Encyclopedia

Active power factor correction An Active Power Factor Corrector (active PFC) is a power electronic system that controls the amount of power drawn by a load in order to obtain a Power factor as close as possible to unity. In most applications, the active PFC controls the input current of the load so that the current waveform is proportional to the mains voltage waveform (a sinewave).
Active protection system An active protection system, or APS, protects a tank or other armoured fighting vehicle from incoming fire before it hits the vehicle's armour. There are two general categories: soft kill systems, which use jamming to confuse a missile's guidance system, and hard kill systems, which attempt to detect and destroy incoming projectiles.
Active Phased Array Radar APAR (Active Phased Array Radar) is a shipborne multi-function radar (more specifically, an Active Electronically Scanned Array), developed and manufactured by Thales Naval Nederland. The radar has four fixed (i.
Active Policy Management Active Policy Management is business-oriented enterprise software that provides an approach for efficiently and effectively addressing the many risks inherent in electronic communication. With the exponential growth in the use of electronic communication, many businesses are exposed to significant risks every day.
Active radar homing Active radar homing is a missile guidance method in which a guided missile contains a radar transceiver and the electronics necessary for it to find and track its target autonomously. NATO brevity code for an active radar homing missile launch is Fox Three.
Active recall Active recall is a principle of efficient learning, which says that we need to actively stimulate memory in the learning process. It is an opposite to passive review in which the learning material is processed passively (e.
Active Resistance to Metrication Active Resistance to Metrication is a British pressure group which removes or amends road signs whose measurements are expressed in metric units only. Under The Traffic Signs Regulations, 1994 roads signs must be in Imperial units only, unless they refer to vehicle width, height or length restrictions, in which case they may be expressed in either Imperial only, or both Imperial and metric, but not metric only.
Active Risk Active Risk refers to that segment of risk in an investment portfolio that is due to active management decisions made by the portfolio manager. It does not include any risk (return) that is merely a function of the market’s movement.
Active Rock Airplay panel The R&R Active Rock Airplay panel is a list of Active rock stations that are monitored by BDS Nielsen Data Systems. The stations are ranked by the highest audience cumes based on Arbitron ratings and are modified twice a year.
Active safety In engineering, Active Safety systems are systems which can be activated in response to a safety problem or abnormal event. Such systems could be activated either by a human operator, automatically by a computer driven system, or even mechanically.
Active shape model Active Shape Models (ASMs) are statistical models of the shape of objects which iteratively deform to fit to an example of the object in a new image. The shapes are constrained by a Statistical Shape Model to vary only in ways seen in a training set of labelled examples.
Active sleep Active Sleep is a phase of sleep in neonates that appears similar to Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep in adults. While it depends on age, neonatal sleep is sometimes scored as Active Sleep, Quiet Sleep, and Wake.
Active Scripting Active Scripting (formerly known as ActiveX Scripting) is the technology used in Windows to implement component-based scripting support. It is based on COM (more precisely, OLE Automation) and allows installation of additional scripting engines in the form of COM modules.
Active Steering Active steering is an automotive technology utilised by BMW which varies the degree that the wheels turn in response to the steering wheel. At lower speeds, this technology reduces the amount that the steering wheel must be turned -- improving performance in situations such as parking and other urban area traffic maneuvers.
Active transport Active transport is the mediated transport of biochemicals, and other atomic/molecular substances, across membranes. Unlike passive transport, this process requires the expenditure of chemical energy to move molecules "uphill" against a gradient.
Active troops per thousand citizens This is a resorted version of the information presented on the List of countries by number of active troops page. All data is taken from that page (though there is no guarantee that this page has been updated as recently as it has).
Active Template Library The Active Template Library (ATL) is a set of template-based C++ classes that simplify the programming of Component Object Model (COM) objects. The COM support in Visual C++ allows developers to easily create a variety of COM objects, OLE Automation servers, and ActiveX controls.
Active vibration control Active vibration control is the active application of force in an equal and opposite fashion to the forces imposed by external vibration. With this application, a precision industrial process can be maintained on a platform essentially vibration-free.
Active Valve Control System Active Valve Control System (AVCS) is an automobile variable valve timing technology developed by Subaru. It varies the timing of the intake and exhaust valves by using hydraulic pressure to rotate the camshaft by up to 35 degrees.
Active window An active window is the currently focused window in the current window manager or explorer. For example, if you have Notepad and Microsoft Paint open, clicking in the Notepad window will cause that window to become active.
Active yaw control Active Yaw Control (AYC) is an automobile feature designed by Mitsubishi that was introduced in the Japanese Market Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution IV and has been included in certain models of every generation up to and including the current Evolution IX.
Active-matrix liquid crystal display An active matrix liquid crystal display (AMLCD) is a type of flat panel display, currently the overwhelming choice of notebook computer manufacturers, due to light weight, very good image quality, wide color gamut, and response time. The term was first used in 1975 by Dr T.
Active-stative language An active-stative language, or active language for short, is one in which the sole argument of an intransitive verb is sometimes marked in the same way as the agent of a transitive verb (that is, like a subject in English), sometimes in the same way as the direct object of a transitive verb. That is, the case of the intransitive argument (often symbolized as S) varies according to criteria particular to each language.
ActiveMovie ActiveMovie is a streaming media technology now known as DirectShow, developed by Microsoft to replace Video for Windows. ActiveMovie allows users to view media distributed via the Internet, an intranet and CD-ROMs.
ActiveRoles Server ActiveRoles Server automates user provisioning and ongoing management of users in Active Directory, Microsoft Exchange, and Microsoft Windows. It does that through role-based security and rules to automate user provisioning, re-provisioning, and de-provisioning in Active Directory, Exchange, and Windows.
ActiveState ActiveState is a Canadian software company headquartered in Vancouver, British Columbia that develops, sells, and supports cross-platform development tools for dynamic languages such as Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby, and Tcl, as well as language distributions and enterprise services. Popular products from ActiveState include ActiveState Komodo, an integrated development environment (IDE) for dynamic languages; the Perl Dev Kit (PDK), productivity and deployment tools for Perl programmers; and the Tcl Dev Kit (PDK), productivity and deployment tools for Tcl programmers.
ActiveX control ActiveX Control is a Microsoft term that is used to denote reusable software components that are based on Microsoft Component Object Model (COM). ActiveX controls provide encapsulated reusable functionality to programs and they are typically but not always visual in nature.
ActiveX Data Objects Microsoft ActiveX Data Objects (ADO) is a set of Component Object Model objects for accessing data sources. It provides a layer between programming languages and OLE DB (a means of accessing data stores, whether they be databases or otherwise, in a uniform manner), which allows a developer to write programs which access data, without knowing how the database is implemented.
Activin type 1 receptors The Activin type I receptors transduce signals for a variety of members of the Transforming growth factor beta superfamily of ligands. This family of cytokines and hormones inlude activin, Anti-mĂĽllerian hormone (AMH), bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and Nodal.
Activism industry The activism industry is composed of organizations and individuals who make a living from activism, involvement in action to bring about change. The number of organizations who employ people to perform this work is sufficiently large that Activism is now a job classification.
Activist shareholder An activist shareholder uses an equity stake in a corporation to put public pressure on its management. The goals of activist shareholders range from financial (increase of shareholder value through changes in corporate policy, financing structure, cost cutting, etc.
Activities of daily living Activities of daily living (ADLs), is a way to describe the functional status of a person. It is a tool in the biopsychosocial model of medicine, and is useful for assessing the elderly, the mentally ill, those with chronic diseases, and others.
Activity (UML) An activity is a major task captured by a Unified Modeling Language (UML) software design that must take place in order to fulfill an operation contract. Therefore, an activity can represent the invocation of an operation, a step in a business process, or an entire business process.
Activity-based management Activity-based management (ABM) is a method of identifying and evaluating activities that a business performs using activity-based costing to carry out a value chain analysis or a re-engineering initiative to improve strategic and operational decisions in an organization. Activity-based costing establishes relationships between overhead costs and activities so that overhead costs can be more precisely allocated to products, services, or customer segments.
ActivIdentity ActivIdentity () is a provider of identity assurance solutions for the enterprise, government, healthcare, and financial services markets worldwide. The company provides a platform enabling organizations to issue, manage and use identity devices and credentials for secure access, secure communications, legally binding digital transactions, as well as smart citizen services.
Acton (UK Parliament constituency) Acton was a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, created for the 1918 general election. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election.
Acton Bridge railway station Acton Bridge railway station is near the village of Acton Bridge, in the borough of Vale Royal, Cheshire in the north west of England. The station, and all the trains that stop here, is operated by Central Trains: however, very few services call at this station on the service between Liverpool and Birmingham, though many trains pass through on the West Coast Main Line towards both Liverpool and Preston.
Acton Institute for the Study of Religion and Liberty The Acton Institute for the Study of Religion & Liberty is a libertarian think-tank whose worldview is influenced by personalism and some aspects of Catholic social teaching. The Institute "organizes seminars aimed at educating religious leaders of all denominations, business executives, entrepreneurs, university professors, and academic researchers in economics principles, and in the connection that can exist between virtue and economic thinking.
Acton Park, Western Australia Acton Park (; post code: 6280) is a small town and agricultural district located in the South West of Western Australia inland from Busselton along Jalbarragup Road. It contains a hall and B&B farmstay accommodation.
Acton Park, Wrexham Acton Park is a village in the Welsh county borough of Wrexham,It neighbours other villages such as Borras, and the border between it and the town of Wrexham is indistinguishable, Acton becoming a suburb of the town.
Acton, California Acton is an unincorporated Census-designated place in Los Angeles County, California near the Antelope Valley. According to the 2000 census, the CDP had a population of 2,390, while the Greater Acton area (which includes the CDP) had a population of 9,175 Description ==
Acton, County Armagh Acton (from the Old English meaning "place of many oak trees") is a small village in County Armagh, Northern Ireland, about a half mile north of Poyntzpass. In the 2001 Census it had a population of 78 people.
Acton, Texas Acton, Texas is a small community located about seven miles due east of Granbury, Texas. It is the home of Acton State Historic Site, which is the burial site of Elizabeth Crockett, second wife of Davy Crockett.
Actonian Prize The Actonian Prize was established by the Royal Institution as a septennial award for the "person who in the judgement of the committee of managers for the time being of the Institution, should have been the author of the best essay illustrative of the wisdom and beneficence of the Almighty, in such department of science as the committee of managers should, in their discretion, have selected" - Chemistry as Exemplifies the Wisdom and Beneficence of God.. Each year the prize was to be awarded, announcements were published, and competitors for the prize were requested to send their essays to the Secretary of Royal Institution, Albemarle Street, London, and adjudication was made by the managers and announced a few months later.
Actons Corners, Ontario Actons Corners is a small rural community in eastern Ontario in the municipality of North Grenville in the County of Leeds and Grenville. It is located on County Road 43 (formerly provincial Highway 43) between Kemptville and Merrickville at the intersection of Actons Corners Road (north to the Rideau River) and County Road 25 (south to Oxford Mills).
Actor An actor is a person who acts, or plays a role, in a dramatic production. The term commonly refers to someone working in movies, television, live theatre, or radio, and can occasionally denote a street entertainer.
Actor model In computer science, the Actor model is a mathematical model of concurrent computation that has its origins in a 1973 paper by Carl Hewitt, Peter Bishop, and Richard Steiger. The Actor model treats “Actors” as the universal primitives of concurrent digital computation: in response to a message that it receives, an Actor can make local decisions, create more Actors, send more messages, and determine how to respond to the next message received.
Actor model later history In computer science, the Actor model, first published in 1973 , is a mathematical model of concurrent computation. This article reports on the later history of the Actor model in which major themes were investigation of the basic power of the model, study of issues of compositionality, development of architectures, and application to Open systems.
Actor model middle history In computer science, the Actor model, first published in 1973 , is a mathematical model of concurrent computation. This article reports on the middle history of the Actor model in which major themes were initial implementations, initial applications, and development of the first proof theory and denotational model.
Actor modeling In computer science, Actor modeling is a form of software modeling, which focuses on software actors. Actor modeling is most prominently used for the early modeling of requirements; through this it becomes possible to understand who the users and stakeholders of a system are and what their interests and needs are regarding that system.
Actor-network theory Actor-network theory, often abbreviated as ANT, is a distinctive approach to social theory and research which originated in the field of science studies. Although it is best known for its controversial insistence on the agency of nonhumans, ANT is also associated with forceful critiques of conventional and critical sociology.
Actor-observer bias In psychology, the actor-observer bias is people's tendency to attribute other people's behaviors to their dispositions, but to attribute their own behaviors to their situations. (More precisely, it is the discrepancy between the two.
Actorius An actorius is a non-precious mineral stone found in the gizzard of capons (young, castrated roosters). In magic it is believed to be an effective amulet, granting the wearer a heightened sense of courage and boldness.
Actors' Analects The Actors' Analects (役者論語, Yakusha Rongo) is a collection of 17th and early 18th century writings on the practice and aesthetics of acting in Japan's kabuki theatre form, compiled during or around the Genroku era (1688-1704). Though not providing much direct information about the origins or history of the development of kabuki in prior periods, the works collected were written at a time when many of the standards of kabuki were being established and formalized; the work thus reflects the philosophies and aesthetics of one of kabuki's most formative periods.
Actors' Fund The Actors' Fund of America is a non-profit national umbrella charitable organization founded in 1882, with a broad mandate to provide assistance to all those in need from the entertainment professions. Maintaining offices in New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago, it is associated with, and helps coordinate the work of, a wide range of sister organizations which are able to raise money through donation, including Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS, the guild/union relief funds of Actors' Equity, AFTRA; AGMA; AGVA; Episcopal Actors' Guild; The Jazz Foundation; the Professional Dancers Society; MusiCares, and Society of Singers.
Actors' Fund of America The Actors' Fund of America is a nonprofit organization that assists entertainment and performing arts professionals through a broad spectrum of programs, including comprehensive social services, health services, supportive and affordable housing, employment and training services, and skilled nursing and assisted living care. The Fund also makes emergency grants for essential needs.
Actrise is a witch from Konami's Castlevania video game series. She appears as a non-playable character in Castlevania and Castlevania: Legacy of Darkness, both of which were published on the Nintendo 64 in the late nineties.
ActRaiser ActRaiser is a 1990 Super Nintendo Entertainment System game developed by Enix and Quintet that combines traditional side-scrolling platform game sections with urban planning simulation sections. In 1992, Enix/Quintet released Soul Blazer, a top-down Super Nintendo adventure title with similar themes.
ActRaiser 2 ActRaiser 2 is a side-scrolling platform game for the Super NES released by Enix in November 1993 The sequel to the Enix game ActRaiser, it tells a story that parallels the famous religious epics Paradise Lost and Dante's Inferno.
Acts Interpretation Act 1901 The Acts Interpretation Act 1901 (often abbreviated to the AIA (Cth)) is an Australian federal law which determines ways in which other Acts should be interpreted. Such rules include that case, number, person and gender are all unimportant in grammatical terms.
Acts of Barnabas The text of the pseudepigraphical Acts of Barnabas claims to identify its author as "John Mark," the companion of Paul, as if writing an account of Barnabas, the Cypriot Jew who was a member of the earliest church at Jerusalem; through the services of Barnabas the convert Saul was welcomed into the apostolic community. Three pseudepigraphical works are linked with the name of Barnabas: the Epistle of Barnabas, written between AD 70 and 135, this Acts and the medieval forgery Gospel of Barnabas.
Acts of independent significance The doctrine of acts of independent significance, in the common law of wills, permits the testator to effectively change the disposition of her property without changing her will, if acts or events with relation to the property itself have some significance beyond avoiding the requirements of the will.
Acts of John The Acts of John is a 2nd-century Christian collection of narratives and traditions, well described as a "library of materials" inspired by the Gospel of John], long known in fragmentary form. The traditional author was said to be one [[Leucius Charinus, a companion of John, who was associated with several 2nd century Acts.
Acts of Love Acts of Love is an album of 50 poems by Penny Rimbaud of the anarchist punk band Crass, set to classical music and performed by Steve Ignorant and Eve Libertine. Released in 1985 on Crass Records, the record was accompanied by a book of 50 paintings by artist Gee Vaucher.
Acts of Paul The Acts of Paul is one of the major works from the New Testament apocrypha, and thought to have been written at the end of the second century. The Acts were considered orthodox by Hippolytus, but were eventually regarded as heretical when the Manichaeans started using the texts.
Acts of Peter One of the earliest of the apocryphal acts of the apostles, the Acts of Peter reports a miracle contest between Simon Magus and the apostle Simon Peter in Rome. The majority of the text has survived only in the Latin translation of the Vercelli manuscript.
Acts of Peter and Andrew The Acts of Peter and Andrew is a short text from the New Testament apocrypha, not to be confused with either the Acts of Andrew or the Acts of Peter. The text is unusual in apparently containing no attempt at espousing doctrine, and is likely simply to have been a work of literature rather than theology.
Acts of Peter and Paul The Acts of Peter and Paul is a late text from the New Testament apocrypha, thought to date from after the 4th century. An alternate version with variences in the introductory part of the text exists named the Passion of Peter and Paul.
Acts of Phillip The Acts of Phillip are one of the texts in the New Testament apocrypha to address the events surrounding the apostles after the death of Jesus. The text is generally considered to have been a late 4th or early 5th century fantasy, involving miracles and supposedly clever dialogue, which it claims caused Phillip to win many converts.
Acts of the Kings of Israel The Acts of the Kings of Israel is a non-canonical work described in . The passage reads: "Now the rest of the acts of Manasseh, and his prayer unto his God, and the words of the seers that spake to him in the name of the LORD God of Israel, behold, they are written in the book of the kings of Israel.
Acts of the Martyrs Acts of the Martyrs are accounts of the suffering and death of a martyr or group of martyrs. In the strictest sense, acts are the official records of the trials of early Christian martyrs made by the notaries of the court, such as were preserved from the trial of the Scillitan Martyrs.
Acts of Thomas The early 3rd century text called Acts of Thomas is arguably the most Gnostic of the New Testament apocrypha, portraying Christ as the "Heavenly Redeemer", independent of and beyond creation, who can free souls from the darkness of the world. References to the work by Epiphanius show that it was in circulation in the 4th century.
Acts of Union 1707 The Acts of Union were a pair of Acts of Parliament passed in 1706 and 1707 (taking effect on 1 May, 1707) by, respectively, the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland. The acts were the implementation of the Treaty of Union negotiated between the two kingdoms.
Acts of Vengeance Acts of Vengeance is a crossover that ran through various Marvel Comics publications from December 1989 to February 1990. Although almost every Marvel Universe series published during that time was involved, the main plot ran through the Avengers comics and was only occasionally referenced elsewhere.
Acts of Xanthippe, Polyxena, and Rebecca The Acts of Xanthippe, Polyxena, and Rebecca is an example of New Testament Apocrypha that dates from the third or fourth century. Regarding its place in literature, Moses Hadas writes: "Christians learned not only from pagan preachers but also from pagan romancers.
Actua Soccer Actua Soccer is the name of a football video game series developed by Gremlin Interactive and part of their Actua Sports series. It spawned 4 titles from 1995 to 1999, excluding the official video game of the Euro 96.
Actua Sports Actua Sports was a sports video game series published by Gremlin Interactive which competed with Electronic Arts EA Sports label during the second half of the nineties, until Gremlin was acquired by Infogrames.
Actual bodily harm Actual Bodily Harm (often abbreviated to ABH) is a type of criminal assault defined under English law. It encompasses those assaults which result in injuries, typically requiring a degree of medical treatment of the victim.
Actual cash value In the property and casualty insurance industry, actual cash value (ACV) is a method of computing what an insurer will pay an insured, after a loss, for a specific insured item. It is often a less costly method of insuring articles or structures, but it is also less preferred.
Actual grace Actual grace is, in Catholic theology, a supernatural help of God -- Divine grace -- for salutary acts. It is contrasted with sanctifying grace, which is a state of being that can be permanent, in that it consists only in a passing influence of God on the soul.
Actual innocence Actual innocence is the most widely used - yet often the least studied - defense to crime. Most law school criminal law courses focus on defenses that apply where the accused in fact committed a criminal act, but presents an excuse that eliminates their liability for that act.
Actual malice Actual malice in United States law is a condition required to establish libel against public figures and is defined as "knowledge that the information was false" or that it was published "with reckless disregard of whether it was false or not." This is only the definition in the United States and came from the landmark 1964 lawsuit New York Times Co.
Actual notice Actual notice is a law term, used most frequently in civil procedure. It is notice (usually to a defendant in a civil proceeding) delivered in such a way as to give legally sufficient assurance that actual knowledge of the matter has been conveyed to the recipient.
Actual sin According to Christian tradition, "actual" sin as distinguished from original sin is an act contrary to the will and law of God whether by doing evil (sin of commission) or refraining from doing good (sin of omission). It can be either "mortal," faith destroying, or "venial," not faith destroying.
Actuality film The actuality film is a non-fiction film genre that like the documentary film uses footage of real events, places, and things, yet unlike the documentary is not structured into a larger argument, picture of the phenomenon or coherent whole. In practice, actuality films preceded the emergence of the documentary.
Actuarial escape velocity Actuarial escape velocity is a concept invented by the futurist and author Ray Kurzweil. It refers to a point in time at which the acceleration of advances in biomedical technology surpass the rate at which humans age - in other words, the point at which, each year, the average human life expectancy increases by at least one year.
Actuarial exam Actuarial Exams informally refers to a series of professional level examinations which must be passed in order to be admitted into one of two actuarial societies: the Society of Actuaries (SOA), and the Casualty Actuarial Society (CAS). They also refer to exams taken in other countries, or to exams taken in the US relating to pension plans, sponsored by the Joint Board for the Enrollment of Actuaries; those passing these exams are called "Enrolled Actuaries.
Actuarial present value In actuarial science, an actuarial present value can be defined as the present value of a contingent event. In the field of life insurance, one can think of this as the market value of an insurance policy given some interest rate.
Actuarial reserves An actuarial reserve is a liability equal to the present value of the future expected cash flows of a contingent event. In the insurance context an actuarial reserve is the present value of the future cash flows of an insurance policy and the total liability of the insurer is the sum of the actuarial reserves for every individual policy.
Actuarial science Actuarial science applies mathematical and statistical methods to finance and insurance, particularly to risk assessment. Actuaries are professionals who are qualified in this field through highly competitive examinations and experience.
Actun Box Ch'iich' At -183m, Actun Box Ch'iich' (Cave of the Black Birds) is the deepest cave in the country of Belize. Located above Roaring Creek in the Cayo District, it is one of several caves explored and documented by British and Canadian cavers during a three-week expedition in 1989.
Actus pontificum cenomannis The Actus pontificum Cenomannis is a series of short biographies of bishops of the city of Le Mans, starting with the first bishop Julian, one of the Seventy Disciples. The core text was written in the middle ninth century, probably by a cleric or clerics of the cathedral of Le Mans, though it had several subsequent continuations into the central middle ages.
Actus Tragicus The Actus Tragicus Comics Collective, sometimes credited as Actus Comics or simply Actus, is a group of five Israeli comics artists founded in 1995 by Rutu Modan and Yirmi Pinkus. Other members include Batia Kolton, Itzik Rennert and Mira Fridman.
ActUp/RI ActUp/ RI, the Rhode Island chapter of ACT UP, the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power, was formed in the spring of 1987, largely through the energies of Stephen Gendin, and continued as an active organization until 1993.
Acuíferos Guácimo y Pococí Protected Zone Acuíferos Guácimo y Pococí Protected Zone is a Nature reserve, part of the Tortuguero Conservation Area, in the Limón Province of northeastern Costa Rica, which protects the recharge area of the Guácimo and Pococí rivers.
Aculeata The name Aculeata is used to refer to a monophyletic lineage of the order Hymenoptera, though it has no formal rank in modern classifications, and is now only used informally. The word "Aculeata" is a reference to the defining feature of the group, which is the modification of the ovipositor into a stinger (thus, the group could be called stinging wasps).
Acupoint therapy Acupoint Therapy is an extension of Willy Penzel's modern APM system (Akupunkt Massage), and it involves the stimulation of acupuncture points or meridians with a therapy stick. This differs from acupuncture which uses needles, acupressure or shiatsu which uses massage.
Acupuncture Acupuncture (from Lat. acus, "needle" (noun), and pungere, "prick" (verb)) or in Standard Mandarin, zhēn jiǔ (針灸 lit: needle - moxibustion) is a technique of inserting and manipulating needles into "acupuncture points" on the body.
Acupuncture detoxification Acupuncture is widely used as an adjunctive treatment for addiction to drugs and/or alcohol. A five-point auricular (outer ear) protocol was developed and taught by Michael Smith, MD of Lincoln Memorial Hospital in the Bronx, NY, during the heroin plague of the 1970s.
Acupuncture point Acupuncture points (also called "acupoints or tsubo") are locations on the body that are the focus of acupuncture, acupressure, sonopuncture, and laser acupuncture treatments. There are several hundred acupuncture points that are distributed along meridians (connected points across the body which effect a specific organ or other part of a person) as well as numerous other "extra points" that are not associated with a particular meridian.

Information are taken from Wikipedia, the open encyclopedia, to which contribute many volunteers from around the whole world. Texts are available under the following conditions GNU Free Documentation License.