Encyclopedia

Afro An afro, sometimes called a "natural" or shortened to "fro", is a hairstyle in which the hair extends out from the head like a halo, cloud or ball. This may or may not include wearing such afros long, to several times the diameter of the head.
Afro Medusa Afro Medusa is a dance music trio consisting of vocalist Isabel Fructuoso, Nick Bennett and Patrick Cole. They have placed two songs on the Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart, beginning with "Pasilda," which hit #1 in 2000.
Afro Psalms Afro Psalms is a collaborative effort between 20th Century illustrator Grant Reynard and Charles Fort (poet). In 2001 the Museum of Nebraska Art discovered several prints by Reynard in its permanent collection.
Afro textured hair Afro textured hair (also casually referred to as "nappy" hair, "kinky" hair or "wooly" hair) is the texture of hair found among most people of sub-saharan African descent as well as Black Melanesians and Negritos of the Pacific and Andaman Islands/South East Asia respectively.
Afro-American music Afro-American music is a broad array of musical genres that arose from the synthesis of African, European and Native American music. Afro-Caribbean music is a subset of Afro-American music, as is African American music.
Afro-American religion Afro-American religions are a number of related religions that developed in the Americas among African slaves and their descendants in various countries of the Caribbean Islands and Latin America, as well as parts of the southern United States.
Afro-Arab Afro-Arab refers to a people identified as having mixed African and Arab origins, and whose native language is Arabic. There are large communities of Afro-Arabs in Middle Eastern countries as well as North Africa and western Europe (through recent migrations).
Afro-Argentines Afro-Argentines are Argentines of African descent. Though Argentina's population is overwhelmingly of white European descent, the city of Buenos Aires was a slave-trading port during the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries.
Afro-Asian Club Championship The Afro-Asian Club Cup is played between the winners of the CAF Champions League and AFC Champions League. The competition was discontinued following a CAF decision on July 30, 2000, after AFC representatives had supported Germany rather than South Africa in the vote for hosting the 2006 World Cup.
Afro-Asian Cup of Nations The Afro-Asian Cup of Nations is played between the winners of the Asian Cup and African Cup of Nations. The first edition in 1978, between Iran and Ghana, was cancelled midway through due to the political turmoil in Iran.
Afro-Asian Games The Afro-Asian Games held at Hyderabad, India in 2003 were the first such instance of a sporting event involving the two continents. Forty-one countries from Asia and fifty-four African nations took part in the inaugural event that had eight disciplines.
Afro-Asiatic languages The Afro-Asiatic languages constitute a language family with about 375 languages (SIL estimate) and more than 300 million speakers spread throughout North Africa, East Africa, the Sahel, and Southwest Asia (including some 200 million speakers of Arabic). Other names sometimes given to this family include "Afrasian", "Hamito-Semitic" (French and European scholars), "Lisramic" (Hodge 1972), "Erythraean" (Tucker 1966).
Afro-Cuban The term Afro-Cuban refers to Cubans of African ancestry, and to historical or cultural elements in Cuba thought to emanate from this community. The term can refer to the combining of African and other cultural elements found in Cuban society such as religion, music, language, the arts, and class culture.
Afro-Cuban All Stars Afro-Cuban All-Stars is a Cuban band led by Juan de Marcos González (formerly tres player for Sierra Maestra). Their music is a mix of all the styles of Cuban music, including bolero, chachachá, salsa, son montuno, timba, guajira, danzón, rumba and abakua.
Afro-Cubans (band) The Afro-Cubans were a latin jazz band founded by Machito in 1940; often billed as Machito and his Afro-Cubans. Their musical director, and an important musical innovator, was Mario Bauza, Machito's brother-in-law.
Afro-European An Afro-European, Afropean or Black European refers to people of African ancestry, racial, cultural and social heritage raised in any European country. It also refers to Europeans who trace their ancestry to Africa or Africans who emigrated or were transported to any European nation, especially to France, Germany, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Spain, Portugal, and Sweden.
Afro-Guyanese Afro-Guyanese are the inhabitants of Guyana of African origin. When planters made land available to East Indians in the late 1800s when they had denied land to the Africans several decades earlier, Afro-Guyanese resentment of other colonial ethnic groups was reinforced.
Afro-juju Afro-juju is a style of Nigerian popular music, a mixture of JĂąjĂş music and Afrobeat. Its most famous exponent was Shina Peters, who was so popular that the press called the phenomenon "Shinamania".
Afro-Peruvian Afro-Peruvians are citizens of Peru, descended from African slaves who were brought to the New World with the arrival of the conquistadores towards the end of the slave trade. According to the Inter-American Dialogue Race Report, January 2003, about 5% of the population of Peru is Afrodescent.
Afro-Rican Afro-Rican is a popular bi-racial Miami Bass and Hip-Hop group, most famous for their genre shaping 1987 hit Give it All You Got (Doggy Style), as well as their 1995 hit All of Puerto Rico. The group is the brainchild of Derrick Rahming, and the remainder of the lineup has changed over the years.
Afro-Seminole Creole Afro-Seminole Creole is an English-based creole spoken in Brackettville, Texas, in the United States and in Nacimiento de los Negros, Coahuila, in Mexico. The number of speakers of Afro-Seminole Creole is around 200.
Afro-Shirazi Party The Afro-Shirazi Party was the union between the mostly Persian Shiraz Party and the mostly African Afro Party in the Island of Zanzibar. The formation of ASP led to the ouster of the Arabs from power with the Zanzibar Revolution in 1964.
Afrobarometer The Afrobarometer is a research project that measures public attitudes on economic, political, and social matters in sub-Saharan Africa. It is carried out through a partnership of The Institute for Democracy in South Africa (IDASA), the Ghana Center for Democratic Development (CDD-Ghana), and the Department of Political Science at Michigan State University.
Afrocarpus falcatus Afrocarpus falcatus, commonly known as the Sickle-leaved Yellowwood (formerly also Outeniqua Yellowwood; syn. Podocarpus falcatus), is a species of Afrocarpus, native to montane forests of South Africa, from Swellendam District of Western Cape Province to Limpopo Province, and into southern Mozambique.
Afrocarpus gracilior Afrocarpus gracilior (Musengera or Zigba; syn. Podocarpus gracilior) is an evergreen coniferous tree native to the Afromontane forests of Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda, growing at 1,800-2,400 m altitude.
Afrocarpus mannii Afrocarpus mannii is an evergreen coniferous tree native to the Afromontane forests of São Tomé Island in the Gulf of Guinea, growing at altitudes of 1,300 m up to the summit at 2,024 m. It was formerly classified as Podocarpus mannii.
Afrocentricity Afrocentricity is an academic approach to data that places Africa and the experiences of diasporic peoples of African ancestry in the center of academic inquiry. Adherents of Afrocentricity argue that scholarship dealing with diasporal peoples should be properly centered in order to reflect the agency of diasporal peoples, in order to situate those peoples within a specific space and time, and in order to better reflect the truth.
Afrocentricity (book) Afrocentricity is a book by Molefi Asante. Asante, who is responsible for bringing the term into common usage, has developed the concept through his works Afrocentricity (ISBN 0-86543-067-5), The Afrocentric Idea (ISBN 1-56639-595-X), and Kemet, Afrocentricity, and Knowledge (ISBN 0-86543-189-2).
Afrocentrism Afrocentrism is an academic, historical approach to the study of world history. Afrocentrism holds that Eurocentrism has led to the neglect or denial of the contributions of Africa's original peoples and focused instead on a generally European-centered model of world civilization and history.
Afrodiziak Afrodiziak were the British singers Caron Wheeler and Claudia Fontaine. They were best known for singing the backing vocals on Elvis Costello's 1983 album Punch the Clock (and on the international hit "Everyday I Write the Book").
Afrofuturism Afrofuturism, or afro-futurism, is an African diaspora subculture whose thinkers and artists see science, technology and science fiction as means of exploring the black experience and finding new strategies to overcome oppression.
Afroinsectiphilia The Afroinsectiphilia (African insectivores) is a proposed clade whose existence has been hypothesized as the result of recent DNA and molecular analysis. Many of its orders were once regarded as part of the order Insectivora, but this order now seems polyphyletic and is, as a result, possibly obsolete.
Afromontane Afromontane is a term used to describe the plant and animal species common to the mountains of Africa and the southern Arabian Peninsula. The afromontane regions of Africa are discontinuous, separated from each other by lowlands, and are sometimes referred to as the Afromontane archipelago, as their distribution is analogous to a series of islands.
AfroNubians The AfroNubians were a world music band based in Toronto. Its founders included Sudanese emigrant Tarig Abubakar (1964-1998) and Adam Solomon who would participate in the Juno Award winning album African Guitar Summit.
Afropop (radio program) Afropop was a radio program launched by National Public Radio as a weekly series in 1988 when interest in international pop music was at an all-time high. The first of its kind, it later expanded to include the music and cultures of the entire African diaspora.
Afrotheria Afrotheria is a clade of mammals with the rank of cohort or superorder, that has been proposed based on DNA analysis. Genetic analyses since the 1990s have identified Afrotheria as one of four major groups within the infraclass Eutheria (containing placental mammals).
Afrotropic The Afrotropic is one of the earth's eight ecozones. It includes Africa south of the Sahara Desert, the southern and eastern fringes of the Arabian Peninsula, the island of Madagascar, and the islands of the western Indian Ocean.
Afsharid dynasty The Afsharids (Persian: سلسله افشار) were an Iranian dynasty from Khorasan that ruled the Persian Empire in the 18th century. At this time, the empire reached its greatest extent since Sassanid Empire.
Afsheen Makati Grand Admiral Afsheen Makati was Star Wars Expanded Universe character, a Grand Admiral of the Imperial Starfleet. He was one of the original 12 Grand Admirals, raised to that newly-created rank by the Emperor after the Battle of Yavin.
Afsir Karim Major General(Retd) Afsir Karim, AVSM is a well known Indian Army general and military scholar who has authored several books on strategic affairs & military studies. He is a graduate of the Defence Services Staff College, Wellington and the National Defence College.
Afsluitdijk The Afsluitdijk (Closure-dike) is a major dam in the Netherlands, constructed between 1927 and 1933 and running from Den Oever on Wieringen in North Holland province, to the village of Zurich (mun. Wûnseradiel) in Friesland province, over a length of 32 km and a width of 90 m, at an initial height of 7.
Aft-crossing trajectory In 2005, a new trajectory that an air-launched rocket could take to put satellites into orbit was tested. Until this time, launch vehicles such as the Pegasus, or rocket planes such as the X-1, X-15, or SpaceShipOne, which were carried under an aircraft pointing in the same direction as the fuselage, would have their engines ignited either just before being air-dropped or a few seconds afterward.
Aftaab Lemar-Aftaab is an Afghan independent weekly magazine that focuses on the culture and politics of Afghanistan. Compared to other publications in the country, Aftaab has a secular bent and has drawn criticism from conservative Islamic scholars.
Aftab Ahmad Khan Sherpao Major (Rtd.) Aftab Ahmad Khan Sherpao (August 20, 1944) is the head of Pakistan Peoples Party (Sherpao Group) and is the current Pakistani Federal Interior Minister in the cabinet of Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz .
Aftab Ahmed Vohra Aftab Ahmed Vohra (Aftab Mughal) is a Pakistani business figure based in Lahore. He is the Chief Executive of Vohra Group which consists of Mughal Agencies, Vohra International, Sheikh Sons, and Vohra Chemical Corporation.
Aftab Jawaid Aftab Jawaid (also spelled "Aftab Javed") is a former squash player from Pakistan, who was one of the game's leading players in the 1960s. He won the British Amateur championship three times (in 1963, 1964 and 1965), and finished runner-up at the British Open three times (in 1966, 1967 and 1971).
Aftabul Islam Aftab ul Islam, LLB, FCA was born in Comilla, November 18, 1950 is a Bangladeshi entrepreneur and joined in politics recently. He is contesting from the Bangladesh Awami League in the National Assembly from Comilla constituency - 8 .
Aftcastle An aftcastle is the upper deck of a sailing ship positioned behind the Mizzenmast. It was used in medieval shipping such as galleys or galleasses to provide a heightened platform to shoot at other ships from or as a fortress in case the ship was boarded.
Aftenposten Aftenposten is Norway's second largest newspaper with a circulation of 256 600 for the morning edition, 155 400 for the separate evening edition and 232,900 for the Sunday edition (2003). With a long tradition of serious journalism, the paper was long considered the leading Norwegian newspaper.
After 7 After 7 was an R&B group founded in 1988 by brothers Melvin and Kevon Edmonds, and Keith Mitchell. The Edmonds brothers are the siblings of popular pop and R&B singer-songwriter-producer Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds" (Melvin is older, and Kevon - born Kevin - is younger), while Mitchell is the cousin of Babyface's then-partner, songwriter-producer Antonio "L.
After Action Review The After Action Review (AAR) is a structured review process that allows project participants to discover for themselves what happened, why it happened, and how it can be done better. After-action reviews were originally developed and are extensively used by the U.
After Burner III After Burner III is a video game released on the Sega CD in both Japan and North America. It is supposedly the third game in the After Burner series, however it is originally known as Strike Fighter in Japanese arcades.
After Colony locations This article is about important locations from the After Colony timeline, as featured in the anime Gundam Wing and its many spin-offs. Please note that this list includes resource satellites and other phenomenae resulting from space colonization, but not space fortresses or space stations such as Libra.
After Crying After Crying is a Hungarian musical ensemble, established in 1986, which composes and performs contemporary classical music or symphonic rock. They use instruments ranging from classical acoustical instruments like cello, trumpet, piano, flute to the instruments of a modern rock band.
After Dark (drag duo) After Dark is a Swedish drag duo, consisting of Christer Lindarw and Lasse Flinckman. The group was founded in 1976, simultaneously as they, together with Roger Jönsson, opened their own night club in Stockholm, called After Dark Club.
After Dark (Channel 4) 'After Dark' was a late night television live topical panel discussion programme which ran on Channel 4 between 1987 and 1991. Relaxation of broadcasting restrictions had moved the 'close down' of the existing channels into the early hours and Channel 4 launched 'After Dark' as an open ended format to broadcast on a Friday Night that would also be cheap to produce as original programming.
After Dark (magazine) After Dark was an entertainment magazine that covered theatre, cinema, stage plays, ballet, performance art, and various artists, including singers, actors and actresses, and dancers, among others. First published in May 1968,Back issue retail site—intended as a reference for dates and images only.
After Death After Death is an Italian zombie movie made during the height of the zombie craze. Released in the United States under the title Zombie 4: After Death, the movie has no connections to the other official or unofficial Zombi films.
After Downing Street After Downing Street (ADS) is an organization that describes itself as "a coalition working to expose the lies that launched the war and to hold accountable its architects, including through censure and impeachment." ADS was launched in May, 2005, when co-founder John Bonifaz sent a memo to Congressman John Conyers calling for impeachment.
After Eight After Eight is a confectionery product described as "mint enrobed in dark chocolate" and are intended, as the name suggests, to be used as after-dinner mints. They were created in 1962 by Rowntree & Company Limited.
After Every Dark Night There Is A Brighter Day (album) After Every Dark Night There Is A Brighter Day is the title of the fifth studio album by Max King recorded in the summer of 2006. The 14 track album contains the songs "You Can Go On", "Back In The Rain" and 'Notes In Your Pocket'.
After Here Through Midland After Here Through Midland is the second album by Cock Robin and was released in 1987. Again it was a big success in continental Europe as their first eponymous album, but was largely ignored in the US where the album reached only #166 in the Billboard 200.
After Hours (film) After Hours is an American comedy thriller film released in 1985, directed by Martin Scorsese and written by Joseph Minion. It depicts a New Yorker, word processor Paul Hackett (Griffin Dunne), who experiences a series of baffling and bizarre adventures and several perils in trying to make his way home from SoHo.
After Hours Formalwear After Hours Formalwear is a clothier business that specializes in the renting and selling of formal wear for men, especially tuxedos and business suits. It is specifically popular for weddings and school dances like prom, homecoming, and winter formal.
After Hours: a Tribute to the Music of Lou Reed After Hours: a Tribute to the Music of Lou Reed is a tribute album released in 2003 by the American label Wampus Multimedia. It focuses on Reed's pivotal role in the Velvet Underground through his reinventions as glam jester, hardcore pre-punk, lovestruck Romeo, and acerbic rock 'n' roll survivor.
After Innocence After Innocence is a 2005 United States documentary film about men who were exonerated from death row by DNA evidence. Directed by Jessica Sanders, the film took the Special Jury Prize at the 2005 Sundance Film Festival.
After Juliet After Juliet is a modern play written by Scottish playwright and mother of actress Keira Knightley (who performed in this play before becoming famous), Sharman Macdonald. The basic premise of the play is "What happened to the Capulets and Montagues after Romeo and Juliet died".
After Man: A Zoology of the Future In After Man: A Zoology of the Future (1981), Scottish paleontologist and geologist Dougal Dixon presents his hypotheses of how life would evolve 50 million years from now. He assumed that Europe and Africa would fuse, closing up the Mediterranean Sea.
After Miss Julie After Miss Julie is a play which relocates August Strindberg's Miss Julie (1888) to an English country house in July 1945. In this radical re-imagining of theatre's first "naturalistic tragedy" the events of Strindberg's original are transposed to the night of the British Labour Party's "landslide" election victory.
After School Knife Fight After School Knife Fight (also often known as ASKF or THAT BAND THAT BAND) was a screamo band that had a shortlived but ground breaking career together. Forming in the early Summer of 2001 in Kamloops BC, Canada by vocalist Jacen Beers and guitarist Kevin Smart, the band only played together for 7 months before splitting up and forming other groups.
After the Astronaut After the Astronaut was set to be the eighth studio album by the Butthole Surfers, and it was supposed to be released in 1998 (see 1998 in music). After a release date was set, and critics were sent advance copies of the album to listen to, some thought it was horrible, which caused the album not to be released.
After the Fire After the Fire (or ATF) was (and is) a British rock band that went from playing Christian progressive rock to Christian new wave over the twelve years it was together, while having only one hit in the United States ("Der Kommissar") and one hit in the UK ("One Rule for You").
After the Fox Caccia alla volpe (After the Fox) is a 1966 film comedy starring Peter Sellers and directed by Vittorio De Sica. The screenplay, however, is in English, by Neil Simon and De Sica's longtime collaborator, Cesare Zavattini.
After the quake is a collection of short stories by Japanese author Haruki Murakami. First published in 2000, it was released in English as after the quake in 2002 (translator Jay Rubin notes that Murakami "insisted" the title "should be all lower-case").
After the Sunset Shot in late 2003 in the Bahamas, After the Sunset is a 2004 thriller movie, starring Pierce Brosnan as Max Burdette, a master thief caught in a cat-and-mouse game with FBI agent Stan Lloyd played by Woody Harrelson.
After Taxes After Taxes is the second solo album by rapper Sheek Louch. Unlike his first album Walk Witt Me, it was not released on a major label but instead on Koch Records, one of the largest independent labels in the United States.
After Virtue After Virtue is a highly regarded book on moral philosophy by Alasdair MacIntyre published in 1981 with a second edition appearing in 1984. MacIntyre provides a bleak view of the state of modern moral discourse, regarding it as failing to be rational, and failing to admit to being irrational.
After Waizz After Waizz (or alternately, After War), commonly abbreviated AW, is a designation used to number years in the Phantasy Star videogame series. It defines years after an epoch based on the year that Supreme King Waizz united the planet Palma.
After War The After War is the timeline that the anime Gundam X and its sequel take place in. This "alternate universe" of Gundam is noted for its distinct apocalyptic world, however, at the same time, it has many similarities with the original Universal Century.
After Worlds Collide After Worlds Collide (1934) was a sequel to the 1932 science fiction novel, When Worlds Collide, both of which were co-written by Philip Gordon Wylie and Edwin Balmer. After Worlds Collide first appeared as a six-part monthly serial (November 1933–April 1934) in Blue Book magazine.
After-discovered evidence After-discovered evidence is evidence found by the losing party after a judgement/conviction has occurred. It is only possible for a new trial to come from this if it is determined that the evidence could absolutely not have been discovered while the trial was occurring.
Afterburn (psychotherapy) Eric Berne, the founding father of transactional analysis, coined the term afterburn to indicate the effect an atypical past event continues to exert on a person's daily schedule, activities and mental state even after it is over.
Afterburner An afterburner is an additional component added to some jet engines, primarily those on military aircraft. The Jumo 004 engine variation, 004C, included an afterburner for increased thrust in the design, but was never built.
Afterburner (ride) The Afterburner (Fireball), which is similar to KMG's Freak Out, is a pendulum type attraction manufactured by KMG in the Netherlands. Rotating seats are positioned in a circle attached to a swinging arm which swings to an angle of 120 degrees and a height of 20 meters.
Aftercare (BDSM) For aftercare in the normal sense of care, treatment, help, or supervision provided after discharge from hospital care, child welfare, prison, or other institutions or forms of care, see those articles or aftercare.
Afterglow An afterglow is a broad high arch of whitish or rosy light appearing in the sky due to very fine particles of dust suspended in the high regions of the atmosphere. An afterglow may appear above the highest clouds in the hour of deepening twilight, or reflected from the high snowfields in mountain regions long after sunset.
Afterglow (band) Afterglow (1965-1968) was a Psychedelic rock band from Chico, California. The quintet consisted of Larry Alexander (drums), Ron George {bass), Gene Resler (vocals), Roger Swanson (keyboards) & Tony Tecumseh (guitar).
Afterglow (drug culture) In the drug community, afterglow refers to the positive physical and mental effects that linger after the effects of a drug have worn off, or after the peak experience has subsided. Common manifestations involve feelings of detachment or increased psychological clarity.
Afterglow: A Last Conversation With Pauline Kael Afterglow: A Last Conversation With Pauline Kael (2003) is among the last publicly available materials to gather film critic Pauline Kael's thoughts on the movie medium, prior to her death on September 3, 2001. The book was prepared by jazz critic Francis Davis.
Afterhour clubs Afterhour clubs, in North America and Europe, in general refers to nightclubs which are open past the designated curfew for clubs which serve alcohol. Such clubs must cease serving alcohol at the designated time, but have special permission to remain open to customers and to sell non-alcoholic sodas and (typically) high-caffeine drinks.
Afterimage An afterimage is an optical illusion that occurs after looking away from a direct gaze at an image. This is closely related to the phenomenon called the persistence of vision, which is used in animation and cinema.
Afterlife The afterlife (or life after death) is a generic term referring to a continuation of existence, typically spiritual, experiential, or ghost-like, beyond this world, or after death. This article is about current generic and widely held or reported concepts of afterlife.
Afterlife (computer game) Afterlife is a simulation game released by LucasArts in 1996 that places the player in the role of a semi-omnipotent being known as a Demiurge, with the job of creating a functional Heaven and Hell to reward or punish the citizens of the local planet. In order to do so, the player must keep tabs on these citizens' sins and good deeds.
Afterlife (TV series) afterlife is a British television drama series, produced by independent production company for the ITV1 network. First broadcast in 2005, the series follows the activities of a psychic medium who appears to have the ability to communicate with the spirits of the dead.
Afterlifesatisfaction This, the second full-length album from the Springbok Nude Girls was released in 1997. An anarchic, industrial sound is relieved by reflective moments (“Horizontal Landscape”), ska-inspired anthemic love songs (“I Love You”), pop hits (“Genie” and “Baby Murdered Me”), and the album even sports an accordion played by Nico Carstens (“Beautiful Girl”) in a tongue-in-cheek callback to Afrikaans music.
Aftermarket (automotive) Aftermarket is an umbrella term for the collective network of vendors who design and sell vehicular components that are intended to replace the stock manufacturer's parts. The two main reasons for this are (i) in order to alter the appearance or performance of the vehicle; or (ii) as a straight replacement for a stock item at a lower price, with no intention to cause such a change in appearance or performance.
Aftermarket fuel economy device An aftermarket fuel economy device is a device sold on the aftermarket that claims to improve the fuel economy and possibly the fuel emissions of a vehicle. There are a large variety of devices sold under names such as "Platinum Gas Saver", "Tornado Fuel Saver", "Cyclone-Z", "Atomized Vapor Injector", or "Turbo-carb".
Aftermath (comics) Aftermath was a super hero comic book imprint published by Devil's Due Publishing. A brainchild of Josh Blaylock, the new imprint aimed to establish a new, accessible, continuity-free universe that could lated be expanded into a series of multi-media franchises.
Aftermath (film) Aftermath is an upcoming crime drama film scheduled for release in 2007, currently in post-production. The film stars Anthony Michael Hall, Jamie Harrold, Tony Danza, and Chris Penn in his last role before his death.
Aftermath of the 11 March 2004 Madrid train bombings The 11 March 2004 Madrid train bombings were followed by an intensive criminal investigation, leading to the arrest of several people, and massive street demonstrations in numerous Spanish cities. Three days after the attacks, the presiding Spanish government was defeated in the Spanish general election.

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