Encyclopedia

Bionicle 2: Legends of Metru Nui Bionicle 2: Legends of Metru Nui is the second movie of the Bionicle series and is a prequel to Bionicle: Mask of Light. This movie was created using Lego elements from the Bionicle series, and was released as a direct-to-DVD movie.
Bionicle society In the Lego Bionicle storyline, the Matoran people live in a culture that is in some ways like our own and in some ways very different. This article describes different aspects of that culture; including sports, jobs, and beliefs.
Bionics Bionics (also known as biomimetics, biognosis, biomimicry, or bionical creativity engineering) is the application of methods and systems found in nature to the study and design of engineering systems and modern technology. Also a short form of biomechanics, the word 'bionic' is actually a portmanteau formed from biology (from the Greek word "βίος", pronounced "bios", meaning "life") and electronic.
Bionikworld Bionikworld are a world class live performance and production team churning out a rolling blend of raw low slung punk-funk electro.Their live performances are renowned for creating dancefloor mayhem with its high energy sonic assault.
Bionix AFV The Bionix AFV (Armoured Fighting Vehicle) was commissioned by the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) in 1997. Designed and developed by Singapore Technologies Kinetics (formally ST Automotive), it is a medium-weight tracked vehicle weighing between twenty-two to twenty-eight tonnes.
Bioorganometallic chemistry Bioorganometallic chemistry is the study of biologically active molecules that contain carbon directly bonded to metals or metalloids. This area straddles the fields of organometallic chemistry, biochemistry, and medicine.
Bioorthogonal chemical reporter In chemical biology, a bioorthogonal chemical reporter is a tool for tagging and visualizing biomolecules. Prescher & Bertozzi defined bioorthogonal chemical reporters as "non-native, non-perturbing chemical handles that can be modified in living systems through highly selective reactions with exogenously delivered probes.
Biopharmaceutical Biopharmaceuticals are medical drugs (see pharmacology) produced using biotechnology. They are proteins (including antibodies), nucleic acids (DNA, RNA or antisense oligonucleotides) used for therapeutic or in vivo diagnostic purposes, and are produced by means other than direct extraction from a native (non-engineered) biological source.
Biophoton A biophoton (from the Greek βιο meaning "life" and φωτο meaning "light") is a photon of light emitted in some fashion from a biological system. Biophotons and their study should not be confused with bioluminescence, as the term "bioluminescence" is generally reserved for higher intensity luciferin/luciferase systems, while "biophoton emission" refers to the more general phenomena of very low-intensity photon emission from living systems.
Biophotonics The term biophotonics denotes a combination of biology and photonics, with photonics being the science of direct manipulation of photons, quantum units of light. Photonics is related to electronics in that it is believed that photons will play a similar central role in future information technology as electrons do today.
Biophysical economics Biophysical economics is a system of economic thought based not on money but on laws of energy and material transformations and empirical assessments of these and their relation to money. The term 'biophysical economics' was coined by Alfred Lotka in 1924 in his call for the use of basic biological and physical principles to aid economic analysis.
Biophysical Journal The Biophysical Journal is published by the Biophysical Society. The society comprises chemists, biochemists, and physical chemists, biologists, neuroscientists, plant and animal physiologists, engineers, mathematicians, and physicists.
Biopiracy Biopiracy refers to the appropriation, generally by means of patents, of indigenous biomedical knowledge by foreign entities (including corporations, universities and governments) without compensatory payment.An extended discussion of the definition of biopiracy:
Bioplastic Bioplastics are a form of plastics derived from plant sources such as hemp oil, soy bean oil and corn starch rather than traditional plastics which are derived from petroleum. This is regarded as a much more sustainable activity, as it relies considerably less on fossil fuel imports and produces less greenhouse emissions, producing between 0.
Biopolis Biopolis (Chinese: 启奥园 or 启奥生物医药研究园, formerly 生物医药研究园) is an international research and development centre located in Singapore for biomedical sciences. It is located in One-North in Buona Vista, near Dover, and is close to the National University of Singapore, the Singapore Polytechnic, the Institute of Technical Education, the National University Hospital, the Singapore Science Park and the Ministry of Education.
Biopower Biopower was a term originally coined by French philosopher Michel Foucault to refer to the practice of modern states to regulate their subjects through "an explosion of numerous and diverse techniques for achieving the subjugations of bodies and the control of populations", in particular through the use of statistics and probabilities. He first used it in his courses at the Collège de France, the term appearing first in print in The Will of Knowledge, first volume of his The History of Sexuality.
Biopreparat Before the collapse of the USSR, all biological weapons programs were grouped under the single organization of Biopreparat (Russian: Биопрепарат) from 1973. Its 30,000 employees helped to develop research and to produce pathogenic weapons and antidotals for the defense of the Soviet Union.
Bioprocess Technology Institute The Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI) is a national institute funded by the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) through its Biomedical Research Council. BTI spearheads bioprocess science and engineering research by combining molecular biology, biochemistry, proteomic and genomic sciences, to understand how to enhance the productivity of cells, develop better cell culture, fermentation and separation processes to manufacture important molecules such as antibodies, recombinant DNA and proteins that target a myriad of diseases.
Bioprocessor A bioprocessor is a miniaturized bioreactor capable of culturing mammalian, insect and microbial cells. Bioprocessors are capable of mimicking performance of large-scale bioreactors, hence making them ideal for laboratory scale experimentation of cell culture processes.
Biopsy A biopsy (in Greek: bios = life and opsy = look/appearance) is a medical test involving the removal of cells or tissues for examination. The tissue is often examined under a microscope and can also be analyzed chemically (for example, using PCR techniques).
Biopsychiatry controversy The biopsychiatry controversy is an ongoing dispute over the scientific basis of biological psychiatry theory and practice. The debate is focused on criticism of mainstream psychiatric thinking, proposed by a vocal lobby of psychiatrists and scientists who are at present in the minority.
Biopsychosocial model The biopsychosocial model of medicine is a way of looking at the mind and body of a patient as two important systems that are interlinked. The biopsychosocial model is also a technical term for the popular concept of the mind-body connection.
Biopunk Biopunk a portmanteau word, combining "biotech" and "punk", used to describe a science fiction genre that focuses on biotechnology. More recently, the term has also been used to denote a techno-progressive movement advocating open access to genetic information.
Biopure Biopure Corporation (NASDAQ: BPUR) is a biotechnology company whose main two products are blood substitutes Hemopure and Oxyglobin. Its market strategies involving their products have been used as a case study by Harvard Business School to understand market strategy, market segmentation, and new product marketing.
BioPerformance BioPerformance is a multi-level marketing company that sells fuel additives, often in the form of "gas pills", which were claimed to increase fuel efficiency in automobiles. It is headed by Lowell Mims, an evangelist.
Bioras and Stalla of Spiorad Bioras and Stalla, the founders of the Spiorad State United, deserve to be remembered as truly heroic people. Their part in the Spirit of the Revolution of preservation of wildlife and ancient rites has changed the world as we know it.
Biorefinery A biorefinery is a facility that integrates biomass conversion processes and equipment to produce fuels, power, and value-added chemicals from biomass. The biorefinery concept is analogous to today's petroleum refinery, which produce multiple fuels and products from petroleum.
Bioregionalism Bioregionalism is a term used to describe an approach to political, cultural, and environmental issues based on naturally-defined regional areas, consistent with the concept of bioregions, or ecoregions. These areas are usually based on a combination of physical and environmental features, including watershed boundaries and soil and terrain characteristics.
Bioremediation Bioremediation can be defined as any process that uses microorganisms, fungi, green plants or their enzymes to return the environment altered by contaminants to its original condition. Bioremediation may be employed to attack specific soil contaminants, such as degradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons by bacteria.
BioRuby BioRuby is a package of Open Source Ruby code, with classes for DNA and protein sequence analysis, alignment, database parsing, and other Bioinformatics tools. Recently, tools for structural biology have been added.
Biosecurity A biosecurity guarantee attempts to ensure that ecologies sustaining either people or animals are maintained. This may include natural habitats as well as shelter and productive enterprise (especially agriculture) and deals with threats such as biological warfare or epidemics.
Biosecurity protocol Biosecurity protocol refers to several politically-controversial attempts to unify global biosecurity measures and responses, in a similar manner to a biosafety protocol. Although some propose a "Biosecurity Protocol" to extend the Biosafety Protocol to organisms considered weapons (already controlled by UN arms proliferation treaties), others argue this is an inappropriate response to military threats, and argue for a broad biodefense instead.
Biosemiotics Biosemiotics (bios=life & semion=sign) is a growing field that studies the production, action and interpretation of signs in the physical and biologic realms in an attempt to integrate the findings of scientific biology and semiotics to form a new view of life and meaning as immanent features of the natural world. The term "biosemiotic" was first used by F.
Bioship A bioship is a type of spacecraft described in science fiction. Bioships differ from most spacecraft in that they are predominantly or totally composed of organic or biological components, rather than being constructed from metal or artificial materials.
Bioshock Bioshock is a computer and video game in development by Irrational Games, for Microsoft Windows and Xbox 360. It is described by the developers as a "spiritual successor" to their previous PC title System Shock 2 .
Biosignal Biosignal is a summarizing term for all kinds of signals that can be (continually) measured and monitored from biological beings. The term biosignal is often used to mean bio-electrical signal but in fact, biosignal refers to both electrical and non-electrical signals.
Biosignature in that specimen because it was believed until recently that only bacteria could create crystals of their specific shape. Other potential biosignatures studied in the ALH84001 meteorite included putative nanofossils, tiny rocklike structures whose shape was a potential biosignature because it resembled known bacteria.
Biosolids Biosolids are the nutrient rich solid material that is produced during the treatment of domestic wastewater at a treatment facility. Solid materials are removed from sewage during the wastewater treatment process.
Biosophy Biosophy, meaning wisdom of life, is a humanist movement heavily influenced by the 17th-century philosopher Baruch Spinoza. It is "the science and art of intelligent living based on the awareness and practice of spiritual values, ethical-social principles and character qualities essential to individual freedom and social harmony" It stands in contrast to biology], which can be broadly described as the understanding of life.
Biosphere The biosphere is the outermost part of the planet's shell — including air, land, surface rocks and water — within which life occurs, and which biotic processes in turn alter or transform. From the broadest geophysiological point of view, the biosphere is the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere (rocks), hydrosphere (water), and atmosphere (air).
Biosphere (musician) Biosphere is the main recording name of Geir Jenssen (born 1962 in Tromsø, Norway), a musician who has released a notable catalogue of ambient electronic music. He is well known for his "ambient techno" then "arctic ambient" styles, his use of music loops, and peculiar samples from sci-fi sources.
Biosphere 2 Biosphere 2 is a structure built to be an artificial closed ecological system in Oracle, Arizona (USA) by John Polk Allen, Space Biosphere Ventures and others. Constructed between 1987 and 1989, it was used to test if and how people could live and work in a closed biosphere, while carrying out scientific experiments.
Biosphere reserve A biosphere reserve is an international conservation designation given by UNESCO under its Programme on Man and the Biosphere (MAB). The World Network of Biosphere Reserves is the collection of all 507 biosphere reserves in 102 countries (as of dec 2006).
Biosphere reserves of India The Indian government has established 14 Biosphere Reserves of India, (categories roughly corresponding to IUCN Category V Protected areas), which protect larger areas of natural habitat (than a National Park or Animal Sanctuary), and often include one or more National Parks and/or preserves, along buffer zones that are open to some economic uses. Protection is granted not only to the flora and fauna of the protected region, but also to the human communities who inhabit these regions, and their ways of life.
Biostimulation Biostimulation involves the modification of the environment to stimulate existing bacteria capable of bioremediation. This can be done by addition of various forms of limiting nutrients, such as phosphorus, nitrogen, or carbon (e.
Biostratigraphy Biostratigraphy is the science of dating rocks by using the fossils contained within them. Usually the aim is correlation, that is, demonstrating that a particular horizon in one geological section represents the same period of time as another horizon at some other section.
Biostratinomy Biostratinomy is the study of the processes that take place after an organism dies but before its final burial. It is considered to be a subsection of the science of taphonomy, along with necrology (the study of the death of an organism) and diagenesis (the changes that take place after final burial).
Bioswale Bioswales are landscape elements designed to remove silt and pollution from surface runoff water. They consist of a swaled drainage course with gently sloped sides (less than six percent) and filled with vegetation, compost and/or riprap.
BioScience BioScience is the flagship publication of the American Institute of Biological Sciences (AIBS). It is a peer-reviewed, heavily cited, monthly science journal with content written and edited for accessibility to researchers, educators, and students alike.
BioSteel BioSteel is a trademark name for a high-strength polyamide fiber material made of spider silk-like protein extracted from milk of transgenic goats, made by Nexia Biotechnologies. While the attempt to put spider genes into goats and extract the protein from the milk succeeded, the project so far failed to spin it into the fiber.
Biot number The Biot number (Bi) is a dimensionless number used in unsteady-state (or transient) heat transfer calculations. It is named after the French physicist Jean-Baptiste Biot (1774-1862), and relates the heat transfer resistance inside and at the surface of a body.
Biot-Savart law The Biot-Savart law is a physical law with applications in electromagnetics and, more generally, it is also useful in numerous other applications of vector field analysis, including vortical fluid-flow. As originally formulated, the law describes the magnetic field set up by a steady current density.
Biota (ecology) Biota is the total collection of organisms of a geographic region or a time period, from local geographic scales and instantaneous temporal scales all the way up to whole-planet and whole-timescale spatiotemporal scales. The biota of the Earth lives in the biosphere.
Biotechnia Ellinikon Trikyklon Biotechnia Ellinikon Trikyklon (Hellenic Three-Wheeler Manufacturer), or BET, was a small vehicle manufacturer founded in Athens by Petros Konstantinou. It was one of several manufacturers - the first appearing in the early 1940's - that converted BMW or other motorcycles into light utility three-wheelers.
Biotechnology Biotechnology is technology based on biology, especially when used in agriculture, food science, and medicine. The UN Convention on Biological Diversity has come up with one of many definitions of biotechnology:"The Convention on Biological Diversity (Article 2.
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council The Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) is a British Research Council supporting several scientific research institutes and university research departments in the UK. Receiving its funding through the Office of Science and Innovation (formerly the Office of Science and Technology), the BBSRC's responsibility is to increase basic knowledge and understanding in biology and develop biological technology and applications.
Biotechnology industrial park Biotechnology industrial park (BIP, also called Bio-industrial park, Eco-industrial Clusters) is a special form of industrial park that specialized in biotechnology. Such industrial park usually hosted a cluster of companies that they together function as a biorefineryInnovation Roadmap on Bio-based Feedstocks, Fuels and Industrial Products: Capturing Canada's Natural Advantage, Strategis: Industrial Ministry, Government of Canada, pp.
Biotechnology Institute The Biotechnology Institute is a independent nonprofit organization founded to teach the public about the benefits of biotechnology. It was created in 1998 by the biotechnology industry and is located in Arlington, Virginia.
Biotherm Biotherm is a prestige skincare company known for its commitment to providing users with healthy, beautiful skin. BIOTHERM claims that most products contain a patented, mineral-rich spring water concentrate called Vitreoscilla ferment that is known to rejuvenate the skin.
Biotic Baking Brigade The Biotic Baking Brigade is a loosely connected group of activists, famous for throwing pies in the faces of such figures as Bill Gates, San Francisco mayor Willie Brown, anti-gay preacher Fred Phelps, economist Milton Friedman, Swedish King Carl Gustaf, former Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien, conservative journalist William F. Buckley, former WTO head Renato Ruggiero, and Ralph Nader, among others.
Biotic potential Biotic potential is the maximum reproductive capacity of an organism under optimum environmental conditions. Full expression of the biotic potential of an organism is restricted by environmental resistance, any condition that inhibits the increase in number of the population.
Biotin Biotin, also known as vitamin H or B7, has the chemical formula C10H16N2O3S (Biotin; Coenzyme R, Biopeiderm), is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin which is composed of an ureido (tetrahydroimidizalone) ring fused with a tetrahydrothiophene ring. A valeric acid substituent is attached to one of the carbon atoms of the tetrahydrothiophene ring.
Biotin Carboxyl Carrier Protein The Biotin Carboxyl Carrier Protein is part of the enzyme Acetyl-CoA carboxylase and serves as a carrier protein for biotin and carboxybiotin throughout the ATP-dependent carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to form malonyl-CoA in the first committed and rate regulating step of fatty acid biosynthesis.
Biotinidase deficiency Biotinidase deficiency is an inherited disorder in which the body is not able to process the vitamin biotin properly. Biotin, sometimes called vitamin H, is an important water-soluble vitamin that aids in the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates and proteins.
Biotite Biotite is a common phyllosilicate mineral within the mica group, with the approximate chemical formula K(Mg, Fe)3AlSi3O10(F, OH)2. More generally, it refers to the dark mica series, primarily a solid-solution series between the iron-endmember annite, and the magnesium-endmember phlogopite; more aluminous endmembers include siderophyllite.
Biotope A biotope is an area of uniform environmental (physical) conditions providing habitat(s) for a specific assemblage of plants and animals. Used in this sense, "biotope" is really synonymous with the term "ecosystem".
Biotren The similar system for Metro of Concepción or Biotren is basic at grade urban metropolitan rail system that covers a big part of the city of Concepción, capital of the region of Bío-Bío, also known as Gran Concepción (Greater Concepción) or Concepción Metropolitan Area, both synonyms of "city" according to the urbanistic standards and laws of Chile, of which this city is the second biggest, most populous and important of the country. Biotren connects the boroughs or comunas of Concepción Centro (downtown borough), Talcahuano, Hualpén, San Pedro de la Paz, Chiguayante and Hualqui.
BioTronics BioTronics is a biotech company headquarterd in Lowell, Massachusetts in the United States. The company is the developer of the AmpliSensor technique and its application to high resolution Polymerase Chain Reaction assays.
Biovision Hierarchy The Biovision Hierarchy (BVH) character animation file format was originally developed by Biovision, a motion capture services company (now defunct), as a way to provide motion capture data to their customers. This format mostly replaced an earlier format Biovision developed as a way to provide skeleton hierarchy information in addition to the motion data.
Biozoic Biozoic is a webcomic written and drawn by Gerry Swanson and serialized on Webcomics Nation. It was nominated for the 2006 Web Cartoonist's Choice Award in the categories Outstanding Black and White Art and Outstanding New Character Design.
Bip IRC Proxy Bip IRC Proxy is an application for Unix-like systems that sits between an IRC server and an IRC client. The proxy maintains a continuous connection to the server while allowing one ore more clients to connect and retrieve queued activity.
Bipack In cinematography, bipacking, or a bipack, is the process of loading two reels of film into a camera, so that they both pass through the camera gate together. It was used both for in-camera effects (effects that are nowadays mainly achieved via optical printing) and as an early subtractive colour process.
Biparentalness The principle of biparentalness (Italian: Principio di bigenitorialitĂ ) states that a child has always and in any case the right to maintain a stable relationship with both parents, even if they are separated or divorced, unless there is a recognized need to separate him/her from one or both parents.
Bipartisanship In a two-party system (such as in the United States or Australia), bipartisan refers to any bill, act, resolution, or any other action of a political body in which both of the major political parties are in agreement. Often, compromises are called bipartisan if they reconcile the desires of both parties from an original version of legislation or other proposal.
Bipedalism Bipedalism is standing, or moving for example by walking, running, or hopping, on two appendages (typically legs). An animal or machine that usually moves in a bipedal manner is known as a biped (//), meaning "two feet" (Latin bi = two + ped = foot).
Biphobia Biphobia is the fear of, discrimination against, or hatred of bisexuals (although in practice it extends to pansexual people too). It need not include homophobia or heterophobia, because there are stereotypes that are specific to bisexuals.
Biplane A biplane is a fixed-wing aircraft with two main wings of similar spans, normally one mounted above, and the other level with the underside of the fuselage. The upper wing normally overlaps the lower wing, and vertical or slightly raked slender struts are often positioned symmetrically on either side of the fuselage (connecting the rigid sections of the upper and lower wings into a strong box structure).
Bipolar disorder in children Children with bipolar disorder do not often meet the strict DSM-IV definition. In pediatric cases, the cycling between moods can occur very quickly (see the section on rapid cycling in the main bipolar disorder article).
Bipolar Disorder NOS Bipolar Disorder NOS (Not Otherwise Specified) is a diagnostic form of bipolar disorder defined by the DSM-IV-TR. This category is designed to allow for diagnosis of a bipolar disorder that does not necessarily meet the diagnostic criteria for any of the three other form of bipolar disorder.
Bipolar I Diagnosis of this Bipolar Disorder requires at least one Manic or Mixed episode, but there may be episodes of Hypomania or Major Depression as well. (This diagnosis conforms to the classic concept of manic depressive illness.
Bipolar Integrated Technology Bipolar Integrated Technology was a semiconductor company based in Beaverton, Oregon which sold products implemented with ECL technology. The company was founded in 1983 by former Floating Point Systems, Intel, and Tektronix engineers.
Bipolar outflow A bipolar outflow represents two continuous flows of gas from the poles of a star. Bipolar outflows may be associated with protostars (young, forming stars), or with evolved post-AGB stars (often called Bipolar nebulae).
Bipolar spectrum The bipolar spectrum is the continuous range of depressive diseases, ranging from bipolar disorder to unipolar depression. The concept of the bipolar spectrum is similar to that of Emil Kraepelin's original concept of "manic depression", although that term is now only used as an obsolete term for bipolar disorder.
Bipont Editions Bipont Editions, the name of a famous series of editions, in 50 volumes, of Greek and Latin classical authors, so called from Bipontium, the modern Latin name of ZweibrĂĽcken or DeuxPonts in Bavaria, where they were first issued in 1779. Their place of publication was afterwards transferred to Strassburg.
Bipropellant rocket A bipropellant rocket engine is a rocket engine that uses two fluid propellants stored in separate tanks that are injected into, and undergo a strong exothermic reaction, in a rocket's combustion chamber. In contrast, solid rockets have single solid propellant, and hybrid rockets use a solid propellant lining the combustion chamber that reacts with an injected fluid.
BiPu BiPu (Bioremediation Infield Personnel Unit) is a sanitation method suitable for disaster relief and for temporary or isolated locations. It consists of flat-packed plastic panels which fit together to make a box, which is buried in the ground, and a large plastic bag to be placed inside the box.
Biquad filter A biquad filter is a type of active filter consisting of a two-integrator feedback loop with an inverter. In its basic configuration, it can be used as either a low-pass or band-pass filter, depending on where the output signal is taken from.
Biquadratic field In mathematics, a biquadratic field is a number field K of a particular kind, which is a Galois extension of the rational number field Q with Galois group the Klein four-group. Such fields are all obtained by adjoining two square roots.
Biquaternion In mathematics, a biquaternion (or complex quaternion) is an element of the (unique) quaternion algebra over the complex numbers. The concept of a biquaterion was first mentioned by William Rowan Hamilton in the nineteenth century.
Bir Bahadur Thagunna Bir Bahadur Thagunna is a Nepalese politician, belonging to the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist). He contested the 1999 legislative election in the Darchula-1 constituency, coming second with 16656 votes.
Bir Bikrom Bir Bikrom (literally, "Valiant hero" in Bangla) is the third highest gallantry award in Bangladesh. Like the other gallantry awards, this was introduced immediately after the Liberation War of Bangladesh.
Bir Gandus Bir Gandus bi'r qandūz (or Bir Gandouz, Bir Gandús) is a village in Western Sahara, on the border with Mauritania, with a population of less than 50. It holds a Moroccan military post and serves as a passport control on entry or exit to Mauritania.
Bir Krsna Goswami Bir Krsna Goswami is a religious leader of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness. He spent his childhood in Long Island, New York, and became a member of the Krishna conscious community, ISKCON, in Gainesville, Florida in 1971.
Bir Sreshtho The Bir Sreshtho (Bangla: বীরশ্রেষ্ঠ) (The Most Valiant Hero) is the highest military award of Bangladesh. It was awarded to seven freedom fighters who showed utmost bravery and made the ultimate sacrifice for their nation.
Birago Diop Birago Ishmael Diop (Ouakam, Senegal; December 11, 1906 - Dakar, Senegal; November 25, 1989) was a Senegalese poet and storyteller, active writer in the NĂ©gritude movement in the 1930s, as well as a veterinarian and diplomat.
Birational geometry In mathematics, birational geometry is a part of the subject of algebraic geometry, that deals with the geometry of an algebraic variety that is dependent only on its function field. In the case of dimension two, the birational geometry of algebraic surfaces was largely worked out by the Italian school of algebraic geometry in the two decades on either side of the year 1900.
Birational invariant In mathematics, a birational invariant in algebraic geometry is a quantity or object that is well-defined on a birational equivalence class of algebraic varieties. In other words, it depends only on the function field of the variety.
Biratnagar Biratnagar (बिराटनगर), a sub-metropolitan and Nepal’s second largest city is located in Koshi Zone on the southern Terai belt of Nepal, near the south-eastern border with India. The population of the municipality is 166,674 (2001 census).
Birbal Raja Birbal (1528-1586) was a courtier in the administration of the Mughal emperor Akbar and one of his most trusted members along with being a part of Akbar's inner council of nine advisors, known as the 'navaratana', a Sanskrit word meaning 'nine jewels.' Birbal's duties in Akbar's court were mostly military and administrative but he was also a very close friend of the king, who liked Birbal most for his wit as well as his wisdom, as a result of which they frequently had witty and humorous exchanges between them.
Birbal Dhar Birbal Dhar was a leader in the Kashmiri resistance to Afghan rule in the early 19th century. He led a deputation which persuaded Sikh ruler Maharaja Ranjit Singh to invade Kashmir in 1819, which ended Afghan rule.

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