Encyclopedia

Biohazard Original Soundtrack Remix The Biohazard Original Soundtrack Remix was composed by Makoto Tomozawa, Akari Kaida, and Masami Ueda for the video game Biohazard, known as Resident Evil outside Japan. All compositions were rearranged by Makoto Tomozawa and mixed in QSound technology.
Biohazard Outbreak Original Soundtrack The Resident Evil Outbreak Original Soundtrack features music composed by Japanese Academy Award winning composer Akihiko Matsumoto. It should also be noted that at least one song from the Resident Evil 2 Soundtrack by Masami Ueda, Shusaku Uchiyama, and Shun Nishigaki received a new arrangement for this release.
Biohazard Sound Chronicle The Biohazard Sound Chronicle: Best Track Box (2005), is a limited edition release of music from the Biohazard game series, known as Resident Evil outside Japan. It includes music from Resident Evil 0 (2002), Resident Evil (2002), Resident Evil 2 (1998), Resident Evil 3 (1999), Resident Evil Code: Veronica (2000), and Resident Evil 4 (2005).
BioHome BioHome was a small facility created by NASA that could support one person in a fully-functional habitat. One of the influences of the project being the results from data obtained on the 1973 Skylab 3 (SL-3), where a total of 107 VOCs were offgassed by synthetic materials that comprised the SL-3.
Biochemical cascade A biochemical cascade is a series of chemical reactions in which the products of one reaction are consumed in the next reaction. There are several important biochemical cascade reactions in biochemistry, including the enzymatic cascades, such as the coagulation cascade and the complement system, and the signal transduction cascades such as the olfactory signal-transduction cascade.
Biochemical engineering Biochemical engineering is a branch of chemical engineering that mainly deals with the design and construction of unit processes that involve biological organisms or molecules. Biochemical engineering is often taught as a supplementary option to chemical engineering due to the similarities in both the background subject curriculum and problem-solving techniques used by both professions.
Biochemical oxygen demand BOD - biochemical (biological) oxygen demand is a test used to measure the concentration of biodegradable organic matter present in a sample of water. It can be used to infer the general quality of the water and its degree of pollution by biodegradable organic matter.
Biochemical Society The Biochemical Society is a learned society in the United Kingdom in the field of biochemistry, including all the cellular & molecular biosciences. It currently has around 7000 members, two-thirds in the UK.
Biochemistry Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes and transformations in living organisms. This article only discusses terrestrial biochemistry (carbon- and water-based), as all the life forms we know are on Earth.
Biochemistry of Alzheimer's disease Alzheimer's disease (AD), one of the most common causes of adult dementia, is as yet not well understood at the molecular level. It has been identified as a protein misfolding disease due to the accumulation of abnormally folded amyloid beta protein in the brains of AD patients.
Biochron A Biochron (from the Greek bios, life; and khronos, time) is the length of time represented by a biostratigraphic zone. Biochrons are named after characteristic fossil organisms or taxa that characterise that interval in time.
Bioimpedance In biomedical engineering, bioimpedance may be a measure of changes in the electrical conductivity of the thorax or heart. In that case, the measure is sometimes based on pulsatile blood volume changes in the aorta.
Bioimplantronics Bioimplantronics is the science and technology of biologically implantable and integrable electronic devices. It also refers to the devices themselves, namely intracorporeal electronic devices and systems (designed to be implanted into a biological entity) that accept input signals and provide output signals through direct electrical integration with the entity's central nervous system.
Bioindicator Bioindicators are species or chemicals used to monitor the health of an environment or ecosystem. They are any biological species or group of species whose function, population, or status can be used to determine ecosystem or environmental integrity.
Bioinformatics Bioinformatics and computational biology involve the use of techniques including applied mathematics, informatics, statistics, computer science, artificial intelligence, chemistry and biochemistry to solve biological problems usually on the molecular level. Research in computational biology often overlaps with systems biology.
Bioinformatics companies The primary purpose of this list is to serve as a holding place for the identities of companies that fit into this category but for which articles have not yet been created. As such, it is broken into two sections: companies with articles and companies without articles (or without existing as a subsection of another article).
Bioinorganic chemistry Bioinorganic chemistry is a specialized field that spans the chemistry of metal-containing molecules within biological systems. This field is concerned with the control and use of metal ions in biochemical processes.
Biointensive The biointensive method is an organic agricultural system which focuses on maximum yields from the minimum area of land, while simultaneously improving the soil. The goal of the method is long term sustainability on a closed system basis.
Bioirrigation Bioirrigation, or simply irrigation, refers to the process of benthic organisms flushing their burrows with overlying seawater. The exchange of dissolved substances between the porewater and overlying seawater that results is an important process in the context of the biogeochemistry of the oceans.
Bioisostere In medicinal chemistry, bioisosteres are substituents or groups with similar physical or chemical properties that impart similar biological properties to a chemical compound. In drug design, the purpose of exchanging one bioisostere for another is to enhance the desired biological or physical properties of a compound without making significant changes in chemical structure.
BioJava The BioJava Project is an open source project dedicated to providing Java tools for processing biological data. This will include objects for manipulating sequences, file parsers, CORBA interoperability, DAS, access to ACeDB, dynamic programming, and simple statistical routines.
Bioko Bioko (spelled also Bioco) is an island off the west coast of Africa in the Gulf of Guinea, part of Equatorial Guinea. In colonial times it was known as Fernando PĂł or Fernando PĂło, and under the Africanization policy of dictator Masie Nguema Biyogo it was renamed Masie Ngueme Biyogo Island; on his overthrow in 1979 it was named Bioko.
Biola Branch (Southern Pacific) The Biola Branch of the Southern Pacific Railroad (SP) was a 15-mile freight branch line serving the raisin and agricultural area west of Fresno. The 15-mile line ran from Fresno (Biola Junction) to Kerman, California where it connected with the Southern Pacific mainline that ran from Fresno - Tracy via Los Banos (known as the West Side Line).
Biola University Biola University is a private Christian college, located in Southern California. Biola's main campus is located in the city of La Mirada in Los Angeles County, California and has satellite campuses in Chino, Inglewood, Thousand Oaks, San Diego, San Bernardino and as of May 6, 2006 a new facility in Laguna Hills, Orange County located in downtown Los Angeles] at the corner of Sixth St.
Biological activity Pharmacological or biological activity is an expression describing the beneficial or adverse effects of a drug on living matter. When the drug is a complex chemical mixture, this activity is exerted by the substance's active ingredient or pharmacophore but can be modified by the other constituents.
Biological Anthropology Biological anthropology, or physical anthropology, studies the mechanisms of biological evolution, genetic inheritance, human adaptability and variation, primatology, primate morphology, and the fossil record of human evolution. See also: Race.
Biological containment Biological containment (or biocontainment) describes measures aimed at preventing genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and their transgenes from spreading into the environment (for containment methods in closed research environments, see Biosafety level).
Biological determinism Biological determinism is the hypothesis that biological factors such as an organism's individual genes (as opposed to social or environmental factors) completely determine how a system behaves or changes over time.
Biological devolution The term "devolution", which normally means a delegation of powers, is sometimes erroneously used to refer to the evolution of a species into more "primitive" forms. Many lay people see evolution as "progress", reflecting the ideas of Lamarckism.
Biological dispersal Biological dispersal refers to those processes by which a species maintains or expands the distribution of a population. Dispersal implies movement—movement away from an existing population (population expansion) or away from the parent organisms (population maintenance).
Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project The Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project is a large-scale ecological experiment looking at the effects of habitat fragmentation on tropical rainforest. The experiment, which was established in 1979 is located near Manaus, in the Brazilian Amazon.
Biological half-life The biological half-life of a substance is the time required for half of that substance to be removed from an organism by either a physical or a chemical process. Biological half-life is an important pharmacokinetic parameter and is usually denoted by the abbreviation t1/2.
Biological hazard A biological hazard or biohazard is an organism, or substance derived from an organism, that poses a threat to (primarily) human health. This can include medical waste, samples of a microorganism, virus or toxin (from a biological source) that can impact human health.
Biological immortality Biological immortality can be defined as the absence of a sustained increase in rate of mortality as a function of chronological age. A cell or organism that does not experience, or at some future point will cease aging, is biologically immortal.
Biological inheritance Biological inheritance is the process by which an offspring cell or organism acquires or becomes predisposed to characteristics of its parent cell or organism. Through inheritance, variations exhibited by individuals can accumulate and cause a species to evolve.
Biological interaction Biological interactions result from the fact that organisms in an ecosystem interact with each other, in the natural world, no organism is an autonomous entity isolated from its surroundings. It is part of its environment, rich in living and non living elements all of which interact with each other in some fashion. An organism's interactions with its environment are fundamental to the survival of that organism and the functioning of the ecosystem as a whole.
Biological issues in Jurassic Park Jurassic Park, a book by Michael Crichton with a filmatization directed by Steven Spielberg, revolves around the resurrection of dinosaurs via genetic engineering. Scientists and enthusiasts have brought up a number of issues with their facts and feasibility.
Biological kingdom chart The Biological Kingdom Chart presents the biological kingdoms in a graphic format, classifying kingdoms according to three factors. The first classification is according to cellular structure - either prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
Biological life cycle A life cycle is a period involving one generation of an organism through means of reproduction, whether through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction. In regard to its ploidy, there are three types of cycles:
Biological membrane A biological membrane or biomembrane is an enclosing or separating tissue which acts as a barrier within or around a cell. It is, almost invariably, a lipid bilayer (except for Archaea which have isoprene membranes), composed of a double layer of lipid-class molecules, specifically phospholipids, with occasional proteins intertwined, some of which function as channels.
Biological monitoring working party The biological monitoring working party (BMWP) is a procedure for measuring water quality using species of macro-invertebrates as biological indicators. Different aquatic invertebrates have different tollerances to pollutants.
Biological neural network In neuroscience, a neural network is a bit of conceptual juggernaut: the conceptual transition from neuroanatomy, a rigorously descriptive discipline of observed structure, to the designation of the parameters delimiting a 'network' can be problematic. In outline a neural network describes a population of physically interconnected neurons or a group of disparate neurons whose inputs or signalling targets define a recognizable circuit.
Biological pigment In biology, a pigment is any material resulting in color of plant or animal cells, which is the result of selective color absorption. Many biological structures, such as skin, eyes, fur and hair contain pigments (such as melanin) in specialized cells called chromatophores.
Biological psychiatry Biological psychiatry, or biopsychiatry is an approach to psychiatry that aims to understand mental disorder in terms of the biological function of the nervous system. It is interdisciplinary in its approach and draws on sciences such as neuroscience, psychopharmacology, biochemistry, genetics and physiology to form theories about the biological bases of behaviour and psychopathology.
Biological Pharmaceutical Complex Building (University of Kentucky) The Biological Pharmaceutical Complex Building, or BPCB, is a proposed building at the University of Kentucky along South Limestone adjacent to the Biomedical Biological Science Research Building. The building will allow the College of Pharmacy to relocate from its current position along Rose Street.
Biological reproduction Biological reproduction is the biological process by which new individual organisms are produced. Reproduction is a fundamental feature of all known life; each individual organism exists as the result of reproduction.
Biological response modifiers Biological response modifers, also known as BRM's, are substances that the human body produces naturally, as well as something that scientists can create in a lab. These substances arouse the body's response to an infection.
Biological Records Centre The Biological Records Centre (or BRC) is the group responsible for recording and keeping records on fresh water and terrestrial species in the UK. It was founded in 1964, and is funded by the Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) and the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), within the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC).
Biological standard of living The Biological Standard of Living indicates how well the human organism itself thrives in its socio-economic and epidemiological environment. It captures the biologically relevant component of welfare, well-being or the quality of life.
Biological Sciences Curriculum Study The Biological Sciences Curriculum Study (BSCS) is an American nonprofit organization that develops curricular materials based on science and technology for shcools. The organization was founded in 1958 by a grant from the National Science Foundation to the education committee of the American Institute of Biological Sciences, by 1975 50% of American high schools used a BSCS program.
Biological target A biological target is an enzyme, receptor or other protein that can be modified by an external stimulus. The definition is context-dependent and can refer to the biological target of a pharmacologically active drug compound, or the receptor target of a hormone (like insulin).
Biological therapy for inflammatory bowel disease Biological therapy refers to the use of medication that is tailored to specifically target an immune or genetic mediator of disease. Even for diseases of unknown cause, molecules that are involved in the disease process have been identified, and can be targeted for biological therapy; many of these molecules, which are mainly cytokines, are directly involved in the immune system.
Biological thermodynamics In thermodynamics, biological thermodynamics (Greek: bios = life and logikos = reason + Greek: thermos = heat and dynamics = power) or bioenergetics is the study of energy transformation in the biological sciences. More definitively, biological thermodynamics may be defined as the quantitative study of the energy transductions that occur in and between living organisms, structures, and cells and of the nature and function of the chemical processes underlying these transductions.
Biological transmutation A biological transmutation is a supposed nuclear transmutation that occurs in living organisms. Despite many theoretical objections based on our current understanding of the mechanisms of such transmutations, a reasonable body of experimental evidence suggests that such transmutations are not only possible within living organisms, but fairly common.
Biological uplift In science fiction, biological uplift is a common but by no means universal term for the act of an advanced civilization helping the development of another species by bringing a non-sapient one into sentience, or by giving a sapient one spacefaring capabilities. The best-known use of the term is in David Brin's Uplift series, which may have popularized it.
Biological Value Biological Value or BV is a common method for measuring protein quality and biological utilization rates of protein for human and animal consumption. The method relies on nitrogen retention as an indicator of protein quality.
Biological warfare Biological warfare (BW), also known as germ warfare, is the use of any pathogen (bacterium, virus or other disease-causing organism) or toxin found in nature as a weapon of war. BW may be intended to kill, incapacitate or seriously impede an adversary.
Biological Weapons Convention The Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction (usually referred to as the Biological Weapons Convention, abbreviation: BWC, or Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, abbreviation: BTWC) was the first multilateral disarmament treaty banning the production of an entire category of weapons (with exceptions for medical and defensive purposes in small quantities). It was the result of prolonged efforts by the international community to establish a new instrument that would supplement the 1925 Geneva Protocol.
Biologically-inspired computing Biologically-inspired computing (also bio-inspired computing) is a field of study that loosely knits together subfields related to the topics of connectionism, social behaviour and emergence. It is often closely related to the field of artificial intelligence, as many of its pursuits can be linked to machine learning.
Biologics Control Act The Biologics Control Act was passed in the United States on July 1, 1902 after two incidents involving the deaths of children caused by contaminated vaccines. The first involved The horse named Jim whose tetanus contaminated serum was used to produce a diphtheria antitoxin which caused the deaths of thirteen children in St.
Biology (band) Biology is a rock/indie band currently signed to Vagrant Records. Biology is a creation of From Autumn To Ashes drummer Francis Mark, Josh Newton, Cornbread Compton, & Brian McTernan in response to dissatisfaction with the current state of music.
Biology and sexual orientation Sexuality researchers are often interested in homosexuality because there is evidence from twin studies that there is a biological involvement. Yet homosexuality does not appear to be adaptive from an evolutionary standpoint because homosexual sex does not produce children.
Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life is a college level introductory biology textbook that covers basic biochemistry, anatomy, taxonomy, evolution, biotechnology and ecology. The book is designed to create in students a broad foundation of knowledge in biology and is frequently used in AP Biology classes in American high schools.
Bioluminescence Bioluminescence is the production and emission of light by a living organism as the result of a chemical reaction during which chemical energy is converted to light energy. The name originates from the Greek bios for "living" and the Latin lumen "light".
Biomagnification Biomagnification, also known as bioamplification, or biological magnification is the increase in concentration of an element or compound, such as the pesticide DDT, that occurs in a food chain as a consequence of:
Biomarker (cell) A biomarker can be understood as a molecule that is present (or absent) from a particular cellular type. This facilitates the characterization of a cell type, their identification, and eventually their isolation.
Biomarker (petroleum) Biomarkers are any of a suite of chemical compounds (and physical and geochemical characteristics thereof) that may indicate biological involvement in the formation of petroleum. Abiogenic petroleum origin theory also accounts for the presence of biomarkers in naturally occurring oil deposits.
Biomass Biomass, in the energy production industry, refers to living and recently living biological material which can be used as fuel or for industrial production. Most commonly biomass refers to plant matter grown for use as biofuel, but also includes plant or animal matter used for production of fibres, chemicals or heat.
Biomass gasification Biomass gasification is a century old technology where wood, charcoal and other biomass is treated in presence of some air or oxygen, insufficient to combust it, and the gas formation is maximized. The temperature within the reactor rises on account of oxygen consuming reactions.
Biomedical Biological Science Research Building (University of Kentucky) The Biomedical Biological Science Research Building (BBSRB) is a five-story research facility for the University of Kentucky in Lexington, Kentucky. It is located at the corner of Virginia Avenue and South Limestone.
Biomedical engineering Biomedical engineering (BME) is the application of engineering principles and techniques to the medical field. It combines the design and problem solving expertise of engineering with the medical expertise of physicians to help improve patient health care and the quality of life of healthy individuals.
Biomedical Equipment Technician A Biomedical Equipment Technician (BMET) is a vital component of the healthcare delivery system. Employed primarily by hospitals, BMETs are the people responsible for maintaining a facility's medical and patient care equipment.
Biomedical informatics Biomedical informatics is a discipline related to bioinformatics and has roots in medical informatics or healthcare informatics. It studies the use of information technology and advanced research computing in the practice of biomedical sciences and medicine.
Biomedical intervention for autism Biomedical intervention for autism consists of a wide range of therapeutic approaches for treating - and some say curing - autism in children, adolescents, and adults. This form of intervention have largely been based around dietary changes including gluten- and casein- restricted diets, pigment-restricted diets, use of nutritional supplementation, use of specially formulated digestive enzymes, or a combination of the above, that allows for improved digestion and metabolism, improved absorption of nutrients, and a reduction in immune system reactivity; but a number of accompanying therapies are also popular.
Biomedical Imaging Resource The Biomedical Imaging Resource (BIR) at Mayo Clinic is dedicated to the advancement of research in the biomedical imaging and visualization sciences. The BIR provides expertise and advanced technology related to these fields, including image acquisition, processing, display and analysis; volume visualization; computer graphics; virtual reality and virtual environments; image databases; computer workstations, networks and programming.
Biomedical model The biomedical model of medicine, has been around since the mid-nineteenth century as the predominant model used by physicians in the diagnosis of disease. The term is used by practitioners of Natural Health, a form of alternative medicine, in contrast to the biopsychosocial model, which incorporates psychological and social factors.
Biomedical Primate Research Centre The Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC) is Europe's largest primate research centre, using great apes and monkeys in animal testing and vivisection. It is located in Rijswijk, (Zuid-Holland) and employs about 100 people.
Biomedical research Biomedical research involves thorough investigation of any matter related to the domain of living or biological systems. Usually biomedical denotes a greater stress on problems related to human health and diseases.
Biomedical scientist Biomedical scientist is the protected title used by professionals working within the pathology department of a hospital. The biomedical sciences are made up of the following disciplines; biochemistry, haematology, immunology, microbiology, histology, cytology, bacteriology and transfusion services.
Biomedical technology Biomedical technology involves the application of engineering and technology principles to the domain of living or biological systems. Usually biomedical denotes a greater stress on problems related to human health and diseases.
Biomedician A Biomedician (or Medician), is a person educated in the field of medical research, surgery or clinical medicine. Medical research is mainly implemented by medical scientists whereas the other two are mostly performed by surgeons and physicians.
Biomechanics Biomechanics is the research and analysis of the mechanics of living organisms. The research and analysis can be carried forth on multiple levels, from the molecular, wherein biomaterials such as collagen and elastin are considered, all the way up to the tissue and organ level.
Biomechanoid Biomechanoid is term used to describe a fictional entity featured in many science fiction books, films, and television series, usually described as an entirely organic creature with a mechanical, pseudo-mechanical, or even psychosexual appearance. For this reason, a biomechanoid is distinctly different from a robot or android, and not considered a machine.
Biometal (biology) The term Biometal refers to the role of metal ions in biology, biochemistry and medicine. The metals copper, zinc, iron and manganese are examples of metals that are essential for the normal functioning of the body.
Biometric Consortium The Biometric Consortium is a US government sponsored consortia created by the National Security Agency (NSA) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). It serves as the US government focal point for the research, development, testing, evaluation and application of biometric-based personal authentication technology.
Biometric passport A biometric passport is a combined paper and electronic identity document that uses biometrics to authenticate the citizenship of travelers. The passport's critical information is stored on a tiny RFID computer chip, much like information stored on smartcards.
Biometric word list A biometric word list is a list of words for conveying data bytes in a clear unambiguous way via a voice channel. They are analogous in purpose to the NATO phonetic alphabet used by pilots, except a longer list of words is used, each word corresponding to one of the 256 unique numeric byte values.
Biomineralisation Biomineralisation is the process by which living organisms produce minerals, often to harden or stiffen existing tissues. Examples include silicates in algae, carbonates in diatoms and invertebrates, and calcium phosphates and carbonates in vertebrates.
Biomonitoring Biomonitoring is the science of inferring the ecological condition of an area by examining the organisms that live there. Although biomonitoring can occur in any ecosystem, it is most often used to assess water quality of rivers, lakes, streams, and wetlands.
Biomphalaria Biomphalaria is a genus of Planorbid snail that serves as an intermediate host for the human parasitic blood fluke, Schistosoma mansoni. The fluke, which is found primarily in tropical areas, infects mammals (including humans) via contact with water containing schistosome larvae (cercariae) released from the snail.
BioMaPS Institute for Quantitative Biology The BioMaPS Institute for Quantitative Biology at Rutgers University is an interdisciplinary Institute whose principal aims are: (a) to establish a nationally and internationally recognized research program in quantitative biology; and (b) to respond to the need of educating a new generation of life-science researchers with strong quantitative backgrounds in molecular biophysics, structural biology, computational biology and bioinformatics.
BioMed Central BioMed Central (BMC) is a UK-based scientific publisher specializing in open access publication. BMC publishes over 100 scientific journals, including Arthritis Research & Therapy, Breast Cancer Research, Critical Care, Genome Biology, Journal of Biology,
BioMetal (video game) BioMetal is a single-player shoot 'em up game released on June 1, 1993 for the Super NES (SNES). The game features six different weapons to combat the BioMetals, an extraterrestrial race determined to destroy the human race.
BioModels Database BioModels Database is a free and open-source database for storing, exchanging and retrieving published quantitative models of biological interest. Deposition of models upon publication is currently supported by Nature Publishing Group and PLoS.
Bion 11 Bion 11 was a Russian space mission that was part of the Bion series of space flights. It carried newts, snails, Drosophila flies and other insects, bacteria, and two macaque monkeys (Macaca mulatta), Lapik and Multik.
Bionanotechnology Biomolecular Nanotechnology is the term coined for synthetic technology based on the principles and chemical pathways of living organisms, ranging from genetic-engineered microbes to custom-made organic molecules. It encompasses the study, creation, and illumination of the connections between structural molecular biology and molecular nanotechnology, since the development of nano-machinery might be guided by studying the structure and function of the natural nano-machines found in living cells.
Bioneer Bioneer root: "biological pioneer") is a term coined by filmmaker, author and eco-activist Kenny Ausubel. It describes very diverse individuals and groups working in diverse disciplines who crafted creative solutions to environmental and socio-cultural concerns rooted in their shared core values.
Bionic Bunny Bionic Bunny is a fictional rabbit superhero created by children's author and illustrator Marc Brown. Although Bionic Bunny is most associated with the Arthur characters, he has appeared in his own book as well.
Bionic tower The Bionic tower is a proposed vertical city, an extremely large building designed for human habitation, designed by Spanish architects Eloy Celaya and Cervera & Pioz. It would have a main tower approximately 1200 meters high, with 300 stories that would house about 100,000 people.
Bionicle BIONICLE is a line of toys created by Alastair Swinnerton and Bob Thompson for the Lego Group that is marketed towards those in the 7–16-year-old range. The line was launched in January 2001 in Europe and June/July 2001 in the United States.

Information are taken from Wikipedia, the open encyclopedia, to which contribute many volunteers from around the whole world. Texts are available under the following conditions GNU Free Documentation License.