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European Architecture Students Assembly Every year since 1981, hundreds of European students of architecture have gathered each summer to discuss and work with architecture, student to student. These summer schools are organised by EASA (European Architecture Students Assembly) and happens in a new place and with a specific theme for each year.
European Arrest Warrant The European Arrest Warrant (EAW, or more rarely, EUAW) is an arrest warrant to allow the arrest of criminal suspects and their transfer for trial or detention which is valid throughout the states of the European Union (EU). The EAW is an attempt to increase the speed of extradition throughout EU countries, as well as change the mechanism from having a "political and administrative phase" into a system run by the judiciary.
European Article Number A European Article Number (EAN) is a barcoding standard which is a superset of the original 12-digit Universal Product Code (UPC) system developed in North America. The EAN-13 barcode is defined by the standards organisation GS1.
European Article Numbering-Uniform Code Council EAN International-Uniform Code Council (EAN-UCC) was a supply chain standards family name, formally the EAN.UCC System, that included product barcodes which are printed on the great majority of products available in stores worldwide and electronic commerce standards.
European Assizes The European Assizes was a one-time assembly of the European Parliament and the national parliaments of the member states of the European Union in Rome in 1990. Under the theme of "The future of the Community; the implications, for the Community and the Member States, of the proposals concerning Economic and Monetary Union and Political Union and, more particularly, the role of the national parliaments and of the European Parliament", it led to two declarations about the desirability of involving national parliaments more in the affairs of the European Union.
European Association for Evolutionary and Political Economy The European Association for Evolutionary Political Economy (EAEPE) is a pluralist forum of social scientists that brings together the theorists and theoretical traditions to develop a more realistic and adequate approach to theory and policy.
European Association for Machine Translation The European Association for Machine Translation is the European branch of the International Association for Machine Translation. It is a non-profit organisation and organises conferences and workshops on the subject of machine translation.
European Association for Osseointegration The European Association for Osseointegration (EAO) is a non-profit organisation founded in Munich in 1991 to serve as an international, interdisciplinary and independent science based forum for all professionals interested in the art and science of Osseointegration.
European Association for Quality Assurance in Higher Education The European Association for Quality Assurance in Higher Education (ENQA) came into being in 2000 as the European Network for Quality Assurance in Higher Education. In 2004 it was transformed from a network into an association.
European Association of Archaeologists The European Association of Archaeologists is a pan-European organisation for professional archaeologists founded in 1994. In 1999 it was recognised by the Council of Europe and given "consultative status" with the Council.
European Association of Daily Newspapers in Minority and Regional Languages (MIDAS) The European Association of Daily Newspapers in Minority and Regional Languages (MIDAS) is politically independent, non-profit association for minority press with headquarters based at the European Academy Bolzano (EURAC).
European Association of Distance Teaching Universities The European Association of Distance Teaching Universities (EADTU) is the representative organisation of both the European open and distance learning universities and of the national consortia of higher education institutions active in the field of distance education and e-learning. Therefore it is the main voice of the community for open and distance higher education and e-learning in Europe.
European Athlete of the Year Award The European Athlete of the Year Award is an annual prize handed out to athletes participating in track and field competitions. The election is organised by the European governing body for the sport of athletics, the European Athletic Association (EAA), since 1993.
European Atomic Energy Community The European Atomic Energy Community, or EURATOM, is an international organisation composed of the members of the European Union. It was established on March 25, 1957, by a second treaty of Rome, signed the same day as the more famous Treaty of Rome, instituting the European Economic Community (EEC).
European Automobile Manufacturers Association The European Automobile Manufacturers Association (French: Association des Constructeurs Européens d'Automobiles; abbreviated ACEA) is the main lobbying group of the automobile industry in the European Union. Its members include BMW, Volkswagen AG, Volvo, Ford, DAF, Renault, Fiat Group, Scania AB, Porsche, DaimlerChrysler, PSA Peugeot Citroën, and MAN AG
European Aviation Air Charter European Aviation Air Charter is an airline based in Bournemouth, United Kingdom. It operates ad hoc passenger and cargo charter services from airports in the UK and other parts of Europe, as well as a leasing service to airlines.
European Aviation Safety Agency European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) is an agency of the European Union with offices in Cologne, Germany, which has been given specific regulatory and executive tasks in the field of civilian aviation safety. It became operational on September 28, 2003, and continues to grow.
European Banking Federation The European Banking Federation (abbreviated EBF or FBE) is an organization of the European banking sector, representing interest of over 4,500 European banks in 27 countries with combined assets of over 20,000 billion euros and around 2.3 million employees.
European Baptist Convention European Baptist Convention was an association of English-speaking churches and missions in Europe and Middle East. The European Baptist Convention (English Speaking), not to be confused with the European Baptist Federation, has its roots in the Association of Baptists in Continental Europe (ABCE) and mission work by the Southern Baptist Convention (SBC).
European Baseball Championship The European Baseball Championship is the main championship tournament between national baseball teams in Europe, governed by the Confédération Européenne de Baseball (CEB). It is held every other year in odd-numbered years.
European Bat Night European Bat Night is the name of a popular, annual event hosted by ecologists to draw public awareness to menaced bat populations in Europe. It is always held on a late summer weekend; in 2004, it was held on the 28/29th of August for the 8th year in a row.
European Beaver The European Beaver (Castor fiber) is an endangered aquatic mammal which was hunted almost to extinction in Europe, both for fur and for castoreum, a secretion of its scent gland believed to have medicinal properties. Database entry includes justification for why this species is near threatened However, this beaver is now being re-introduced throughout Europe.
European Bioinformatics Institute The European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI), part of European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), is a centre for research and services in bioinformatics. It is located by the small village of Hinxton, outside Cambridge, England.
European Biomass Association The European Biomass Association (AEBIOM, from the official French name Association Européenne pour la Biomasse) is a group of national biomass associations with membership open to representatives of the European Union and Central and Eastern Europe. It was founded in 1990 and aims to promote biomass production and application throughout Europe.
European BioSafety Association The European BioSafety Association (EBSA) is a non-profit organization, founded in June 1996, which provides a forum to its members to discuss and debate issues of concern and to represent those working in the field of biosafety and associated activities. Its mission is to enhance knowledge and understanding of biological safety throughout Europe and the world.
European Black Pine The European Black Pine Pinus nigra (generally called Black Pine in Europe), is a variable species of pine, occurring across southern Europe from Spain to the Crimea, and also in Asia Minor, Cyprus, and locally in the Atlas Mountains of northwest Africa. It is found at elevations ranging from sea level to 2,000 m, most commonly from 250–1,600 m.
European Broadcasting Union The European Broadcasting Union (EBU), known in French as L'Union Européenne de Radio-Télévision (UER), and unrelated to the European Union, was formed on 12 February 1950 by 23 broadcasting organisations from Europe and the Mediterranean at a conference in the coastal resort of Torquay in Devon, England. In 1993, the International Radio and Television Organisation (OIRT), an equivalent organisation of broadcasters from Central and Eastern Europe, was merged with the EBU.
European Bureau for Lesser-Used Languages The European Bureau for Lesser-Used Languages (EBLUL) is a non-governmental organisation promoting linguistic diversity and languages founded in 1982. The organisation has close ties with both the European Parliament and the Council of Europe, and is funded by both the European Commission and local and regional governmental organisations.
European colonization of Arizona Although the first European visitors to Arizona may have come in 1528, the most influential expeditions in early Spanish Arizona were those of Marcos de Niza and Francisco Vásquez de Coronado. The accounts of the early Spanish explorers with large mythical cities such as CĂbola, and large mineral deposits of copper and silver, would attract settlers and miners to the region in later years.
European colonization of the Americas The first known Europeans to contact the Americas were the Vikings ("Norse"), who established several colonies in the Americas. Leif Erikson established a short-lived settlement in Vinland, present day Newfoundland.
European comics European comics is a generalized terms for comics produced in Continental Europe. Though technically European, British comics are for historical and cultural reasons considered separate from European comics due to the existence of a well-established domestic market and traditions which more closely resemble the development of American comics.
European conger The European conger, Conger conger, is a conger of the family Congridae, found in the eastern Atlantic from Norway and Iceland to Senegal, and also in the Mediterranean and Black Sea, at depths down to 1170 m. Length is up to 3 m, and weight up to 110 kg.
European Capital of Culture The European Capital of Culture is a city designated by the European Union for a period of one year during which it is given a chance to showcase its cultural life and cultural development. A number of European cities have used the City of Culture year to transform their cultural base and, in doing so, the way in which they are viewed internationally.
European Car of the Year The European Car of the Year award was established in 1964 by a collective of automobile magazines from different countries in Europe. The current organisers of the award are Auto (Italy), Autocar (UK), Autopista (Spain), Autovisie (Netherlands), L'Automobile Magazine (France), Stern (Germany) and Vi Bilägare (Sweden).
European Centre for Development Policy Management (ECDPM) The European Centre for Development Policy Management is an independent foundation which was established in 1986 in order to monitor and support development cooperation between the European Union and the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries.
European Centre for Minority Issues European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI) is the joint project of Germany and Denmark, supported by the governments of these states and to a great extent funded by the European Union. It is an autonomous, politically independent organization.
European Centre of Enterprises with Public Participation and of Enterprises of General Economic Interest [Centre of Enterprises with Public Participation and of Enterprises of General economic Interest (CEEP; Centre européen des entreprises à participation publique et des entreprises d'intérêt économique général) is a european] association to represent public enterprises and enterprises which carry out services of general economic interest, whatever their ownership or status.
European Century The European Century is a term, which was first used by Mark Leonard in his book Why Europe Will Run the 21st Century (published in the US under the title Perpetual Power: Why Europe Will Run the 21st Century) and is used to describe the belief that the 21st century will become a century in which the current European way of doing things will become dominant in the world. Especially the European integration process which culminated in the European Union is highlighted.
European Civil Aviation Conference The European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC) or Conférence Européenne de l'Aviation Civile (CEAC) is an international organization with close ties to the United Nations, the International Civil Aviation Organization, the Council of Europe and the institutions of the European Union such as EUROCONTROL and the Joint Aviation Authorities. ECAC was founded in 1955 in order to "promote the continued development of a safe, efficient and sustainable European air transport system by harmonis[ing] civil aviation policies and practices amongst its Member States [and promoting] understanding on policy matters between its Member States and other parts of the world".
European Civil Engineering Education and Training The Thematic Network EUCEET (EUropean Civil Engineering Education and Training) was founded 1998 and involves leading higher education institutions and companies from 29 countries eligible for support within the European Community action programme SOCRATES, as well as research centres, professional associations, trans-european associations in the field of civil engineering education.
European Civil War The "European Civil War" is a debated period in history between the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War on July 19, 1870 and end of the European portion of World War II on May 8, 1945. The concept is a minority interest within academics but growing in prominence as Europe progressively integrates into a single nation state.
European Classification The European Classification (ECLA) is a patent classification system maintained by the European Patent Office (EPO). The ECLA classification system contains 134 000 subdivisions and is an extension of the International Patent Classification system.
European Climate Exchange The European Climate Exchange is a sister company of the Chicago Climate Exchange that manages sales and marketing of environmental instruments in Europe. More specifically, these are ECX Carbon Financial Instruments (ECX CFIS), which are listed on the International Petroleum Exchange (IPE) (the name has now been changed to ICE Futures).
European Climate Change Programme The European Climate Change Programme (ECCP) was launched in June 2000 by the European Union's European Commission. The goal of the ECCP is to identify, develop and implement all the necessary elements of an EU strategy to implement the Kyoto Protocol.
European Clinical Research Infrastructures Network The European Clinical Research Infrastructures Network (ECRIN) was established in 2004 with funding from Sixth Framework Programme as a reciprocal knowledge programme, to connect national networks of clinical research infrastructures throughout the European Union.
European Club Soccer European Club Soccer is a 1992 football videogame by Krisalis released for the Sega Mega Drive mostly based on Manchester United Europe, released one year before for the Commodore Amiga, among other platforms. Like the previously endorsed game, European Club Soccer focus on european competitions, but with only on the European Champions Cup, which can be explained by the lower capacity of the console and the lack of differences between competitions other than the number of teams.
European Coal and Steel Community The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was founded in 1951 (Treaty of Paris), by France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands to pool the steel and coal resources of its member-states.
European Commission The European Commission (formally the Commission of the European Communities) is the executive body of the European Union. Alongside the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union, it is one of the three main institutions governing the Union.
European Commission of Human Rights From 1954 to the entry into force of Protocol 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights, individuals did not have direct access to the European Court of Human Rights; they had to apply to the European Commission of Human Rights, which if it found the case to be well-founded would launch a case in the Court on the individual's behalf. Protocol 11 which came into force in 1998 abolished the Commission, enlarged the Court, and allowed individuals to take cases directly to it.
European Commission Regulation 261/2004 European Commission Regulation 261/2004 is a regulation promulgated by the European Commission which went into effect on 2005-02-18. It sets out the entitlements of air passengers when a flight that they intend to travel on is delayed or cancelled, or when they are denied boarding to such a flight due to overbooking, or when the airline is unable to accommodate them in the class they had booked.
European Commissioner for Education, Training, Culture and Multilingualism European Commissioner for Education, Training, Culture and Multilingualism is a member of the European Commission responsible for policies in education and training, youth, sport, civil society, culture , translation, interpretation, relations with the Office for Official Publications of the European Communities and multilingualism.
European Commissioner for External Relations and European Neighbourhood Policy The external relations policy of the Barroso Commission is based on three key basic propositions on the EU’s role in the emerging world order. The EU is a global player; it pursues a specific foreign policy philosophy which one could term “effective multilateralism”; and, thanks to its specific nature, the Union disposes of a wide range of foreign policy instruments which are particularly suited to respond to today's challenges.
European Committee for Standardization CEN, the European Committee for Standardization or Comité Européen de Normalisation, is a private non-profit organization whose mission is to foster the European economy in global trading, the welfare of European citizens and the environment by providing an efficient infrastructure to interested parties for the development, maintenance and distribution of coherent sets of standards and specifications.
European Committee of Domestic Equipment Manufacturers In 1958, CECED was founded on the initiative of the Western-European National Associations. Since 1997 it has established a permanent office in Brussels to better represent the industry vis-á-vis the European Union institutions.
European Committee on Radiation Risk The European Committee on Radiation Risk (ECRR) is a committee set up in 1997 by the European Green Party, (including Green Party MEPs) to discuss the contents of the European Directive 96/29/EURATOM which sets out the basic standards regarding radiation protection in the European Union. The group includes several prominent critics of the dominant view of radiation risk such as articulated by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) and the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR).
European Communities Act 1972 (Ireland) The European Communities Act 1972 is an act of the Oireachtas (Irish parliament) which incorporated the Treaty of Rome and the laws of the then European Community into the domestic law of the Republic of Ireland. The Act did not just just incorporate the law of the EC which existed prior to its enactment but incorporated, prospectively, legislative acts of the Community enacted subsequently.
European Community The European Community (EC), most important of two European Communities, was originally founded on March 25, 1957 by the signing of the Treaty of Rome under the name of European Economic Community. The 'Economic' was removed from its name by the Maastricht treaty in 1992, which at the same time effectively made the European Community the first of three pillars of the European Union, called the Community (or Communities) Pillar.
European Company Statute The Council Regulation on the Statute for a European Company of the European Union (adopted October 8 2001; OJ L 294, 10 November 2001, pp. 1-21) contains rules for a European Public Company, called an SE (abbreviation for Societas Europaea, Latin for 'European Company'); there is also a statute allowing a European Cooperative Society (Societas Cooperativa Europaea, SCE).
European Computer Driving Licence The European Computer Driving Licence (ECDL) and International Computer Driving Licence (ICDL) are certificates issued by the non-profit ECDL Foundation, concerning basic computer usage. ECDL is the European name used for the certificate within Europe, while ICDL is the name used elsewhere.
European Confederation of Independent Trade Unions The European Confederation of Independent Trade Unions (CESI; French Confédération Européene des Syndicats, German Europäische Union der unabhängigen Gewerkschaften, Italian Confederazione Europea Sindacati Indipendenti) is a regional trade union federation representing 5 million members of independent trade unions in Europe.
European Confederation of Police The European Confederation of Police (EuroCOP) is the umbrella organization of 29 trade unions from 21 European countries, which represent a total of about 600,000 police people. It was founded in 2002 at a conference in Roskilde, Denmark, emerging from the Union Internationale des Syndicats de Police (UISP), which had existed since 1953.
European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations The European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) was established on June 26, 1959 as a coordinating body for European state telecommunications and postal organizations. The acronym comes from the French version of its name Conférence européenne des administrations des postes et des télécommunications.
European Conference on Artificial Intelligence The European Conference on Artificial Intelligence ("ECAI"), is a biannual conference and is the leading conference in its field in Europe. ECAI-06 is organized by ITC-Irst, Trento, Italy, and will take place in Riva del Garda.
European Conference on Information Systems The European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS) is an annual conference for Information Systems and Information Technology academics and professionals and is affiliated with the Association for Information Systems.
European Consortium for Political Research The European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR) is an independent, scholarly association, which supports and encourages the training, research and cross-national cooperation of many thousands of academics and graduate students specialising in political science and all its sub-disciplines. ECPR membership is institutional rather than individual and from 8 members (Bergen, Gothenburg, Essex, Leiden, Mannheim, Nuffield College (Oxford), Strathclyde and Paris (FNSP)) at its inception in 1970 membership now stands at over 300 institutions throughout Europe, with associate members spread across the world:
European Consortium of Innovative Universities The European Consortium of Innovative Universities (ECIU) was founded in 1997 by 10 European universities. The goal was to create a European network, where participating universities could exchange experience and best practice of projects within education, research and regional development.
European Constituent Assembly European constituent assembly is a project thought by European citizens to make a European constitution by a democratic and representative way, which is the election by European people of a constituent assembly
European Constitution in Interlingua The European Constitution was translated speedily into Interlingua by 23 Interlinguists. The translation was ready in time to be published online on October 29, 2004, the day the document was signed by heads of state.
European Convention The European Convention, sometimes known as the Convention on the Future of Europe, was a body established by the European Council in December 2001 as a result of the Laeken Declaration. Its purpose was to produce a draft constitution for the European Union for the Council to finalise and adopt.
European Convention for the Protection of Pet Animals The European Convention for the Protection of Pet Animals is a treaty of the Council of Europe to promote the welfare of pet animals and ensure minimum standards for their treatment and protection. The treaty was signed in 1987 and became effective on May 1, 1992, after at least four countries had ratified it.
European Convention on Human Rights The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, also known as the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), was adopted under the auspices of the Council of EuropeThe Council of Europe should not be confused with the Council of the European Union. The European Union is not a party to the Convention and has no role in the administration of the European Court of Human Rights.
European Convention on Human Rights Act The European Convention on Human Rights Act, 2003 was an Act of the Oireachtas that enshrined the European Convention on Human Rights in Irish law. It resembles the Human Rights Act, 1998 adopted in the United Kingdom.
European Convention on the International Classification of Patents for Invention The European Convention on the International Classification of Patents for Invention was signed on December 19 1954 in Paris, France by members of the Council of Europe. It entered into force on August 1 1955 and it was denounced by all Parties and ceased to be in force as from February 18 1999.
European Coordinating Committee for Artificial Intelligence The European Coordinating Committee for Artificial Intelligence (ECCAI) is the representative body for the European Artificial Intelligence community. Its aim is to promote study, research, and applications of AI in Europe.
European Council for Fatwa and Research A Dublin-based private foundation, founded in London on 29 March - 30 March 1997 on the initiative of the Federation of Islamic Organisations in Europe, the European Council for Fatwa and Research ('ECFR') is a largely self-selected body, composed by Islamic clerics and scholars, presided by Yusuf al-Qaradawi, and considered as belonging to the islamist tendency within the Islamic world community, the Ummah.
European Council of Applied Sciences and Engineering The European Council of Applied Sciences and Engineering (Euro-CASE) is a European non-profit organization, which groups 19-20 European national academies of Engineering, Applied Sciences and Technology. The organization provides a European forum for exchange and consultation between European Institutions, industry, research, and national governments.
European Council on Refugees and Exiles The European Council on Refugees and Exiles (ECRE) is a pan-European network of refugee-assisting non-governmental organisations that promotes a humane and generous European asylum policy. ECRE celebrated its 30th year of promoting the rights of asylum seekers and refugees in Europe in 2004.
European Court of Auditors The European Court of Auditors is one of five institutions of the European Union. Its "mission is to audit independently the collection and spending of European Union funds and, through this, assess the way that the European institutions discharge these functions".
European Court of Human Rights The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), often referred to informally as the "Strasbourg Court", was created to systematise the hearing of human rights complaints against States Parties to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, adopted by the Council of Europe in 1950 (at present, all member states of the Council of Europe are also parties to the Convention, but there is no necessary connection between the two). The Court's mission is to enforce the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, by ruling over complaints against human rights violations committed by States Parties, and brought to the Court either by other States Parties or by individuals subject to the jurisdiction of a State Party.
European Court of Justice The Court of Justice of the European Communities, usually called the European Court of Justice (ECJ), is the supreme court of the European Union (EU). It is based in Luxembourg City, unlike most of the rest of the European Union institutions, which are based in Brussels and Strasbourg.
European Covered Bond Council The European Covered Bond Council (ECBC) is a platform for covered bond market participants which brings together covered bond issuers, analysts, investment bankers, rating agencies and a wide range of interested market participants.
European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS) is a standard for comparing the study attainment and performance of students of higher education across the European Union. For successfully completed studies, ECTS credits are awarded.
European Cricket Council The European Cricket Council (ECC) is an international body which oversees cricket in European countries other than the Test-playing cricketing nation of England and Wales. (For cricketing purposes, Israel is considered to be a European country.
European Cricket Championship The European Cricket Championship is a group of various tournaments in which national cricket sides throughout Europe compete. The tournament is designed to encourage and develop the best players in countries where cricket is not a major sport, and Europe's only Test cricket playing country, England, does not currently enter a side.
European Cultural Month European Cultural Month is an event created by the European Union to promote culture. It is similar to the European City of Culture, but lasting for a shorter time and intended mainly for the Central and Eastern European countries.
European Cultural Route A European Cultural Route is a title awarded to cultural routes recognised as significant throughout Europe by the Council of Europe. The European Institute of Cultural Routes is the body established to help the Council of Europe co-ordinate the development of these routes.
European Cup 1958-59 The season 1958-59 of the European Cup football club tournament was won by Real Madrid against Stade de Reims in the final, a repeat of the first ever final in the competition, this time at Neckarstadion, Stuttgart, on June 3, 1959.
European Cup 1959-60 The season 1959-60 of the European Cup football club tournament was won by Real Madrid for the fifth consecutive time in a memorable final in Glasgow against Eintracht Frankfurt, with a score 7-3, a record score for the competition's finals.
European Cup 1960-61 The season 1960-61 of the European Cup football club tournament was won by SL Benfica for the first time in a tight final against FC Barcelona. Real Madrid, winner of the first five finals, were shocked in the first round by big rivals FC Barcelona.
European Cup 1968-69 The season 1968-69 of the European Cup football club tournament was won by AC Milan against Ajax in a one-sided final match. A number of Eastern European clubs withdrew from the first two rounds for political reasons.
European Cup 1969-70 The season 1969-70 of the European Cup football club tournament was won by Feyenoord Rotterdam in an extra time final victory against Celtic FC. It was the first time the cup went to the Netherlands, and beginning a run of four consecutive years the trophy went there.
European Cup 1972-73 The season 1972-73 of the European Cup football club tournament was won by for the third consecutive time by Ajax in the final against Juventus at the Marakana stadium in Belgrade. This achievement meant that Ajax were awarded the badge of honour, and got to keep the cup permanently meaning another was to be made for the next season.
European Cup 1973-74 The season 1973-74 of the European Cup football club tournament was won for the first time by Bayern Munich, beginning their own three year period of domination, in a replayed final against Atlético Madrid. This was the first time the cup went to Germany, and the first European Cup final to require a replay after the first match was drawn 1-1 after extra time.
European Cup 1974-75 The season 1974-75 of the European Cup football (soccer) club tournament was won by for the second consecutive time by Bayern Munich in the final against Leeds United.Many Leeds United fans feel disgruntled due to Refereeing Decisions made during the final.
European Cup 1975-76 The season 1975-76 of the European Cup football club tournament was won by for the third consecutive time by Bayern Munich in the final against AS Saint-Étienne. This achievement meant that Bayern were awarded the badge of honour and got to keep the cup that had been introduced only a few years previously after Ajax Amsterdam had won three cups in a row.
European Cup 1976-77 The season 1976-77 of the European Cup football club tournament was won by for the first time by Liverpool FC in the final against Borussia Mönchengladbach. Three times defending champions Bayern Munich were knocked out by FC Dynamo Kyiv in the quarter finals.
European Cup 1980-81 The season 1980-81 of the European Cup football club tournament was won by for a third time by Liverpool FC in the final against Real Madrid. In eleven seasons up to and including this one, there were only four winners of the European Cup (Ajax Amsterdam, Bayern Munich, Nottingham Forest and Liverpool), but interestingly there were eleven different runners up.
European Cup 1981-82 The season 1981-82 of the European Cup football club tournament was won by for the first time by Aston Villa in the final against Bayern Munich. The Final is remembered mainly for the performance of teenage stand-in goalkeeper Nigel Spink who made a host of saves from the experienced Bayern players.
European Cup 1982-83 The season 1982-83 of the European Cup football club tournament was won by for the first time by Hamburger SV in the final against Juventus. It was the first time since 1976 that the trophy did not go to England.
European Cup 1984-85 The season 1984-85 of the European Cup football club tournament was won for the first time by Juventus in a close final against Liverpool FC. However, the result was left meaningless after the deaths of 39 spectators in the Heysel Stadium disaster.
European Arrest Warrant The European Arrest Warrant (EAW, or more rarely, EUAW) is an arrest warrant to allow the arrest of criminal suspects and their transfer for trial or detention which is valid throughout the states of the European Union (EU). The EAW is an attempt to increase the speed of extradition throughout EU countries, as well as change the mechanism from having a "political and administrative phase" into a system run by the judiciary.
European Article Number A European Article Number (EAN) is a barcoding standard which is a superset of the original 12-digit Universal Product Code (UPC) system developed in North America. The EAN-13 barcode is defined by the standards organisation GS1.
European Article Numbering-Uniform Code Council EAN International-Uniform Code Council (EAN-UCC) was a supply chain standards family name, formally the EAN.UCC System, that included product barcodes which are printed on the great majority of products available in stores worldwide and electronic commerce standards.
European Assizes The European Assizes was a one-time assembly of the European Parliament and the national parliaments of the member states of the European Union in Rome in 1990. Under the theme of "The future of the Community; the implications, for the Community and the Member States, of the proposals concerning Economic and Monetary Union and Political Union and, more particularly, the role of the national parliaments and of the European Parliament", it led to two declarations about the desirability of involving national parliaments more in the affairs of the European Union.
European Association for Evolutionary and Political Economy The European Association for Evolutionary Political Economy (EAEPE) is a pluralist forum of social scientists that brings together the theorists and theoretical traditions to develop a more realistic and adequate approach to theory and policy.
European Association for Machine Translation The European Association for Machine Translation is the European branch of the International Association for Machine Translation. It is a non-profit organisation and organises conferences and workshops on the subject of machine translation.
European Association for Osseointegration The European Association for Osseointegration (EAO) is a non-profit organisation founded in Munich in 1991 to serve as an international, interdisciplinary and independent science based forum for all professionals interested in the art and science of Osseointegration.
European Association for Quality Assurance in Higher Education The European Association for Quality Assurance in Higher Education (ENQA) came into being in 2000 as the European Network for Quality Assurance in Higher Education. In 2004 it was transformed from a network into an association.
European Association of Archaeologists The European Association of Archaeologists is a pan-European organisation for professional archaeologists founded in 1994. In 1999 it was recognised by the Council of Europe and given "consultative status" with the Council.
European Association of Daily Newspapers in Minority and Regional Languages (MIDAS) The European Association of Daily Newspapers in Minority and Regional Languages (MIDAS) is politically independent, non-profit association for minority press with headquarters based at the European Academy Bolzano (EURAC).
European Association of Distance Teaching Universities The European Association of Distance Teaching Universities (EADTU) is the representative organisation of both the European open and distance learning universities and of the national consortia of higher education institutions active in the field of distance education and e-learning. Therefore it is the main voice of the community for open and distance higher education and e-learning in Europe.
European Athlete of the Year Award The European Athlete of the Year Award is an annual prize handed out to athletes participating in track and field competitions. The election is organised by the European governing body for the sport of athletics, the European Athletic Association (EAA), since 1993.
European Atomic Energy Community The European Atomic Energy Community, or EURATOM, is an international organisation composed of the members of the European Union. It was established on March 25, 1957, by a second treaty of Rome, signed the same day as the more famous Treaty of Rome, instituting the European Economic Community (EEC).
European Automobile Manufacturers Association The European Automobile Manufacturers Association (French: Association des Constructeurs Européens d'Automobiles; abbreviated ACEA) is the main lobbying group of the automobile industry in the European Union. Its members include BMW, Volkswagen AG, Volvo, Ford, DAF, Renault, Fiat Group, Scania AB, Porsche, DaimlerChrysler, PSA Peugeot Citroën, and MAN AG
European Aviation Air Charter European Aviation Air Charter is an airline based in Bournemouth, United Kingdom. It operates ad hoc passenger and cargo charter services from airports in the UK and other parts of Europe, as well as a leasing service to airlines.
European Aviation Safety Agency European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) is an agency of the European Union with offices in Cologne, Germany, which has been given specific regulatory and executive tasks in the field of civilian aviation safety. It became operational on September 28, 2003, and continues to grow.
European Banking Federation The European Banking Federation (abbreviated EBF or FBE) is an organization of the European banking sector, representing interest of over 4,500 European banks in 27 countries with combined assets of over 20,000 billion euros and around 2.3 million employees.
European Baptist Convention European Baptist Convention was an association of English-speaking churches and missions in Europe and Middle East. The European Baptist Convention (English Speaking), not to be confused with the European Baptist Federation, has its roots in the Association of Baptists in Continental Europe (ABCE) and mission work by the Southern Baptist Convention (SBC).
European Baseball Championship The European Baseball Championship is the main championship tournament between national baseball teams in Europe, governed by the Confédération Européenne de Baseball (CEB). It is held every other year in odd-numbered years.
European Bat Night European Bat Night is the name of a popular, annual event hosted by ecologists to draw public awareness to menaced bat populations in Europe. It is always held on a late summer weekend; in 2004, it was held on the 28/29th of August for the 8th year in a row.
European Beaver The European Beaver (Castor fiber) is an endangered aquatic mammal which was hunted almost to extinction in Europe, both for fur and for castoreum, a secretion of its scent gland believed to have medicinal properties. Database entry includes justification for why this species is near threatened However, this beaver is now being re-introduced throughout Europe.
European Bioinformatics Institute The European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI), part of European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), is a centre for research and services in bioinformatics. It is located by the small village of Hinxton, outside Cambridge, England.
European Biomass Association The European Biomass Association (AEBIOM, from the official French name Association Européenne pour la Biomasse) is a group of national biomass associations with membership open to representatives of the European Union and Central and Eastern Europe. It was founded in 1990 and aims to promote biomass production and application throughout Europe.
European BioSafety Association The European BioSafety Association (EBSA) is a non-profit organization, founded in June 1996, which provides a forum to its members to discuss and debate issues of concern and to represent those working in the field of biosafety and associated activities. Its mission is to enhance knowledge and understanding of biological safety throughout Europe and the world.
European Black Pine The European Black Pine Pinus nigra (generally called Black Pine in Europe), is a variable species of pine, occurring across southern Europe from Spain to the Crimea, and also in Asia Minor, Cyprus, and locally in the Atlas Mountains of northwest Africa. It is found at elevations ranging from sea level to 2,000 m, most commonly from 250–1,600 m.
European Broadcasting Union The European Broadcasting Union (EBU), known in French as L'Union Européenne de Radio-Télévision (UER), and unrelated to the European Union, was formed on 12 February 1950 by 23 broadcasting organisations from Europe and the Mediterranean at a conference in the coastal resort of Torquay in Devon, England. In 1993, the International Radio and Television Organisation (OIRT), an equivalent organisation of broadcasters from Central and Eastern Europe, was merged with the EBU.
European Bureau for Lesser-Used Languages The European Bureau for Lesser-Used Languages (EBLUL) is a non-governmental organisation promoting linguistic diversity and languages founded in 1982. The organisation has close ties with both the European Parliament and the Council of Europe, and is funded by both the European Commission and local and regional governmental organisations.
European colonization of Arizona Although the first European visitors to Arizona may have come in 1528, the most influential expeditions in early Spanish Arizona were those of Marcos de Niza and Francisco Vásquez de Coronado. The accounts of the early Spanish explorers with large mythical cities such as CĂbola, and large mineral deposits of copper and silver, would attract settlers and miners to the region in later years.
European colonization of the Americas The first known Europeans to contact the Americas were the Vikings ("Norse"), who established several colonies in the Americas. Leif Erikson established a short-lived settlement in Vinland, present day Newfoundland.
European comics European comics is a generalized terms for comics produced in Continental Europe. Though technically European, British comics are for historical and cultural reasons considered separate from European comics due to the existence of a well-established domestic market and traditions which more closely resemble the development of American comics.
European conger The European conger, Conger conger, is a conger of the family Congridae, found in the eastern Atlantic from Norway and Iceland to Senegal, and also in the Mediterranean and Black Sea, at depths down to 1170 m. Length is up to 3 m, and weight up to 110 kg.
European Capital of Culture The European Capital of Culture is a city designated by the European Union for a period of one year during which it is given a chance to showcase its cultural life and cultural development. A number of European cities have used the City of Culture year to transform their cultural base and, in doing so, the way in which they are viewed internationally.
European Car of the Year The European Car of the Year award was established in 1964 by a collective of automobile magazines from different countries in Europe. The current organisers of the award are Auto (Italy), Autocar (UK), Autopista (Spain), Autovisie (Netherlands), L'Automobile Magazine (France), Stern (Germany) and Vi Bilägare (Sweden).
European Centre for Development Policy Management (ECDPM) The European Centre for Development Policy Management is an independent foundation which was established in 1986 in order to monitor and support development cooperation between the European Union and the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries.
European Centre for Minority Issues European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI) is the joint project of Germany and Denmark, supported by the governments of these states and to a great extent funded by the European Union. It is an autonomous, politically independent organization.
European Centre of Enterprises with Public Participation and of Enterprises of General Economic Interest [Centre of Enterprises with Public Participation and of Enterprises of General economic Interest (CEEP; Centre européen des entreprises à participation publique et des entreprises d'intérêt économique général) is a european] association to represent public enterprises and enterprises which carry out services of general economic interest, whatever their ownership or status.
European Century The European Century is a term, which was first used by Mark Leonard in his book Why Europe Will Run the 21st Century (published in the US under the title Perpetual Power: Why Europe Will Run the 21st Century) and is used to describe the belief that the 21st century will become a century in which the current European way of doing things will become dominant in the world. Especially the European integration process which culminated in the European Union is highlighted.
European Civil Aviation Conference The European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC) or Conférence Européenne de l'Aviation Civile (CEAC) is an international organization with close ties to the United Nations, the International Civil Aviation Organization, the Council of Europe and the institutions of the European Union such as EUROCONTROL and the Joint Aviation Authorities. ECAC was founded in 1955 in order to "promote the continued development of a safe, efficient and sustainable European air transport system by harmonis[ing] civil aviation policies and practices amongst its Member States [and promoting] understanding on policy matters between its Member States and other parts of the world".
European Civil Engineering Education and Training The Thematic Network EUCEET (EUropean Civil Engineering Education and Training) was founded 1998 and involves leading higher education institutions and companies from 29 countries eligible for support within the European Community action programme SOCRATES, as well as research centres, professional associations, trans-european associations in the field of civil engineering education.
European Civil War The "European Civil War" is a debated period in history between the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War on July 19, 1870 and end of the European portion of World War II on May 8, 1945. The concept is a minority interest within academics but growing in prominence as Europe progressively integrates into a single nation state.
European Classification The European Classification (ECLA) is a patent classification system maintained by the European Patent Office (EPO). The ECLA classification system contains 134 000 subdivisions and is an extension of the International Patent Classification system.
European Climate Exchange The European Climate Exchange is a sister company of the Chicago Climate Exchange that manages sales and marketing of environmental instruments in Europe. More specifically, these are ECX Carbon Financial Instruments (ECX CFIS), which are listed on the International Petroleum Exchange (IPE) (the name has now been changed to ICE Futures).
European Climate Change Programme The European Climate Change Programme (ECCP) was launched in June 2000 by the European Union's European Commission. The goal of the ECCP is to identify, develop and implement all the necessary elements of an EU strategy to implement the Kyoto Protocol.
European Clinical Research Infrastructures Network The European Clinical Research Infrastructures Network (ECRIN) was established in 2004 with funding from Sixth Framework Programme as a reciprocal knowledge programme, to connect national networks of clinical research infrastructures throughout the European Union.
European Club Soccer European Club Soccer is a 1992 football videogame by Krisalis released for the Sega Mega Drive mostly based on Manchester United Europe, released one year before for the Commodore Amiga, among other platforms. Like the previously endorsed game, European Club Soccer focus on european competitions, but with only on the European Champions Cup, which can be explained by the lower capacity of the console and the lack of differences between competitions other than the number of teams.
European Coal and Steel Community The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was founded in 1951 (Treaty of Paris), by France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands to pool the steel and coal resources of its member-states.
European Commission The European Commission (formally the Commission of the European Communities) is the executive body of the European Union. Alongside the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union, it is one of the three main institutions governing the Union.
European Commission of Human Rights From 1954 to the entry into force of Protocol 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights, individuals did not have direct access to the European Court of Human Rights; they had to apply to the European Commission of Human Rights, which if it found the case to be well-founded would launch a case in the Court on the individual's behalf. Protocol 11 which came into force in 1998 abolished the Commission, enlarged the Court, and allowed individuals to take cases directly to it.
European Commission Regulation 261/2004 European Commission Regulation 261/2004 is a regulation promulgated by the European Commission which went into effect on 2005-02-18. It sets out the entitlements of air passengers when a flight that they intend to travel on is delayed or cancelled, or when they are denied boarding to such a flight due to overbooking, or when the airline is unable to accommodate them in the class they had booked.
European Commissioner for Education, Training, Culture and Multilingualism European Commissioner for Education, Training, Culture and Multilingualism is a member of the European Commission responsible for policies in education and training, youth, sport, civil society, culture , translation, interpretation, relations with the Office for Official Publications of the European Communities and multilingualism.
European Commissioner for External Relations and European Neighbourhood Policy The external relations policy of the Barroso Commission is based on three key basic propositions on the EU’s role in the emerging world order. The EU is a global player; it pursues a specific foreign policy philosophy which one could term “effective multilateralism”; and, thanks to its specific nature, the Union disposes of a wide range of foreign policy instruments which are particularly suited to respond to today's challenges.
European Committee for Standardization CEN, the European Committee for Standardization or Comité Européen de Normalisation, is a private non-profit organization whose mission is to foster the European economy in global trading, the welfare of European citizens and the environment by providing an efficient infrastructure to interested parties for the development, maintenance and distribution of coherent sets of standards and specifications.
European Committee of Domestic Equipment Manufacturers In 1958, CECED was founded on the initiative of the Western-European National Associations. Since 1997 it has established a permanent office in Brussels to better represent the industry vis-á-vis the European Union institutions.
European Committee on Radiation Risk The European Committee on Radiation Risk (ECRR) is a committee set up in 1997 by the European Green Party, (including Green Party MEPs) to discuss the contents of the European Directive 96/29/EURATOM which sets out the basic standards regarding radiation protection in the European Union. The group includes several prominent critics of the dominant view of radiation risk such as articulated by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) and the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR).
European Communities Act 1972 (Ireland) The European Communities Act 1972 is an act of the Oireachtas (Irish parliament) which incorporated the Treaty of Rome and the laws of the then European Community into the domestic law of the Republic of Ireland. The Act did not just just incorporate the law of the EC which existed prior to its enactment but incorporated, prospectively, legislative acts of the Community enacted subsequently.
European Community The European Community (EC), most important of two European Communities, was originally founded on March 25, 1957 by the signing of the Treaty of Rome under the name of European Economic Community. The 'Economic' was removed from its name by the Maastricht treaty in 1992, which at the same time effectively made the European Community the first of three pillars of the European Union, called the Community (or Communities) Pillar.
European Company Statute The Council Regulation on the Statute for a European Company of the European Union (adopted October 8 2001; OJ L 294, 10 November 2001, pp. 1-21) contains rules for a European Public Company, called an SE (abbreviation for Societas Europaea, Latin for 'European Company'); there is also a statute allowing a European Cooperative Society (Societas Cooperativa Europaea, SCE).
European Computer Driving Licence The European Computer Driving Licence (ECDL) and International Computer Driving Licence (ICDL) are certificates issued by the non-profit ECDL Foundation, concerning basic computer usage. ECDL is the European name used for the certificate within Europe, while ICDL is the name used elsewhere.
European Confederation of Independent Trade Unions The European Confederation of Independent Trade Unions (CESI; French Confédération Européene des Syndicats, German Europäische Union der unabhängigen Gewerkschaften, Italian Confederazione Europea Sindacati Indipendenti) is a regional trade union federation representing 5 million members of independent trade unions in Europe.
European Confederation of Police The European Confederation of Police (EuroCOP) is the umbrella organization of 29 trade unions from 21 European countries, which represent a total of about 600,000 police people. It was founded in 2002 at a conference in Roskilde, Denmark, emerging from the Union Internationale des Syndicats de Police (UISP), which had existed since 1953.
European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations The European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) was established on June 26, 1959 as a coordinating body for European state telecommunications and postal organizations. The acronym comes from the French version of its name Conférence européenne des administrations des postes et des télécommunications.
European Conference on Artificial Intelligence The European Conference on Artificial Intelligence ("ECAI"), is a biannual conference and is the leading conference in its field in Europe. ECAI-06 is organized by ITC-Irst, Trento, Italy, and will take place in Riva del Garda.
European Conference on Information Systems The European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS) is an annual conference for Information Systems and Information Technology academics and professionals and is affiliated with the Association for Information Systems.
European Consortium for Political Research The European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR) is an independent, scholarly association, which supports and encourages the training, research and cross-national cooperation of many thousands of academics and graduate students specialising in political science and all its sub-disciplines. ECPR membership is institutional rather than individual and from 8 members (Bergen, Gothenburg, Essex, Leiden, Mannheim, Nuffield College (Oxford), Strathclyde and Paris (FNSP)) at its inception in 1970 membership now stands at over 300 institutions throughout Europe, with associate members spread across the world:
European Consortium of Innovative Universities The European Consortium of Innovative Universities (ECIU) was founded in 1997 by 10 European universities. The goal was to create a European network, where participating universities could exchange experience and best practice of projects within education, research and regional development.
European Constituent Assembly European constituent assembly is a project thought by European citizens to make a European constitution by a democratic and representative way, which is the election by European people of a constituent assembly
European Constitution in Interlingua The European Constitution was translated speedily into Interlingua by 23 Interlinguists. The translation was ready in time to be published online on October 29, 2004, the day the document was signed by heads of state.
European Convention The European Convention, sometimes known as the Convention on the Future of Europe, was a body established by the European Council in December 2001 as a result of the Laeken Declaration. Its purpose was to produce a draft constitution for the European Union for the Council to finalise and adopt.
European Convention for the Protection of Pet Animals The European Convention for the Protection of Pet Animals is a treaty of the Council of Europe to promote the welfare of pet animals and ensure minimum standards for their treatment and protection. The treaty was signed in 1987 and became effective on May 1, 1992, after at least four countries had ratified it.
European Convention on Human Rights The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, also known as the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), was adopted under the auspices of the Council of EuropeThe Council of Europe should not be confused with the Council of the European Union. The European Union is not a party to the Convention and has no role in the administration of the European Court of Human Rights.
European Convention on Human Rights Act The European Convention on Human Rights Act, 2003 was an Act of the Oireachtas that enshrined the European Convention on Human Rights in Irish law. It resembles the Human Rights Act, 1998 adopted in the United Kingdom.
European Convention on the International Classification of Patents for Invention The European Convention on the International Classification of Patents for Invention was signed on December 19 1954 in Paris, France by members of the Council of Europe. It entered into force on August 1 1955 and it was denounced by all Parties and ceased to be in force as from February 18 1999.
European Coordinating Committee for Artificial Intelligence The European Coordinating Committee for Artificial Intelligence (ECCAI) is the representative body for the European Artificial Intelligence community. Its aim is to promote study, research, and applications of AI in Europe.
European Council for Fatwa and Research A Dublin-based private foundation, founded in London on 29 March - 30 March 1997 on the initiative of the Federation of Islamic Organisations in Europe, the European Council for Fatwa and Research ('ECFR') is a largely self-selected body, composed by Islamic clerics and scholars, presided by Yusuf al-Qaradawi, and considered as belonging to the islamist tendency within the Islamic world community, the Ummah.
European Council of Applied Sciences and Engineering The European Council of Applied Sciences and Engineering (Euro-CASE) is a European non-profit organization, which groups 19-20 European national academies of Engineering, Applied Sciences and Technology. The organization provides a European forum for exchange and consultation between European Institutions, industry, research, and national governments.
European Council on Refugees and Exiles The European Council on Refugees and Exiles (ECRE) is a pan-European network of refugee-assisting non-governmental organisations that promotes a humane and generous European asylum policy. ECRE celebrated its 30th year of promoting the rights of asylum seekers and refugees in Europe in 2004.
European Court of Auditors The European Court of Auditors is one of five institutions of the European Union. Its "mission is to audit independently the collection and spending of European Union funds and, through this, assess the way that the European institutions discharge these functions".
European Court of Human Rights The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), often referred to informally as the "Strasbourg Court", was created to systematise the hearing of human rights complaints against States Parties to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, adopted by the Council of Europe in 1950 (at present, all member states of the Council of Europe are also parties to the Convention, but there is no necessary connection between the two). The Court's mission is to enforce the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, by ruling over complaints against human rights violations committed by States Parties, and brought to the Court either by other States Parties or by individuals subject to the jurisdiction of a State Party.
European Court of Justice The Court of Justice of the European Communities, usually called the European Court of Justice (ECJ), is the supreme court of the European Union (EU). It is based in Luxembourg City, unlike most of the rest of the European Union institutions, which are based in Brussels and Strasbourg.
European Covered Bond Council The European Covered Bond Council (ECBC) is a platform for covered bond market participants which brings together covered bond issuers, analysts, investment bankers, rating agencies and a wide range of interested market participants.
European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS) is a standard for comparing the study attainment and performance of students of higher education across the European Union. For successfully completed studies, ECTS credits are awarded.
European Cricket Council The European Cricket Council (ECC) is an international body which oversees cricket in European countries other than the Test-playing cricketing nation of England and Wales. (For cricketing purposes, Israel is considered to be a European country.
European Cricket Championship The European Cricket Championship is a group of various tournaments in which national cricket sides throughout Europe compete. The tournament is designed to encourage and develop the best players in countries where cricket is not a major sport, and Europe's only Test cricket playing country, England, does not currently enter a side.
European Cultural Month European Cultural Month is an event created by the European Union to promote culture. It is similar to the European City of Culture, but lasting for a shorter time and intended mainly for the Central and Eastern European countries.
European Cultural Route A European Cultural Route is a title awarded to cultural routes recognised as significant throughout Europe by the Council of Europe. The European Institute of Cultural Routes is the body established to help the Council of Europe co-ordinate the development of these routes.
European Cup 1958-59 The season 1958-59 of the European Cup football club tournament was won by Real Madrid against Stade de Reims in the final, a repeat of the first ever final in the competition, this time at Neckarstadion, Stuttgart, on June 3, 1959.
European Cup 1959-60 The season 1959-60 of the European Cup football club tournament was won by Real Madrid for the fifth consecutive time in a memorable final in Glasgow against Eintracht Frankfurt, with a score 7-3, a record score for the competition's finals.
European Cup 1960-61 The season 1960-61 of the European Cup football club tournament was won by SL Benfica for the first time in a tight final against FC Barcelona. Real Madrid, winner of the first five finals, were shocked in the first round by big rivals FC Barcelona.
European Cup 1968-69 The season 1968-69 of the European Cup football club tournament was won by AC Milan against Ajax in a one-sided final match. A number of Eastern European clubs withdrew from the first two rounds for political reasons.
European Cup 1969-70 The season 1969-70 of the European Cup football club tournament was won by Feyenoord Rotterdam in an extra time final victory against Celtic FC. It was the first time the cup went to the Netherlands, and beginning a run of four consecutive years the trophy went there.
European Cup 1972-73 The season 1972-73 of the European Cup football club tournament was won by for the third consecutive time by Ajax in the final against Juventus at the Marakana stadium in Belgrade. This achievement meant that Ajax were awarded the badge of honour, and got to keep the cup permanently meaning another was to be made for the next season.
European Cup 1973-74 The season 1973-74 of the European Cup football club tournament was won for the first time by Bayern Munich, beginning their own three year period of domination, in a replayed final against Atlético Madrid. This was the first time the cup went to Germany, and the first European Cup final to require a replay after the first match was drawn 1-1 after extra time.
European Cup 1974-75 The season 1974-75 of the European Cup football (soccer) club tournament was won by for the second consecutive time by Bayern Munich in the final against Leeds United.Many Leeds United fans feel disgruntled due to Refereeing Decisions made during the final.
European Cup 1975-76 The season 1975-76 of the European Cup football club tournament was won by for the third consecutive time by Bayern Munich in the final against AS Saint-Étienne. This achievement meant that Bayern were awarded the badge of honour and got to keep the cup that had been introduced only a few years previously after Ajax Amsterdam had won three cups in a row.
European Cup 1976-77 The season 1976-77 of the European Cup football club tournament was won by for the first time by Liverpool FC in the final against Borussia Mönchengladbach. Three times defending champions Bayern Munich were knocked out by FC Dynamo Kyiv in the quarter finals.
European Cup 1980-81 The season 1980-81 of the European Cup football club tournament was won by for a third time by Liverpool FC in the final against Real Madrid. In eleven seasons up to and including this one, there were only four winners of the European Cup (Ajax Amsterdam, Bayern Munich, Nottingham Forest and Liverpool), but interestingly there were eleven different runners up.
European Cup 1981-82 The season 1981-82 of the European Cup football club tournament was won by for the first time by Aston Villa in the final against Bayern Munich. The Final is remembered mainly for the performance of teenage stand-in goalkeeper Nigel Spink who made a host of saves from the experienced Bayern players.
European Cup 1982-83 The season 1982-83 of the European Cup football club tournament was won by for the first time by Hamburger SV in the final against Juventus. It was the first time since 1976 that the trophy did not go to England.
European Cup 1984-85 The season 1984-85 of the European Cup football club tournament was won for the first time by Juventus in a close final against Liverpool FC. However, the result was left meaningless after the deaths of 39 spectators in the Heysel Stadium disaster.
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