formed as a progressive "Social Catholic" organization in 1960 in response to the nation's labor strife of 1958-1959.
Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution The Authentic Party of Mexican Revolution (PARM) is an Mexican political party, that existed from 1955 to 2000. During all its existence a party was considered PRI supporters, that is to say, controlled by the government.
Authentic Thaumaturgy Authentic Thaumaturgy is a set of rules for portraying magic in role-playing games, written by Isaac Bonewits, based on the magic system Bonewits uses in real life in his capacity as the Archdruid of Ár nDraíocht Féin. The first edition was published by Chaosium in 1978, and a substantially expanded edition was published by Steve Jackson Games in 1998.
Authenticated encryption Authenticated Encryption (AE) is a term used to describe encryption systems which simultaneously protect confidentiality and authenticity (integrity) of communications. These goals have long been studied, but they have only recently enjoyed a high level of interest from cryptographers due to the complexity of implementing systems for privacy and authentication separately in a single application.
Authenticated Identity Body Authenticated Identity Body or AIB is a way of sharing authenticated identity among parties in a network, allowing a party in a SIP transaction to cryptographically sign the headers that assert the identity of the originator of a message, and provide some other headers necessary for reference integrity.
Authentication Authentication (Greek: αυθεντικός = real or genuine, from 'authentes' = author ) is the act of establishing or confirming something (or someone) as authentic, that is, that claims made by or about the thing are true. Authenticating an object may mean confirming its provenance, whereas authenticating a person often consists of verifying their identity.
Authentication (law) Authentication, in the law of evidence, is the process by which documentary evidence and other physical evidence is proven to be genuine, and not a forgery. Generally, authentication can be shown in one of two ways.
Authenticité Authenticité was the name given to the Chadian president François (Ngarta) Tombalbaye's attempt to remove foreign influence and promote southern Chadian culture throughout Chad during the 1970s. One of its most unpopular requirements was that civil servants underwent the yondo initiation rites common only amongst Tombalbaye's own subgroup of Sara people in southern Chad.
Authenticité (Zaire) Authenticity (French: authenticité) was defined as consciousness of one's personality and values and being at home in one's culture. As part of the authenticity campaign, Mobutu decreed that men were forbidden from wearing Western-style suits.
Authenticity Within the arts, archaeology, the study of antiques, and similar fields involving unique or scarce artifacts from the past, and, with regard to documents in law, authenticity refers to the truthfulness of origins, attributions, commitments, sincerity, and intentions; not a copy or forgery. See also provenance.
Authenticity (philosophy) Authenticity is a technical term in existentialist philosophy. In this philosophy, the conscious self is seen as coming to terms with being in a material world and with encountering external forces, pressures and influences which are very different from, and other than, itself.
Authenticity (reenactment) In historical reenactment, authenticity (sometimes referred to as the A-factor or simply A) is a measure of how close an item, prop, action, weapon, or custom is, to what would actually have been used or done in the time period being depicted.
Authi The Authi car company of Pamplona, Spain was founded in 1965 as a result of a collaboration between BMC (the British Motor Corporation) and NMQ (Nueva Montaña Quijano). BMC needed a way to sell their cars in Spain, which at the time had strict rules about local manufacturing of automobiles.
Authigenic Generated where it is found or observed. Can be used to characterize metamorphic minerals formed in situ during metamorphism, or to characterize sedimentary minerals formed during sedimentation (ex: by precipitation or recrystallization) instead of being transported from elsewhere by water or wind.
Author An author is the person who creates a written work, such as a book, story, article, or the like, whether short or long, fiction or nonfiction, poetry or prose, technical or literary. Within copyright law the term "author" is often used for the creator of any work, be it written, painted, sculptured, music, a photograph or a film, and may be a corporation as well an individual.
Author (biology) In biology, the author (or authors) of the scientific name of a taxon is the person (or team) who first makes the name 'available' by using it in a scientific publication while fulfilling the formal requirements. For details see:
Author citation (zoology) In zoological nomenclature, author citation refers to the person (or team) who first makes a scientific name of a taxon available. This is done in a scientific publication while fulfilling the formal requirements.
Author Emeritus Author Emeritus award is an honorary title bestowed by Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America, Inc. It was created "as a way to recognize and appreciate senior writers in the genres of science fiction and fantasy who have made significant contributions to our field but who are no longer active or whose excellent work may no longer be as widely known as it once was.
Author character An author character (commonly referred to as an AC) or self-insertion is a guest appearance of the author of a story or a character created by the author, usually in fan fiction, that interacts with the plot and characters as if they were created in the original work (whichever medium it may have been).
Author Meets the Critics Author Meets the Critics was an American TV series which began as a mid-season replacement on NBC during April 1948, but moved to ABC in 1949. The show moved back to NBC in 1951 and then moved to the DuMont Television Network from 1952-54.
Author surrogate As a literary technique, an author surrogate is a character who expresses the ideas, questions, personality and morality of the author. Upon occasion, authors insert themselves under their own name into their works, typically for humorous or surrealistic effect.
Authoring language An Authoring language is a language used with software to create tutorials, computer-based training courseware, websites, CD-ROMs and other interactive computer programs. Authoring packages generally provide high-level visual tools that enable a complete system to be designed without writing any programming code, although the authoring language is there for more in-depth usage.
Authorised capital The authorised capital of a company (sometimes referred to as the authorised share capital or the nominal capital, particularly in the United States) is the maximum amount of share capital that the company is authorised by its constitutional documents to issue to shareholders. Part of the authorised capital can (and frequently does) remain unissued.
Authorised Firearms Officer An Authorised Firearms Officer (AFO) is a British police officer who has received the training and authorisation to carry and use firearms. The designation is significant because in England, Wales and Scotland uniformed police officers usually do not carry firearms.
Authoritarian personality The concept of authoritarian personality denotes a number of qualities, which according to the theories of Theodor Adorno and his colleagues predict one's potential for fascist and antidemocratic leanings and behaviors. These qualities are assessed by a coherent system--the "structure of personality"--which arises out of characteristic experiences in early childhood and the pattern of internal, psychic processing.
Authoritarianism Authoritarianism describes a form of social control characterized by strict obedience to the authority of a state or organization, often maintaining and enforcing control through the use of oppressive measures. Authoritarian regimes are strongly hierarchical.

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