Encyclopedia

Black Box Voting Black Box Voting signifies voting (usually on electronic systems that don't print paper ballots) which reports a result without allowing proper verification or auditability of the votes and totals. The term was coined by David Allen, publisher, technical consultant and co-writer to author and activist Bev Harris, who popularized the term in her book with that title and runs the BlackBoxVoting.
Black Box Warning In the United States, a black box warning is a type of warning that appears on prescription drugs that may cause serious adverse effects. It is so named for the black border that usually surrounds the text of the warning.
Black Boy Lane Black Boy Lane, London N15 in the London Borough of Haringey, North London is the name of a very old thoroughfare (it was in existence before 1619), leading from the West Green area of Tottenham towards Harringay. It is named after a horse, The Black Boy, the name of a long established hostelry at West Green.
Black Boys The Black Boys, also known as the Brave Fellows and the Loyal Volunteers, were members of a white settler movement in the Conococheague Valley of colonial Pennsylvania sometimes known as the Black Boys Rebellion. The Black Boys, so-called because they sometimes blackened their faces during their actions, were upset with British policy regarding American Indians following Pontiac's Rebellion.
Black Brant The Black Brant or Pacific Brent Goose, Branta bernicla nigricans, is a sub-species of the Brent Goose that breeds in Alaska and winters in Baja California. There are an estimated 115,000 black brant in the world and about 14,000 are taken each year by hunters.
Black Brant (rocket) The Black Brant is a Canadian-designed sounding rocket built by Bristol Aerospace in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Over 800 Black Brants of various versions have been launched since they were first produced in 1961, and the type remains one of the most popular sounding rockets ever built, with only two launch failures, both on prototypes.
Black Brigade of Cincinnati The Black Brigade of Cincinnati was a military unit that was organized during the Civil War when the city of Cincinnati was in danger of being attacked by the Confederates. The men that were a part of the Black Brigade were among the first of their race to be employed by the military of the North.
Black Brigades Black Brigades (Italian: Brigate Nere) were one of the fascist paramilitary groups operating in Italian Social Republic (in northern Italy), during the final years of World War II, and after the signing of the Italian Armistice in 1943.
Black British Black British is term which has had different meanings and uses as a racial and political label. Historically it has been used to refer to all British nationals of New Commonwealth origin, although more recently commonly defines a British resident with specifically African ancestral origins, who self identifies, or is identified, as "Black", African or Afro-Caribbean.
Black Buck In post-Reconstruction United States,Black Buck was a racial slur used to describe a certain type of African American men. In particular, the caricature was used to describe black men who absolutely refused to bend to the law of white authority and were irredeemably violent, rude, and lecherous.
Black Buddafly Black Buddafly is a former R&B trio now duo, composed of the twin sisters Amina (Blonde Hair) and Jazz (Brown hair), both born 1983. Sophie the eldest, including little brother Rashon all born to a German mother and a Senegalese father
Black Bulbul The Black Bulbul (Hypsipetes leucocephalus) is a member of the bulbul family of passerine birds. It is a resident breeder from Madagascar and the islands of the Indian Ocean into tropical southern Asia from India and Sri Lanka east to southern China.
Black cabbage tree Black cabbage tree (Melanodendron integrifolium) is one of the endemic trees in the Asteraceae family from the island of St Helena (South Atlantic Ocean). It is related to the St Helenan gumwoods (Commidendrum spp.
Black carbon As explained by Goldberg (1985), black carbon (BC) is an impure form of carbon produced by incomplete combustion of fossil fuel and wood (forming soot) or biomass (forming charcoals). It exists in aerosols, sediments and soils.
Black card (fencing) In fencing, the black card is issued by the director for severe infractions, such as blatant cheating, refusal to salute, or unsportsmanlike conduct. When the black card is issued, the offending fencer is expelled from the event or tournament in which he or she is participating.
Black cardamom Black cardamom (also known as brown cardamom), like cardamom, is a plant in the family Zingiberaceae. Its pods are used as a spice, in a manner similar to the green Indian cardamom pods, but it has a drastically different flavor so it can not be substituted in the same recipes unless a different flavor is acceptable.
Black carp Indigenous to China, the black carp is widely cultivated for food and for Chinese medicine. Its voracious character, however, has led to its introduction across Southern United States to control disease in aquaculture.
Black clay Black Clay, or "Barro Negro" is a traditional technique used in Oaxaca, Mexico for the production of pottery. Each pot or dish is hand-turned on inverted plates, dried in the sun and burnished with a stone or shard.
Black cocaine Black cocaine, also known as Coca Negra, is a combination of regular cocaine hydrochloride and various chemicals, such as ferrorhonide or potassium thiocyanate, usually added at 40% admixture. This renders it undetectable to drug sniffing dogs and the regular chemical tests.
Black cod The black cod or smallscaled cod, Notothenia microlepidota, is a marine cod icefish in the genus Notothenia with distribution ranging from southern New Zealand to sub-Antarctic seas, although they have also been fished off the Great Australian Bight, Chile, and round the Falkland Islands, on rocky reefs. Their length is between 25 and 70 cm, and they may weigh up to 3 kg.
Black comedy Black comedy, also known as black humor or dark comedy, is a sub-genre of comedy and satire where topics and events that are usually treated seriously – death, mass murder, sickness, madness, terror, drug abuse, rape, war etc. – are treated in a humorous or satirical manner.
Black concert T-shirt The black concert T-shirt is a fashion trend of rock concert attendees from the 1970s through today. Bands and musical groups often promote themselves by creating and selling or giving away t-shirts at their shows, tours, and events.
Black conservatism Black Conservatism is a political and social movement within African American culture that aligns largely with the American Right, emphasizing patriotism, independence and self-help, free markets and within some circles Christian Right values. Contemporary black conservatives find common ground with American conservatives of other races, which sometimes put them at odds with the largely "left" majority of African American voters.
Black coral Black coral is a term given to a group of deep water, tree-like tropical coral related to sea anemone. Though its living tissue is brilliantly colored, black coral takes its name from the distinctive black or dark brown color of its skeleton.
Black culture of Detroit, Michigan The city of Detroit, Michigan has had a large and thriving black community since the 1920s, when many African Americans moved to northern cities to find work in the then-booming industrial sector. This Great Migration continued through the 1960s.
Black Cabinet The Black Cabinet was first known as the Office of Negro Affairs, an informal group of African American public policy advisors to United States President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. By mid-1935 there were 45 African Americans working in federal executive departments and New Deal agencies.
Black Caiman The Black Caiman (Melanosuchus niger) is a threatened species, related to alligators. It is a carnivorous reptile that lives along slow-moving rivers and lakes, in the seasonally flooded savannas of the Amazon basin, and in other freshwater habitats in South America.
Black Cap In English law, the Black Cap was worn by a judge when passing a sentence of death. The death penalty has now been abolished in England and Wales, but the black cap is still part of a judge's regalia, and is worn every year on 9 November when the new Lord Mayor of London is presented to the Law Courts.
Black Cap (London pub) The Black Cap is one of the longest-established gay pubs in the United Kingdom, and is located in Camden in north London. A Victorian building, it began catering to a gay and lesbian clientele in the 1960s, and became exclusively gay following the decriminalisation of homosexuality in England and Wales as a result of the Sexual Offences Act 1967.
Black Carnation Black Carnation was an alternative Christian music group which released several albums including "It Remains The Same" on the Blonde Vinyl label in 1992. The three-piece band featured Jeff Seaver on guitar and vocals, Kendall Thomas on bass, and Craig Hoeve on drums.
Black Cat (Marvel Comics) Black Cat (Felicia Hardy) is a Marvel Comics anti-hero and one-time foe and girlfriend of Spider-Man. Created by writer Marv Wolfman and artist Keith Pollard, she first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #194 (July 1979).
Black Cat Bone A Black Cat Bone was part of the 1930's era bluesman's arsenal of charms and curios, circumspectly kept to ward off evil, make money and hypnotically attract the fairer sex. The aforementioned items, securely kept in a mojo bag would give the bearer that extra-edge and confidence he needed to prosper and succeed in an era laden with depression and poverty.
Black Cat Bones Black Cat Bones was a British heavy blues rock group from London. The band formed in 1966 with original members Paul Tiller (vocals and harmonica), lead guitarist Paul Kossoff, brothers Derek Brooks (rhythm guitar) and Stu Brooks (bass), and drummer Terry Sims.
Black Cat Detective Black Cat Detective (Chinese: 黑猫警长/黑貓警長) is a Chinese animation TV series in China produced by the Shanghai Animation Film Studio. It is also referred to as "Inspector Black Cat" and "Marshall the Black Cat".
Black Cat pirates The Black Cat Pirates (クロネコ海賊団, Kuroneko Kaizokudan) are fictional pirates from the anime and manga One Piece, led by Captain Kuro. They are a crew of pirates who appeared early on in the series carrying out orders under their captain, Kuro, who had taken the alias of Klahadore the butler.
Black Cat Track The Black Cat Track is a rough overland route from the Morobe coast in Papua New Guinea at Salamaua to the township of Wau. It is a historical route first used by prospective miners searching for gold in the 1920's and 30's.
Black Cinderella Two Goes East Black Cinderella Two Goes East (sometimes referred to as Black Cinderella II Goes East) was a radio pantomime broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on 25 December 1978. The programme is notable for being one of only a few radio programmes (co)-produced by Douglas Adams while he was employed by the BBC as a radio producer.
Black Classics Gangstas The Black Classic Gangstas, also known as BCG, is an African-American street gang from Denver, Colorado. It has no affiliation to any other major gangs, although the gang originated from the Park Hill, "Hillside", neighborhood of Denver, a notorious Bloods area.
Black Coaches Association The Black Coaches Association (BCA) is a non-profit organization whose primary purpose is "to foster the growth and development of ethnic minorities at all levels of sports both nationally and internationally". It currently is focused on athletics in North America, including professional leagues, college sports and high school athletics.
Black Coffee In Bed "Black Coffee In Bed" was the first single released from Squeeze's fifth album, Sweets from a Stranger. At the time of its release it was the longest Squeeze track ever issued, and it remains the only 7" Squeeze single over six minutes long (the 12" single version of "Last Time Forever", released in 1985, exceeds "Black Coffee in Bed" in length by 11 seconds).
Black Combe Black Combe is a fell in the far south of the English Lake District, just four miles from the Irish Sea. It stands in isolation, some 10 miles away from any higher ground; this factor gives it an excellent all-round panorama of land and sea, with views towards the Scafell group, the Coniston group and the Yorkshire Dales.
Black Comedy Black Comedy is a one-act play by British dramatist Peter Shaffer, first performed in 1965. The play is, suitably enough, a black comedy in which the effect loss of light would have on a group of people who all hold things from each other is explored; as such, its title is a pun.
Black Consciousness Movement The Black Consciousness Movement (BCM) is a grassroots anti-Apartheid activist movement that emerged in South Africa in the mid-1960’s out of the political vacuum created by the decimation of the African National Congress and Pan Africanist Congress leadership, by jailing and banning, after the Sharpeville Massacre in 1960.Consciousness had a great impact on South African society and the churches were no exception.
Black Country The Black Country is a loosely-defined area of conurbation to the north and west of Birmingham, and to the south and east of Wolverhampton in the English West Midlands, around the South Staffordshire coalfield. It has a combined population of around one million.
Black Country Chamber of Commerce The Black Country Chamber of Commerce and Industry is a business network representing around 2500 businesses in the Black Country. The Black Country Chamber was formed by an amalgamation of Dudley, Walsall, Sandwell and Wolverhamton Chambers in 2001.
Black Country Living Museum The Black Country Living Museum is located in Dudley in the West Midlands in England. The museum occupies a 26 acre (105,000 m²) urban heritage park in the shadow of Dudley Castle in the centre of the Black Country conurbation.
Black Country New Road The Black Country New Road is a major road which runs through the West Midlands of England. It opened in 1995, beginning with a half-mile stretch of dual carriageway linking the A41/A4038 junction in Moxley with the simultaneously-completed Black Country Route.
Black Country Rock "Black Country Rock" is a song written by David Bowie in 1970 for the album The Man Who Sold the World, released in November 1970 in the USA and April 1971 in the UK. This blues-rock number is generally considered the most upbeat track on the album, a respite from the musical and thematical heaviness of the remainder.
Black Country Urban Forest The Black Country Urban Forest (BCUF) is a partnership of the voluntary sector and local government with the aim of making urban forestry the characteristic landscape of one of England's most deprived industrial areas, The Black Country.
Black Country Woman "Black Country Woman" is the penultimate song on English rock band Led Zeppelin's 1975 album Physical Graffiti. It was originally intended to be part of the Houses of the Holy album, which was released two years earlier.
Black Creek (Ontario) Black Creek is one of many waterways that flow from the city of Vaughan, Ontario just north of Toronto (near Highway 407 and Jane Street and connects to the Humber River (Toronto) near Scarlett Road and Dundas Street West.
Black Creek Drive Black Creek Drive is a north-south arterial road in Toronto, Ontario that extends from the Highway 400/Highway 401 in the north to Weston Road in the south. It forms a crucial part of Toronto's municipal expressway system.
Black Creek Pioneer Village Black Creek Pioneer Village is an historic site in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, just west of York University and southeast of the Jane and Steeles intersection. It overlooks Black Creek, a tributary of the Humber River.
Black Crusades In the fictional Warhammer 40,000 universe a Black Crusade is when the forces of Chaos manage to unite under the leadership of Abaddon the Despoiler, Warmaster of the Black Legion, and launch a massive attack from within the Eye of Terror against the Imperium.
Black Cultural Association The Black Cultural Association (or BCA) was an African American inmate group that was founded in 1968 at the California Medical Facility at Vacaville, a California state prison, and formally recognized by prison officials in 1969.
Black Currawong The Black Currawong, Strepera fuliginosa also known locally as the Black Jay is a medium-sized omnivorous songbird native to Australia. It is about 45cm long and has all black plumage except for a small white patch in the wing and a white-tipped tail.
Black damp Black damp, also known as stythe or choke damp is a mixture of nitrogen and carbon dioxide found in some coal mines. This gaseous mixture has low concentrations of oxygen and can thus act as an asphyxiant gas, suffocating miners.
Black draught A black draught was a saline aperient mixture used, along with a blue pill, as a purgative in the 19th century and well into the early part of the 20th century, with veternarians prescribing these to constipated cattle and horses.
Black drink Black drink was the name given by colonists to a ritual beverage called Asi brewed by Native Americans in the Southeastern United States. It was prepared from the roasted leaves and stems of the Yaupon Holly Ilex vomitoria, native to the Atlantic and Gulf coasts.
Black dwarf A black dwarf is a hypothetical astronomical object: a white dwarf so old that it has cooled down so that it no longer emits significant heat or light. None are expected to exist yet, since the time required for a white dwarf to cool down is calculated to be longer than the current age of the universe.
Black Dawn (film) Black Dawn is a 2005 straight-to-video action film, a directorial debut for cinematographer Alexander Gruszynski. It is a follow-up to the 2003 film The Foreigner, with Steven Seagal reprising his role as Jonathan Cold.
Black Death The Black Death, or Black Plague, was a devastating pandemic that began in south-western Asia and spread to Europe by the late 1340s, where it got the name Black Death. It killed between a third and two-thirds of Europe's population and, including Middle Eastern lands, India and China, killed at least 75 million people.
Black Death (comics) Black Death is a fictional character, a supervillain appearing in the Marvel universe, with the ability to manipulate objects with his black "aura" like field around him. He first appeared in Gravity: Big-City Super Hero, part of the Marvel Next imprint, which was aimed at younger readers and published miniseries in digest format.
Black Debbath The hard rock/metal band Black Debbath is a Norwegian constellation created by four of the core members of Duplex Records. Mixing the sound and energy from well known Black Sabbath (and others) and humorous lyrics.
Black Devil Black Devil is an electronic duo credited to Joachim Sherylee and Junior Claristidge, pseudonyms of two french library writers Bernard Fevre and Jackie Giordano. Their album, "Disco Club" was extremely important to the rise of the acid house movement.
Black Diamond (song) "Black Diamond" is a song by Kiss credited to Paul Stanley, even though it is said that it was co-written with Gene Simmons song ends the band's first album, Kiss], released in [[1974. It begins with an acoustic opening sung by Stanley before entering in furious riff with Peter Criss in lead vocals and fading out with Ace Frehley's solo, in a sort of studio trick.
Black Diamond Trophy The Black Diamond Trophy was a college football trophy that annually went to the winner of the West Virginia University and Virginia Tech football game. The trophy was introduced in 1997 and was meant to symbolize the Appalachian region’s rich coal heritage (the phrase Black Diamond is often used as a term for coal.
Black Diamond: The Anthology Black Diamond: The Anthology is a compilation album by the Finnish power metal band Stratovarius. It is an anthology of songs ranging from their debut album Fright Night to their latest self-titled album Stratovarius.
Black Diamonds Black Diamonds, or Carbonados, are black or coal colored diamonds sharing similar material properties to the more well-known white diamonds. Named carbonados by the Brazilians who first discovered them in 1840, black diamonds are found almost exclusively in Brazil and the Central African Republic.
Black Disciples The Black Disciples (often abbreviated as BDs) are a large African American street gang based in Chicago, Illinois. The gang is considered extremely violent and is known to engage in drug trafficking and distribution, in addition to other criminal activities.
Black Dispatches Black Dispatches was a common term used among Union military men in the American Civil War for intelligence on Confederate forces provided by Negroes. This source of information represented a prolific and productive category of intelligence obtained and acted on by Union forces throughout the Civil War.
Black Dog (film) Black Dog is a 1998 movie about an ex-convict truck driver played by Patrick Swayze, pursued by singers turned actors Randy Travis and Meat Loaf, the latter having set him up. This movie features abundant trucker lingo, although having been released in 1998, no trucker hats are shown.
Black Dog (song) "Black Dog" is a song by English rock band Led Zeppelin, which was released as the lead-off track of their untitled fourth album in 1971. It was released as a single in the US and Australia with Misty Mountain Hop on the B-side, and reached #15 on Billboard and #11 in Australia.
Black Dog Productions Adopting the British symbol for imminent doom as their name, The Black Dog are often credited with "inventing" the "idm" style of music, in producing a style of dance music equally enjoyable in the comfort of one's living room. While their work was showered with praise from a great number of club DJs, the DJs themselves rarely had the courage to play their tracks on the dancefloor.
Black Dogs Black Dogs is a 1992 novel by the Booker Prize-winning British author Ian McEwan. It concerns the aftermath of the Nazi era in Europe, and how the fall of the Berlin Wall in the late 1980s affects those who once saw Communism as a way forward for society.
Black Donnellys Black Donnellys is the common nickname of the Donnelly family, a family that emigrated from County Tipperary, Ireland, to Canada about 1845-1846, and who participated in a notorious feud in Biddulph Township, Ontario. Biddulph Township contains the village of Lucan, a location forever linked with this feud.
Black Dyke Band The Black Dyke Band, formerly the Black Dyke Mills Band, is one of the oldest and best known brass bands in the world. It was formerly the band of the Black Dyke Mills in Queensbury, West Yorkshire, England, a company owned by John Foster.
Black Economic Empowerment Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) is a program launched by the South African government to redress the inequalities of Apartheid by giving previously disadvantaged groups (black Africans, Coloureds and Indians) economic opportunuties previously not available to them. It includes measures such as Employment Equity, skills development, targets for ownership, management and preferential procurement.
Black Edelweiss Black Edelweiss: A Memoir of Combat and Conscience by a Soldier of the Waffen-SSVoss, Johann. Black Edelweiss: A Memoir of Combat and Conscience by a Soldier of the Waffen-SS, 224 pages, The Aberjona Press, July 2002.
Black Emanuelle Black Emanuelle (Emanuelle nera) is an Italian softcore film from 1975, the first in a series made to cash in on the success of the French film Emmanuelle, which was released the year before. Like that film, it was followed by a long string of official and unofficial sequels.
Black Ernz The Black Ernz (Luxembourgish: Schwaarz Iernz, French: Ernz noire, German: Schwarze Ernz) is a river flowing through Luxembourg, joining the Sauer at Grundhof. It flows through the towns of Junglinster and Mullerthal.
Black Eyed Kids Black Eyed Kids (sometimes called Black Eyed Children or BEK) are said to be children with eyes that are solid black, with no differentiation between sclera, pupil or iris. Those who report encounters with them often feel that the children were somehow supernatural and very dangerous.
Black family tree (Harry Potter) The Black family tree shows the members of one of the oldest magical families, and their links with many other magical families in the Harry Potter fantasy books. The details of this extended family tree were revealed in January 2006 when author J.
Black fax The term black fax (also known as a mobius fax) refers to a prank fax transmission, consisting of one or more pages entirely filled with a uniform black tone. The sender's intention is typically to consume as much of the recipient's fax ink or toner as possible, thus denying its owner its use (this is similar to computer-based denial of service attacks).
Black flounder The black flounder, Rhombosolea retiaria, is a flatfish of the genus Rhombosolea, found around New Zealand in shallow enclosed waters such as estuaries, harbours, mudflats, and sandflats, and in coastal freshwater lakes. Their length is from 20 to 45 cm.
Black fly A black fly (sometimes called a buffalo gnat, turkey gnat or white socks) is any member of the family Simuliidae of the Culicomorpha infraorder. They are related to the Ceratopogonidae, Chironomidae, and Thaumaleidae.
Black Family Channel Black Family Channel (founded in 1999 as MBC Network) is the only black owned and operated cable television network for African American families. The network's schedule includes a variety of programs including religious programs, sports, music, talk shows, and children's programs.
Black Fast The Black Fast was a form of Roman Catholic fasting, the most rigorous in the history of church legislation, was marked by austerity regarding the quantity and quality of food permitted on fasting days as well as the time wherein such food might be legitimately taken.The Black Fast - Catholic Encyclopedia article
Black Film Review Black Film Review was an international scholarly publication focusing on films and filmmakers from the African Diaspora, with a focus on independent cinema. Published by the University of the District of Columbia (UDC) Black Film Institute under director Tony Gittens, with funding from the National Endowment for the Arts.
Black Flag (band) Black Flag was a hardcore punk band formed in 1976 in southern California, largely as the brainchild of Greg Ginn, the guitarist, primary songwriter and sole continuous member through multiple personnel changes.
Black Flag (insecticide) Black Flag is the oldest American insecticide brand. Owned by The Fountainhead Group company, they make a variety of different products designed for killing and controlling insects including: Ants, Roaches, Spiders, Fleas, Flies, Yellow Jackets, Wasps, Hornets, Scorpions and many more.
Black Flag (newspaper) Black Flag is the name of a British anarchist newspaper, mainly known for its coverage of international anarchist politics as well as supporting "class war" prisoners. Black Flag was founded by Albert Meltzer and Stuart Christie in 1970.
Black Flag Army The Black Flags were a splinter remnant of the Taiping Rebels, largely of ethnic Zhuang background that crossed the border from Guangxi province of China into Upper Tonkin, in the Empire of Annam from Vietnam in the 1860s or 1880s.
Black Flame Black Flame is an imprint of BL Publishing, the publishing arm of Games Workshop and a sister imprint to the Black Library and Solaris Books. Black Flame is devoted to publishing cult fiction in the fields of science fiction, fantasy and horror.
Black Flying-fox The Black Flying-fox, Pteropus alecto is a fruit bat in the family Pteropodidae. It has short black hair with a contrasting reddish brown mantel with a mean forearm length of 164 mm and a mean weight of 710 grams.
Black For Death : An Icelandic Odyssey Part 2 Black for Death: An Icelandic Odyssey Part 2 is the sixth full-length album by Norwegian avantgarde metal band Solefald and the second half of a two part saga. The band was quoted as saying "Solefald was experimenting when everybody was being true.
Black Forest gateau Black Forest gateau (also commonly called Black Forest cake in Canada, the USA and Australia) is the English name for the southern German dessert Schwarzwälder Kirschtorte (literally "Black Forest cherry cake"). It is a popular dessert throughout Germany, Austria and the world.
Black Forest Observatory Black Forest Observatory or BFO (Observatorium Schiltach) is a geophysical observatory owned and operated by Karlsruhe University and Stuttgart University. It is located in the Black forest region of Germany near Stuttgart out of a mine named Anton which was abandoned and then converted in 1972.
Black Fox Nuclear Power Plant The Black Fox Nuclear Power Plant was a nuclear power plant proposed by the Public Service Company of Oklahoma (PSO) in May 1973. The facility was to be built approximately 12 miles outside of Inola, Oklahoma, and encompass the use of two General Electric (GE) Boiling Water Reactors.
Black Friday (1869) Black Friday, September 24, 1869, also known as the Fisk-Gould Scandal, was a financial panic in the United States caused by two speculators' efforts to corner the gold market. It was one of several scandals that rocked the presidency of Ulysses S.

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