Encyclopedia

Direct broadcast satellite Direct broadcast satellite (DBS) is a term used to refer to satellite television broadcasts intended for home reception, also referred to as direct-to-home signals. It covers both analog and digital television and radio reception, and is often extended to other services provided by modern digital television systems, including video-on-demand and interactive features.
Direct cable connection Direct Cable Connection, or DCC, is a feature of Microsoft Windows 95, 98, ME, XP, and 2000 that allows a computer to transfer and share files (or connected printers) with another computer, via a connection using either the serial, parallel, infrared IrDA, or USB ports of each computer. It is well-suited for computers that do not have an ethernet adapter installed, although DCC in Windows XP can be configured to use one (with a proper crossover cable if no Ethernet hub is used) if available.
Direct case In Indo-Aryan languages, the direct case is the name given to a grammatical case used with all three core relations: the agent of transitive verbs, the patient of transitive verbs, and the experiencer of intransitive verbs.
Direct coupled Also known as DC Amp, in this type of amplifier, the output of one stage of the amplifier is connected to the input of the next stage directly without using any reactive components like capacitors, inductors, transformers, etc. Therefore the frequency response of this amplifier is independent of frequency.
Direct coupling In electronics direct coupling is a way of interconnecting two circuits such that, in addition to transferring the signal (or information), the first stage also provides DC bias to the nextǂ. Thus, there is no need for a DC blocking capacitor to be used in order to interconnect the circuits, and this method is also known as DC coupling.
Direct current Direct current (DC or "continuous current") is considered as the constant flow of electrons in the single direction from low to high potential. This is typically in a conductor such as a wire, but can also be through semiconductors, insulators, or even through a vacuum as in electron or ion beams.
Direct Cinema Direct cinema is a form of documentary film that emerged in the late 1950s and the 1960s. Its origin is often associated with the advent of lightweight cameras and transportable, synchronized sound recording devices, although this sort of technological determinism is somewhat controversial.
Direct Client-to-Client Direct Client-to-Client (DCC) is an IRC-related sub-protocol enabling peers to interconnect using an IRC server for handshaking in order to exchange files or perform non-relayed chats. Once established, a typical DCC session runs independently from the IRC server.
Direct dial Direct dial is a means of placing a long distance telephone call in which the person making the call dials the number directly rather than going through an operator. It is the least expensive means of making a telephone call, as compared with operator-assisted telephone calls, such as long distance calls made at a pay phone, collect or person-to-person calls.
Direct distance dialing Direct Distance Dialing (DDD) is a telecommunications term for a network-provided service feature in which a call originator may, without operator assistance, call any other user outside the local calling area. DDD requires more digits in the number dialed than are required for calling within the local area or area code.
Direct Democracy Party of New Zealand The Direct Democracy Party of New Zealand is a New Zealand political party which promotes greater participation in government by ordinary citizens. It aims to establish a system of binding referendums similar to that used by Switzerland.
Direct election Direct election is a term describing a system of choosing political officeholders in which the voters directly cast ballots for the person, persons or political party that they desire to see elected. The method by which the winner or winners of a direct election are chosen depends upon the electoral system used.
Direct election republican model (Australia) A direct election republican model is a proposal for Australian constitutional reform. If proposal of this type is approved at a referendum, it would establish Australia as a republic with a Head of State chosen directly by the Australian electorate.
Direct entry officer A direct entry officer, or DEO, is a commissioned officer in the British, Canadian, and Australian armies. A direct entry officer is normally commissioned directly from civilian status, although he can also be commissioned from lower army ranks.
Direct evidence Direct Evidence is testimony or other proof which expressly or straight-forwardly proves the existence of a fact. It is different from circumstantial evidence, which is evidence that, without going directly to prove the existence of a fact, gives rise to a logical inference that such fact does exist.
Direct examination Direct examination (also called examination in chief) is the questioning of a witness by the party who called him or her, in a trial in a court of law. Direct examination is usually performed to elicit evidence in support of facts which will satisfy a required element of a party's claim or defense.
Direct experience Direct experience generally denotes experience gained through immediate sense perception. Many philosophical systems hold that knowledge or skills gained through direct experience cannot be fully put into words.
Direct Entertainment Direct Entertainment is a Hollywood, California-based entertainment production and management company, founded by manager/producer Trevor Chowning. Clients include Orson Welles protoge' Sasha Welles, writer Russ Littlefield, Larry Tee and DJ Slugo.
Direct flight A direct flight in the aviation industry traditionally refers to any flight between two destinations by an airline involving at least one intermediate stop, but with no change in flight numbers. With the advent of code sharing in particular, however, contemporary definitions of the term may include flights which also involve a change in aircraft and/or airline.
Direct free kick A direct free kick is a method of restarting play in a game of association football (soccer) following a foul. Unlike an indirect free kick, a goal may be scored directly against the opposing side without the ball having first touched another player.
Direct Factory Outlet A Direct Factory Outlet (DFO) is a name for a common no frills group of discount shopping centres in Australia. They are generally in large buildings, such as warehouses or former aircraft hangars, and contain stores where manufacturers and wholesalers can sell excess stock at a reduced price.
Direct historical approach The direct historical approach was an archaeological and anthropological technique developed and promoted by such American scholars as William Duncan Strong, Walter R. Wedel, and others during the 1920s and 1930s.
Direct holding system The direct holding system is a traditional system of securities clearance, settlement and ownership in which owners of securities had a direct relationship with the issuer. Investors would either be recorded on the issuer's register or be in physical possession of bearer securities certificates.
Direct integral In mathematics and functional analysis a direct integral is a generalization of the concept of direct sum. The theory is most developed for direct integrals of Hilbert spaces and direct integrals of von Neumann algebras.
Direct Inward Dialing Direct Inward Dialing (DID, also called DDI in Europe) is a feature offered by telephone companies for use with their customers' PBX system, whereby the telephone company (telco) allocates a range of numbers all connected to their customer's PBX. As calls are presented to the PBX, the number that the caller dials is also given, so that the PBX can decide which person in the office to route the call to.
Direct limit In mathematics, the direct limit (also called the inductive limit) is a general method of taking limits of "directed families of objects". We will first give the definition for algebraic structures like groups and modules, and then the general definition which can be used in any category.
Direct Line Direct Line is a division of the Royal Bank of Scotland that specialises in selling insurance and other financial services over the phone and internet. It was the first telephone insurer in the UK when launched in 1985 and soon became the UK's largest provider of motor vehicle insurance.
Direct mail fundraising Direct mail fundraising is a form of direct marketing widely used by nonprofit organizations in North America and Europe to recruit or "acquire" new donors or members and to inform, cultivate, resolicit, and "upgrade" the level of their contributions or dues. The technique has been shown to work equally well in many other countries across the globe.
Direct manipulation interface Direct manipulation is a human-computer interaction style that was defined by Ben Shneiderman and which involves continuous representation of objects of interest, and rapid, reversible, incremental actions and feedback. The intention is to allow a user to directly manipulate objects presented to them, using actions that correspond at least loosely to the physical world.
Direct market The direct market is the dominant distribution and retail network for North American comic books. It consists of a small number of distributors and the majority of comics specialty stores, as well as other retailers of comic books and related merchandise.
Direct marketing Direct marketing is a discipline within marketing that involves contacting individual customers' (business-to-business or consumer) directly and obtaining their responses and transactions for the purpose of developing and prolonging mutually profitable customer relationships. The term was coined in the 1970s by Lester Wunderman, who pioneered direct marketing techniques with brands such as American Express and Columbia Records, and by Herb Ahrend who introduced mass direct mail advertising techniques as early as the 1940s (employing hundreds of typists in New York City to mass produce offerings, the likes of which are now done by computer and laser printer).
Direct material price variance In variance analysis (accounting) direct material price variance is the difference between the standard cost and the actual cost for the actual quantity of material used or purchased. It is one of the two components (the other is direct material usage variance) of direct material total variance.
Direct material total variance In variance analysis (accounting) direct material total variance is the difference between the actual cost of actual number of units produced and its budgeted cost in terms of material. Direct material total variance can be divided into two components:
Direct material usage variance In variance analysis (accounting) direct material usage variance is the difference between the standard quantity of materials that should have been used for the number of units actually produced, and the actual quantity of materials used, valued at the standard cost per unit of material. It is one of the two components (the other is direct material price variance) of direct material total variance.
Direct memory access Direct memory access (DMA) is a feature of modern computers, that allows certain hardware subsystems within the computer to access system memory for reading and/or writing independently of the central processing unit. Many hardware systems use DMA including disk drive controllers, graphics cards, network cards, and sound cards.
Direct Machine Environment Direct Machine Environment, abbreviated DME, was a mainframe operating system for the ICL 2900 Series of computing systems from International Computers Ltd that was developed in the 1970s. DME was more-or-less an ICL 1900 order code processor in microcode, and the ICL 1900 series executive, ported to the ICL 2900 series and allowed the use of the 1900 series program libraries.
Direct Market Access Direct Market Access (DMA) refers to electronic facilities that allow buy side firms to more directly access liquidity for financial securities they may wish to buy or sell. Using DMA, the firms still use the infrastructure of sell side firms but take over more of the control over the way a transaction ("trade") is executed.
Direct navigation Direct navigation describes the method individuals use to navigate the Internet in order to arrive at specific websites. Direct navigation is a new, loosely defined term which is generally understood to include type-in traffic and bookmarked traffic.
Direct numerical simulation A direct numerical simulation (DNS) is a simulation in computational fluid dynamics in which the Navier-Stokes equations are numerically solved without any turbulence model. This means that the whole range of spatial and temporal scales of the turbulence must be resolved.
Direct Numerical Control Direct Numerical Control, also known as Distributed Numerical Control, (both DNC) is a common manufacturing term for networking CNC machine tools. On some CNC machine controllers, the available memory is too small to contain the machining program (for example machining complex surfaces), so in this case the program is stored in a separate computer and sent Direct to the machine, one block at a time.
Direct pressure Direct pressure is a procedure in first aid for reducing blood loss from a wound by applying pressure to the injury. Proper application of direct pressure and elevation of the wound are effective for nearly all minor and moderate wounds except when an artery or vein is torn.
Direct proof In mathematics and logic, a direct proof is a way of showing the truth or falsehood of a given statement by a straightforward combination of established facts, usually existing lemmas and theorems, without making any further assumptions. Logical deduction is employed to reason from assumptions to conclusion.
Direct public offering A company seeks a direct public offering (DPO) by raises capital by marketing its shares directly to its own customers, employees, suppliers, distributors and friends in the community. DPOs are an alternative to underwritten public offerings by securities broker-dealer firms where a company's shares are sold to the broker's customers and prospects.
Direct quantum chemistry Direct quantum chemistry covers a set of quantum chemical methods not using the Born-Oppenheimer representation. Direct quantum chemistry considers the motion of the nuclei and the electrons on the same time scales.
Direct read after write Direct read after write is a procedure that compares data recorded onto a medium against the source. A typical example would CD burning software which reads a CD-ROM once it has been burned onto, effectively ensuring that data written is the same as the data it was copied from.
Direct realism Direct realism (aka direct perception) is a theory of perception that claims that the senses provide us with direct awareness of the external world. In contrast, indirect realism and representationalism claim that we are directly aware only of internal representations of the external world.
Direct response marketing Direct response marketing is a form of marketing designed to solicit a direct response which is specific and quantifiable. The delivery of the response is direct between the viewer and the advertiser, that is, the customer responds to the marketer directly.
Direct response media Direct Marketing occurs when the seller and customer deal with each other directly in a two way communication. Digital individualized media, such as the Internet, has made this more cost effective, and easier to use.
Direct response television Direct Response Television, or DRTV for short, includes any TV programs that market goods and services directly from the manufacturer or wholesaler to the consumer, bypassing retail. This is a form of direct response marketing.
Direct revelation Direct Revelation is also known as “Dialogue Revelation” or “Revelation-Discourse”, where God or his angels communicates directly, in person, or by voice and impression or just by impression. Scholars believe that the pattern which God uses to communicate directly is in private - in a private manner, or in isolated places as seen with the appearance of the angel in the tomb of Jesus (Luke 24:1-5), or the appearance of Moses and Elijah on Mount Hermon, (or Mount Transfiguration) during the transfiguration of Jesus Christ (Mark 9:1-4).
Direct Relief International Direct Relief International is a non-profit organization founded on August 23, 1948 by William Zimdin and Dezso Karczag as the William Zindin Foundation. After Zimdin's death in 1951, Karczag assumed full ownership, and he remained owner until his death, when Thomas Tighe assumed control.
Direct Rendering Infrastructure In computing, the Direct Rendering Infrastructure (DRI) is an interface used in the X Window System to securely allow user applications to access the video hardware without requiring data to be passed (slowly) through the X server. Its primary application is to provide hardware acceleration of the Mesa implementation of OpenGL.
Direct Reporting Unit of the United States Air Force A Direct Reporting Unit (DRU) is an agency of the United States Air Force that is outside the bounds of the standard organizational hierarchy by being exclusively and uniquely under the control of Air Force headquarters alone, rather than reporting through a Major Command. The term "Direct Reporting Unit" comes from the fact that the unit reports directly to the Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force (or to a designated representative on the Air Staff).
Direct Representational Democracy for Israel Direct Representational Democracy for Israel is a non-partisan, political movement in Israel. It supports the applied principles of individual rights and individual responsibility through direct representation and protections against abuses of power in government.
Direct Rule Direct rule is the term given to the running of the government of Northern Ireland directly from Westminster. Although day-to-day matters are still handled by government departments within Northern Ireland itself, major policy is determined by the British Government's Northern Ireland Office, under the direction of the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, and legislation is introduced, amended, or repealed by means of order in council (effectively, rule by decree).
Direct stiffness method As one of the methods of structural analysis, the direct stiffness method (DSM), also known as the displacement method or matrix stiffness method, is particularly suited for computer-automated analysis of complex structures including the statically indeterminate type. The direct stiffness method is the most common implementation of the finite element method (FEM).
Direct sum of modules In abstract algebra, the direct sum is a construction which combines several modules into a new, bigger one. In a sense, the direct sum of modules is the "most general" module that contains the given ones as subspaces.
Direct Stream Digital Direct-Stream Digital (DSD) is the trademark name used by Sony and Philips for their system of recreating audible frequencies which uses pulse-density modulation encoding, a technology to store audio signals on digital storage media which is used for the Super Audio CD (SACD).
Direct Subsidy Scheme The Direct Subsidy Scheme (DSS) is instituted by the Hong Kong Education and Manpower Bureau (a division of the Hong Kong government) as a means to enhance the quality of private schools in Hong Kong at the kindergarten, primary, and secondary levels.
Direct Support Professional Direct Support Professionals (DSPs) are people who work directly with mentally disabled and/or developmentally disabled persons with the aim of integrating those individuals into society in the least restrictive environment.
Direct tax The term direct tax has more than one meaning: a colloquial meaning and, in the United States, a constitutional law meaning. Certain taxes may be direct taxes in the colloquial sense but indirect taxes in the constitutional sense.
Direct therapeutic exposure Direct Therapeutic Exposure (DTE) is a technique pioneered by Patrick A. Boudewyns, where stressors are vividly and safely confronted to help combat veterans, and patients suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic disorder, or phobias.
Direct thrombin inhibitor Direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) are a class of medication that act as anticoagulants (delaying blood clotting) by directly inhibiting the enzyme thrombin. Some are in clinical use, while others are undergoing clinical development.
Direct traffic control Direct Traffic Control (DTC) is a system for authorizing track occupancy used on some railroads instead of or in addition to signals. It is known as "direct" traffic control because the train dispatcher gives track authority directly to the train crew via radio, as opposed to through wayside personnel via telephone or telegraph, as in train orders.
Direct Voice Input A style of Human-Machine Interaction "HMI" where user voice commands are used to issue intructions to the machine. Has found some useage in modern military aircraft copkpit design, particularly Eurofighter, JSF and Rafale.
Direct-controlled municipality Direct-controlled municipalities are the highest-level cities in China, with status equal to that of the provinces. Both the People's Republic of China (PRC) on mainland and the Republic of China (ROC) on Taiwan adopt this system with some variations.
Direct-conversion receiver The Direct conversion receiver, (DCR) also known as Homodyne, Synchrodyne, or zero-IF receiver, is a radio receiver design with a unique system of demodulating amplitude modulated (AM) signals. It uses a local oscillator, synchronized in frequency to the carrier of the wanted signal, to modulate the received signal.
Direct-inverse language A direct-inverse language is a language where clauses with transitive verbs can be expressed either using a direct or an inverse construction. The direct construction is used when the subject of the transitive clause outranks the object in saliency or animacy but the inverse is used when the "notional object" outranks the "notional subject".
Direct-sequence code division multiple access Direct-Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA) is a multiple access scheme based on direct-sequence spread spectrum, by spreading the signals from/to different users with different codes. It is the most widely used type of CDMA.
Direct-sequence spread spectrum In telecommunications, direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) is a modulation technique. As with other spread-spectrum technologies, the transmitted signal takes up more bandwidth than the information signal that is being modulated.
Direct-Shift Gearbox The Direct-Shift Gearbox (Direktschaltgetriebe) is a dual-clutch gearbox designed by BorgWarner and initially licensed to Volkswagen Group (which owns the Volkswagen, Audi, SEAT, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, and Ĺ koda brands). By using two clutches, fast shifts can be achieved, and the torque converter of a regular automatic transmission is eliminated.
Direct-to-video A film that is released direct-to-video (also known as made-for-video, straight-to-video and, more recently, straight-to-DVD) is one which has been released to the public on home video formats (historically VHS) before or without being released in movie theaters or broadcast on television. The term is also at times used as a derogatory term for sequels of films that are not expected to have financial success.
Direct2Drive Direct2Drive is a video game distributor and retail store operated alongside its FilePlanet service by IGN and GameSpy since 2004. Rather than selling physical inventory, the site provides online-only distribution of computer games and related materials using the Direct2Drive Download Manager, and allows customers to re-download purchased materials on demand.
Direct3D Direct3D is part of Microsoft's DirectX API. Direct3D is only available for Microsoft's various Windows operating systems (Windows 95 and above) and is the base for the graphics API on the Xbox and Xbox 360 console systems.
DirectBand DirectBand™ is a North American wireless datacast network owned and operated by Microsoft. It uses FM radio broadcasts in over 100 cities to constantly transmit data to a variety of devices, including wristwatches and home weather stations.
Directed acyclic graph In computer science and mathematics, a directed acyclic graph, also called a dag or DAG, is a directed graph with no directed cycles; that is, for any vertex v, there is no nonempty directed path starting or ending on v. DAGs appear in models where it doesn't make sense for a vertex to have a path to itself; for example, if an edge u→v indicates that v is a part of u, such a path would indicate that u is a part of itself, which is impossible.
Directed acyclic word graph A directed acyclic word graph (DAWG) is a data structure in computer science similar to a trie but much more space efficient. It is used to represent a set of strings and supports a constant time search operation.
Directed mutagenesis Directed mutagenesis, also known as directed mutation, is a largely discredited hypothesis proposing that organisms can respond to environmental stresses through directing mutations to certain genes or areas of the genome.
Directed ortho metalation Directed ortho metalation (DoM) is an adaptation of electrophilic aromatic substitution in which electrophiles attach themselves exclusively to the ortho- position of a direct metalation group or DMG through the intermediary of an aryllithium compound Directed ortho metalation. Tertiary amide and O-carbamate directors in synthetic strategies for polysubstituted aromatics Victor Snieckus Chem.
Directed percolation In statistical physics Directed Percolation (DP) refers to a class of models that mimic filtering of fluids through porous materials along a given direction. Varying the microscopic connectivity of the pores, these models display a phase transition from a macroscopically permeable (percolating) to an impermeable (non-percolating) state.
Directed pitch In baseball, a directed pitch is a punishment ordered by the umpire and given by the pitcher to penalize the batter. Under the Official Baseball Rules, if a batter refuses or delays entry into the batter's box after being told to do so by the umpire, the umpire shall direct the pitcher to pitch the ball even without a ready batter, and such a pitch shall be called a strike regardless of its location.
Directed Studies at Yale University Directed Studies at Yale University is a selective humanities study program for freshmen, popularly known as "DS" or even "Directed Suicide" or "Death Sentence" for a workload that includes reading up to 1,500 pages per week.
Directed verdict In law, a directed verdict is an order from the judge presiding over a jury trial that one side or the other wins. Typically, the judge orders a directed verdict after finding that no reasonable jury could reach a decision to the contrary.
Directeur sportif A directeur sportif is a person who is responsible for the operation of a cycling team during a road bicycle racing event. At the highest professional level, a directeur sportif typically follows the team in a team car, and communicates with the riders, support personnel, and race officials via radio.
DirectFB DirectFB is a software library for the GNU/Linux operating system that provides "hardware graphics acceleration, input device handling and abstraction, integrated windowing system with support for translucent windows and multiple display layers on top of the Linux Framebuffer Device." library allows developers to bypass the X Window System], which has been traditionally used to support graphics in [[UNIX-like operating systems.
Direction (geometry, geography) Direction is the information contained in the relative position of one point with respect to another point without the distance information. Directions may be either relative to some indicated reference (the violins in a full orchestra are typically seated to the left of the conductor), or absolute according to some previously agreed upon frame of reference (New York City lies due west of Madrid).
Direction – Social Democracy The Direction – Social Democracy (Slovak: Smer – sociálna demokracia) party — before January 1 2005 called Direction (the Third Way) (Smer (tretia cesta)) —, often just Smer, is a political party in Slovakia, led by Robert Fico. It is considered to be left of centre.
Direction centrale de la police judiciaire The Direction Centrale de la Police Judiciaire is the national authority of the criminal division of the French Police nationale. Its function is to lead and coordinate the action of the law enforcement forces (Police Nationale and Gendarmerie Nationale) against organised crime (either criminal or financial activities) with the collaboration of other institutions (Customs, Revenue Service).
Direction centrale des renseignements généraux The Direction Centrale des Renseignements Généraux (Central Direction of General Intelligence), often called Renseignements Généraux (RG), is the intelligence service of the French police, under orders of the Direction Générale de la Police Nationale (DGPN), and ultimately of the Ministry of the Interior. It is also in charge of the monitoring of gambling places and horse racing ranges.
Direction Centrale de la Sécurité Publique The Direction Centrale de la Sécurité Publique ("Central Directorate of Public Security", DCSP) is the patrol and response arm of the French National Police (Police Nationale) responsible for keeping the peace and maintaining public order in the cities and large towns of France.
Direction de la surveillance du territoire The Direction de la Surveillance du Territoire (DST; Directorate of Territorial Surveillance) is a directorate of the French National Police operating as a domestic intelligence agency. Its attributions include counterespionage, counterterrorism and more generally the security of France against foreign threats and interference, including economic.
Direction générale de la sécurité extérieure La Direction Générale de la Sécurité Extérieure (DGSE), or “Directorate-General of External Security” is France’s external intelligence agency. It was formed on April 2, 1982 to replace the former Service de Documentation Extérieure et de Contre-Espionnage (SDECE).
Direction of arrival In signal processing literature, direction of arrival, denotes the direction from which usually a propagating wave arrives at a point, where usually a set of sensors are located. This set of sensors forms what is called a sensor array.
Direction of movement In ballroom dancing (as well as in other types of partner dance), directions of (progressive) movement, in particular, directions of steps, can be indicated either in relation to the room or in relation to the body position. Directions of turns, although there are only two of them, may also be indicated in several ways.
Directional array In broadcast engineering, directional array refers to multiple antennae arranged such that the superposition of the electromagnetic waves produce a predictable electromagnetic field. By spacing 2 or more antenna elements apart, changing the length of the transmission line from the transmitter, varying the power output, and shifting the phase, radio broadcasters can "shape" the area of signal coverage.
Directional arrow Directional arrows are a type of traffic sign directing people to points of interest such as commuter rail stations, colleges, tourist attractions, neighboring communities and the like, but the popularity of these signs is falling because of the use of websites on which to look up driving directions such as Mapquest.
Directional boring Directional boring, commonly called horizontal Directional drilling or HDD, is a method of installing underground pipes and conduits along a prescribed bore path from the surface, with minimal impact to the surrounding area. Directional boring is the answer when trenching or excavating is not practical.
Directional derivative In mathematics, the directional derivative of a multivariate differentiable function along a given vector V at a given point P intuitively represents the instantaneous rate of change of the function, moving through P, in the direction of V. It therefore generalizes the notion of a partial derivative, in which the direction is always taken parallel to one of the coordinate axes.
Directional drilling Directional drilling (sometimes known as slant drilling outside the oil industry) is the science of drilling non-vertical wells. Directional drilling can be broken down into three main groups; Oilfield Directional Drilling, Utility Installation Directional Drilling (commonly known as H.
Directional Infrared Counter Measures The Directional Infrared Counter Measures (DIRCM) is a system produced by Northrop Grumman and BAE Systems to protect aircraft from infrared (heat seeking) missiles. It is a lightweight, compact system designed to provide mission vulnerable aircraft with increased protection from common battlefield threats.

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