Encyclopedia

European route E16 E16 is the designation of a main west-east road through Northern Ireland, Scotland and Norway, from Derry to Oslo, via Glasgow, Edinburgh, by ferry to Bergen, Voss, Lærdal, through the Lærdal Tunnel, Fagernes, Hønefoss and ends in Sandvika, just outside Oslo.
European route E24 Route E24 in the international E-road network is completely within the United Kingdom, and as such it is not signed. E24 begins at near Birmingham, where the M6 Toll merges with the M6 and E5 switches from the M6 Toll to the M42.
European route E25 European route E25 is a north-south route from Hoek van Holland in the Netherlands to Palermo in Italy which includes ferry crossings from Genoa to Bastia (Corsica), from Bonifacio to Porto Torres (Sardinia) and from Cagliari to Palermo (Sicily).
European route E39 E39 is the designation of a 1330 km long north-south road in Norway and Denmark, running from Klett just south of Trondheim to Aalborg, via Orkanger, Vinjeøra, Halsa ... Straumsnes, Krifast, Batnfjordsøra, Molde ...
European route E40 European route E40 is the longest European route, about 8000 km long, connecting Calais in France via Belgium, Germany, Poland, Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and Kyrgyzstan, with Ridder in Kazakhstan near the border to China.
European route E6 E6 is the designation for the main north-south road in Norway, and the west coast of Sweden, running from the southern tip of Sweden (Trelleborg), into Norway and through almost all of the country north to Finnmark. The route ends close to the Norwegian border with Russia.
European route E67 European route E67, also known as the Via Baltica, is a highway running from Prague in the Czech Republic to Helsinki in Finland by way of Poland, Kaunas (Lithuania), Riga (Latvia), and Tallinn (Estonia). It is the most important road connection between the Baltic states.
European Radicals in Sri Lanka The European Radicals in Sri Lanka were Europeans (or Americans) who went against the colonial system prevailing in Ceylon, as Sri Lanka was then known. Their contribution was far greater than their numbers would appear to merit, mainly because of their defiance of the white-supremacist attitude that pervaded the British Empire.
European Rail Traffic Management System The European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS) is an EU-backed initiative to enhance cross-border interoperability and signalling procurement by creating a single Europe-wide standard for railway signalling.
European Rapid Reaction Force The European Union Rapid Reaction Force is a transnational military force managed by the European Union itself rather than any of its member states. Following the initial declaration in December 1999, the formal agreement founding the ERRF or EURRF was reached on November 22, 2004 and according to statements made by EU officials the first ERRF units will be deployable by 2005.
European Reform Forum The European Reform Forum (ERF) is a committee of senior British politicians, journalists, academics, and businessmen who are seeking to produce a report on the future direction of the European Union. It was launched on 30 June 2005 in the Houses of Parliament in front of a large number of press.
European Regions Airline Association The European Regions Airline Association (ERA) is the principal body representing air transport in Europe's regions. Founded in 1980 with just 5 members, ERA has grown since 1987, under the Director General, Mike Ambrose, to represent over 230 companies and is the only body representing the interests of the regional air transport industry in Europe.
European Republican Movement The European Republican Movement (Italian: Movimento Repubblicani Europei) of Italy is a small center left liberal party, part of the Olive Tree coalition and the ALDE group in the European Parliament. The party emerged from a left-wing tendency of the Partito Repubblicano Italiano (PRI), when this old party joined the Silvio Berlusconi III administration—the congress of PRI that decided this new alliance has been cancelled by Italian Court.
European Research Area The European Research Area (ERA) is a system of scientific research programmes integrating the European Union's scientific resources. Since its creation in 1984, the structure has been concentrated on multi-national co-operation in the fields of medical, environmental, industrial and socio-economic research.
European Research Center for Information Systems The European Research Center for Information Systems (ERCIS) was founded in 2004 at the University of MĂĽnster in MĂĽnster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The objective of ERCIS is connecting research in Information systems with Business, Computer Science, Communication Sciences, Law, Management and Mathematics.
European Research Forum The European Research Forum at London Metropolitan University is an academic research unit which promotes analysis and debate of the politics and economics of the European Union, its member countries, Britain's relationship to them and its place in the world.
European Restoration Marked by revolt, revolution, and the rise of the middle class, the period of European restoration (1814-1848) refers to the monarchical struggle for legitimacy against their citizens (see: Italian Carbonari) and military (see: Russian Decembrists) following the French Revolutionary (1789-1802) and Napoleonic (1802-1814) wars. These wars had spread liberalism, nationalism and socialism throughout Europe.
European Robin The European Robin (Erithacus rubecula) or — in Europe — simply Robin is a small passerine bird that was formerly classed as a member of the thrush family, but is now considered to belong to the Old World flycatchers (Muscicapidae). European Robins and similar small European species are often called chats.
European Robotics Research Network The European Robotics Research Network (EURON) contains about 200 robotics research centres in universities and companies all over Europe. The goal of the network is to stimulate and promote research, education and business around robotics in Europe.
European Roma Rights Centre The European Roma Rights Centre (ERRC) is an international public interest law organisation engaging in a range of activities aimed at combating anti-Romani racism and human rights abuse of Roma. The approach of the ERRC involves, in particular, strategic litigation, international advocacy, research and policy development, and training of Romani activists.
European Round Table of Industrialists The European Round Table of Industrialists, abbreviated ERT, is an influential interest group in the European Union consisting of some 40 European industrial leaders working to strengthen competitiveness in Europe. The group works both at national and European levels.
European seabass The European seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax, also known as Morone labrax, is a primarily ocean-going fish that sometimes enters brackish and fresh water. It is also known as the sea dace in English, loup de mer or bar in French, and lavraki in Greek.
European settlement of South Australia The History of South Australia from 1831 to 1842, is the account of the formative years of the province of South Australia from the period of the formation of the South Australian Land Company to the commencement of the Legislative Assembly in 1842. The lands that are now South Australia, were recognised as inhabitable prior to this time, and a series of entrepreneurial propositions, and Acts of the British Parliament resulted in the foundation and settlement of lands in South Australia.
European studies European studies is a field of study offered by many academic colleges and universities that focuses on the current development of European integration. It basically consists of a combination of several subjects, including European history, European law, economics and sociology.
European symbols The Council of Europe (COE) has developed a series of European symbols for the continent of Europe, and these have since been shared with the European Union (EU). They are intended both as symbols of the organisations themselves, and as a focus for a form of Pan-European identity.
European Safety and Reliability Association European Safety and Reliability Association (ESRA), according to its charter, "is a non-profit international association for the advance and application of safety and reliability technology in all areas of human endeavour. It is an "umbrella" organisation with a membership consisting of: national professional societies, industrial organisations and higher education institutions.
European Science and Environment Forum The European Science and Environment Forum (ESEF), now defunct, called itself "an independent, non-profit-making alliance of scientists whose aim is to ensure that scientific debates are properly aired, and that decisions which are taken, and action that is proposed, are founded on sound scientific principles." Typically this manifested itself in questioning the science upon which environmental safety regulations are based.
European Science Foundation The European Science Foundation is an organisation intended to promote scientific research in Europe through conferences, communication and the funding of research programmes. It comprises learned societies and funding agencies from within Europe..
European Scops Owl The European Scops Owl (Otus scops), also known as the Eurasian Scops Owl or just Scops Owl, is a small owl. This species is a part of the larger grouping of owls known as typical owls, Strigidae, which contains most species of owl.
European SC Championships 1996 The first edition of the European Short Course Championships was held in Riesa, Germany, from December 13 till December 15, 1996. The event, just a couple of months after the Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, replaced the European Sprint Swimming Championships, where only the 50 m and 100 m events were at stake.
European SC Championships 1998 The second edition of the European Short Course Championships was held in Ponds Forge International Sports Centre in Sheffield, England, from December 11 to 13, 1998. A total number of 355 swimmers from 34 nations competed in these championships.
European SC Championships 2005 The European SC Championships 2005 were held in Trieste, Italy, from December 8 to 11. The venue of this ninth edition of the SC event, called Polo Natatorio Bruno Bianchi, is located at about ten minutes from the historical centre of the city.
European Security and Defence Policy The European Security and Defence Policy or ESDP is a major element of the Common Foreign and Security Policy pillar of the European Union (EU). The ESDP is the successor of the ESDI under NATO, but differs in that it falls under the jurisdiction of the European Union itself, including countries with no ties to NATO.
European Shield In 2002/3 and 2003/4 the European Shield took place as a reprechage tournament for teams knocked out in the first round of the European Challenge Cup. The name European Shield had previously been used for the now renamed European Challenge Cup.
European Short Course Swimming Championships The European Short Course Championships are held every year in winter – usually in December. The SC Championships are a Short Course (25m pool) swimming competition organised by LEN – Europe's main swimming governing body.
European Short Course Swimming Championships 2006 The European SC Championships 2006 were held in Helsinki, Finland, from Thursday December 7 to Sunday December 10. The venue of the event was the aquatic center of Mäkelänrinteen uintikeskus, which last hosted a major event at the pre-Olympic European LC Championships 2000.
European Shorthair European shorthair is a breed of short-haired cat originating in Sweden. It's one of the oldest and very common breeds, but it wasn't standardized until quite late and is currently only recognized by one major cat club.
European School of Business The European School of Business or ESB Reutlingen is a business school of the Reutlingen University in Germany. It offers international dual-degree undergraduate business degrees together with a number of European and American business schools, as well as MSc and MBA programs.
European School, Culham The European School in Culham, Oxfordshire, is one of 13 European Schools around Europe and the only one in Britain and currently has around 900 Nursery/Primary (4-11 years old) and secondary (11-18 years old) students.
European School, Luxembourg I The European School of Luxembourg was the first of the European Schools. It was founded in October 1953 on the initiative of officials of the European Coal and Steel Community, with the support of the Community's institutions and the government of Luxembourg.
European School, Varese The European School, Varese (Italian: Scuola Europea di Varese), in Varese, Italy, is a European School, one of a small number of schools founded by the European Union (EU) for the benefit of its staff in various member states. It was founded in 1960.
European Social Forum The European Social Forum (ESF) is an annual conference held by members of the alter-globalization movement (also known as the Global Justice Movement). It aims to allow social movements, trade unions, NGOs, refugees, peace and anti-imperialist groups, anti-racist movements, environmental movements, networks of the excluded and community campaigns from Europe and the world to come together and discuss themes linked to major European and global issues.
European Social Charter The European Social Charter is a document signed by the members of the Council of Europe in Turin, 18 October 1961 in which they agreed to secure to their populations the social rights specified there in order to improve their standard of living and their social well-being. It was intended to fill a gap left by the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, which essentially covers only civil and political rights.
European Soil Bureau Network The European Soil Bureau Network (ESBN), located at the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission, Ispra(I), was created in 1996 as a network of national soil science institutions. The ESBN at the JRC is operated by staff members of the Land Management Unit (LMU).
European Soil Database The European Soil Database is the main source of information from which most other data information and services are de-rived. For instance, the European Soil Database v2 Raster Archive contains raster (grid) data files with cell sizes of 10km x 10km for a large number of soil related parameters.
European Southern Observatory The European Southern Observatory (ESO, also more formally the European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere) is an intergovernmental research organisation for astronomy, composed and supported by eleven countries from the European Union plus Switzerland. Created in 1962, it is famous for building and operating some of the largest and most technologically advanced telescopes in the world, such as the New Technology Telescope (NTT), which was one of the telescopes which pioneered active optics technology, and more recently the VLT (Very Large Telescope), consisting of four 8-meter class telescopes.
European Space Camp European Space Camp (ESC) is a summer camp for youths aged 17-20, which focuses on giving a hands-on experience into the field of rocket science. Participants from all over Europe and the World stay at Andøya Rocket Range for one week, learning from professionals and becoming amateur rocket scientists.
European Space Research and Technology Centre The European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC) is the European Space Agency's main technology development and test centre for spacecraft and space technology. It is situated in Noordwijk, South Holland, in the western Netherlands.
European Space Research Institute The European Space Research Institute (ESRIN) is the European Space Agency's (ESA) center for the observation of the Earth and is located in Frascati, near Rome,Italy. Its responsibilities include the collection, archiving and distribution of satellite data to the partners of the ESA; beyond that, the structure acts as the IT center of the whole agency.
European Spallation Source European Spallation Source is the name of a research facility for scientific research with the help of neutrons that is planned to be built in Europe. The site-selection process is ongoing and parallel with the process of establish a financial and organizational base for the project.
European Spatial Development Perspective The European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP) is a document approved by the Informal Council of Ministers of Spatial Planning of European Commission in Potsdam in 1999. It is a legally non-binding document forming a policy framework with 60 policy options for all tiers of administration with a planning responsibility.
European Spatial Development Planning The European Spatial Development Planning or ESDP-Network seeks to promote education, research and professional training in spatial planning across European countries, in collaboration with many partners in other regions of the world. To this purpose it considers planning as a process and a change agenda.
European Speed Skating Championships The European Speed Skating Championships are a series of speed skating events held annually to determine the best allround speed skater of Europe. The International Skating Union has organised the European Championships for Men since 1893 (unofficial Championships were held in the years 1891-1892) and the European Championships for Women since 1970.
European Speed Skating Championships for Women The International Skating Union has organised the European Speed Skating Championships for Women since 1970, but they were discontinued after the 1974 tournament because of lack of interest. The European Championships for Women were reinstated in 1981.
European Sprint Swimming Championships 1991 The first edition of what later would be the European Short Course Championships was held in Gelsenkirchen, from December 6 till December 8, 1991. The event was officially called the European Sprint Swimming Championships.
European Sprint Swimming Championships 1992 The second edition of what later would be the European Short Course Championships was held in Espoo, Finland, from December 21 till December 22, 1992. The post-Olympic event was officially called the European Sprint Swimming Championships.
European Sprint Swimming Championships 1993 The third edition of what later would be the European Short Course Championships was held in Gateshead, United Kingdom, from November 11 till November 13, 1993. The event was officially called the European Sprint Swimming Championships.
European Sprint Swimming Championships 1994 The fourth edition of what later would be the European Short Course Championships was held in Stavanger, Norway, from December 3 till December 4, 1994. The event was named the European Sprint Swimming Championships.
European Square (Kiev) European Square (, literally: European Square) is a square situated at the north-eastern end of Kiev's famous Khreschatyk street. The square was known under at least 9 different names during the last two hundred years.
European Storm-petrel The European Storm-petrel or Storm Petrel (Hydrobates pelagicus) is a small bird of the storm-petrel family, Hydrobatidae, part of the seabird order Procellariiformes. It is the only member of the genus Hydrobates.
European Super Cup The European Super Cup (UEFA Super Cup) is at stake in an annual football game between the reigning champions of the UEFA Cup (formally UEFA Cup Winners' Cup) and the Champions League. It takes place at the start of the domestic season, in August, and though it could be viewed as the ultimate European club championship decider, it is generally regarded as a minor event, with the Champions League and UEFA Cup winners not always fielding their strongest sides; since the game happens after the Summer transfer window, the teams selected may be different from the ones who won the qualifying competitions.
European Synchrotron Radiation Facility The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility is a joint research facility supported by 18 European countries situated in Grenoble, France. The ESRF operates the most powerful synchrotron radiation source in Europe, and is generally considered to be a world leading research facility.
European theatre of World War I The European Theater of World War I was the primary site of the fighting of this great war. While there was considerable conflict outside of Europe, Europe was the place where the war started, and where it ended.
European triode festival Since 2000 each year the European Triode Festival (ETF) has been held in various venues in Europe (the first three events were called "Aarhus Triode Festival" aka "ATF". The ETF focuses on do-it-yourself audio valve amplifiers using triode vacuum tubes, and brings together some 100 high end vacuum tube audiophiles from all over the world (from as far away as Finland and New Zealand).
European Telecommunications Standards Institute The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) is an independent, non-profit, standardization organization of the telecommunications industry (equipment makers and network operators) in Europe, with worldwide projection. ETSI has been successful in standardizing the GSM cell phone system and the TETRA professional mobile radio system.
European Telephony Numbering Space In the interest in forming a trans-Europe numbering plan as an option (or future movement) for anyone needing multi-national European telephone presence, the ITU allocated country calling code +388 as a subdivided, catch-all container for such services. This is designated the European Telephony Numbering Space or ETNS.
European Tenpin Bowling Federation The European Tenpin Bowling Federation (ETBF) is a very influentially prominent Ten-pin bowling organisation that hosts the worldwide prestigious European Bowling Tour. Similar to that of the tour held by the Professional Bowlers Association.
European Terrestrial Reference System 1989 The European Terrestrial Reference System 1989, usually referred to as ETRS89, is a three-dimensional geodesic frame of reference - a mapping coordinate system used as the standard high accuracy system for GPS in Europe.
European Theatre of World War II The European Theatre was an area of heavy fighting across Europe, during World War II, from 1 September1939 to 8 May1945. Allied forces fought the Axis powers in three theatres: the Eastern Front, the Western Front and the Mediterranean Theatre.
European Trade Union Confederation The European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) was established in 1973 to provide a trade union counterbalance to the economic forces of European integration. Following the changes in Central and Eastern Europe, a large number of new trade unions have joined its ranks.
European Train Control System The European Train Control System (ETCS) is a signalling and control system designed to replace the 14 incompatible safety systems currently used by European Railways, especially on high-speed lines. The specification was written in 1996 in response to EU Council Directive 96/48/EC of 23 July 1996 on the interoperability of the trans-European high-speed rail system.
European TRIZ association European TRIZ association (ETRIA) is an association based in Germany which considers itself an open community to unite the efforts, suggest opportunities for global standardization, conduct further research and development, and provide mechanisms for the exchange of information and knowledge on TRIZ and TRIZ based innovation technologies.
European Twenty20 Championship The European Twenty20 Championship is a cricket tournament scheduled to played for the first time in July 2007 in Belfast, Northern Ireland. It will be the first international Twenty20 tournament ahead of the inaugural Twenty20 World Championship later in the same year.
European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation The European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation (ETRTO) exists to specify and harmonise sizes of pneumatic tyres and their associated rims across the European Union. ETRTO sizes apply to tyres for vehicles of all types, including bicycles.
European Union arms embargo on the People's Republic of China The European Union arms embargo on China is an embargo which was imposed by the European Union (EU) member states on the People's Republic of China (PRC) in response to its suppression of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.
European Union as an emerging superpower The European Union consists of 27 sovereign states, which - from a core of six founding members in the 1950s - have built the world's largest multinational customs union. For the purpose of this article, it is considered to be a unit.
European Union Association Agreement A European Union Association Agreement (for short, Association Agreement or AA) is a treaty between the European Union (EU) and a non-EU country that creates a framework for co-operation between them. Areas frequently covered by such agreements include the development of political, trade, social, cultural and security links.
European Union Battlegroups The European Union battlegroups is a project done in the context of the European Security and Defence Policy, its aim being the creation of several rapidly deployable units for international intervention and tasks reaching up to full-combat situations. Interestingly, the EU Battlegroups are to be deployable more rapidly and for shorter periods than the long-planned European Rapid Reaction Force.
European Union Border Assistance Mission Rafah The European Union Border Assistance Mission Rafah (EU BAM Rafah) is, after EUPOL COPPS, the EU's second Civilian Crisis Management Mission in the Palestinian territories. It is situated in the border crossing point in Rafah at the Palestinian-Egyptian border.
European Union Budget The European Union (EU) has an independent parliament and civil service which is distinct from those of the 27 member states. It administers common laws between the member states and expenditure on common policies throughout the EU.
European Union Contest for Young Scientists The European Union (EU) Contest for Young Scientists is a science fair, initiated by the European Commission. It is a part of the European Union Framework Programmes on Research, and is managed by the Directorate General for Research in the European Commission.
European Union directive A directive is a collective legislative act of the European Community which requires member states to achieve a particular result without dictating the means of achieving that result. It can be distinguished from European Community regulations which are self-executing and do not require any implementing measures.
European Union energy label According to an EU Directive most white goods and light bulb packaging must have an EU Energy Label clearly displayed when offered for sale or rent. The energy efficiency of the appliance is rated in terms of a set of energy efficiency classes from A to G on the label, A being the most energy efficient, G the least efficient.
European Union Force The EUFOR or European Union Force is an international military force under the supervision of the European Council. It is best known for Operation Althea; their current involvement in Bosnia and Herzegovina to oversee the military implementation of the Dayton Agreement.
European Union Institute for Security Studies The European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS), an agency of the European Union, came into being on July 20 2001 as a replacement to the Western European Union Institute for Security Studies, and thus represents a part of the transfer of functions from the Western European Union to the European Union, and more specifically to the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), under whose auspices it is an autonomous agency with intellectual freedom. It seeks to find a common security policy for the EU.
European Union legislative procedure The legislative procedures of the European Union describes the way the European Union creates and enacts legislation across the community. The choice of procedure used for each specific legislative proposal depends on the policy area of the proposal in question.
European Union member states at the 2004 Summer Olympics Following the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, the President of the European Commission Romano Prodi issued a press release congratulating EU athletes for their success, and stating that he hoped to see teams in the 2008 Beijing games carrying the European flag as well as their own national flags. His chief spokesman, Reijo Kemppinen, commented that the EU had "swept the floor in the Olympic Games", with nearly three times as many medals as the United States, which topped the medals table.
European Union Microsoft antitrust case The European Union Microsoft antitrust case is a case brought by the European Union (EU) against Microsoft for alleged antitrust abuse. It started as a complaint from Novell over Microsoft's licensing practices in 1993, and eventually resulting in the EU ordering Microsoft to divulge certain information about its server products and a separate version of Microsoft Windows without Windows Media Player.
European Union Military Committee The European Union Military Committee (EUMC) is a department of military officials under the High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy and the Political and Security Committee (PSC) of the European Union's Common Foreign and Security Policy. The EUMC gives military advice to the PSC and the high representative.
European Union Military Staff The European Union Military Staff (EUMS) is a department of the European Union, responsible for supervising operations within the realm of the European Security and Defence Policy. They fall under the jurisdiction of the European Union Military Committee, which in turn falls under the jurisdiction of the High Representative of the Common Foreign and Security Policy, currently Javier Solana.
European Union Minister for Foreign Affairs The European Union Minister of Foreign Affairs was a new EU political post envisaged under the proposed EU Constitutional treaty. Javier Solana had been designated to be the first holder of this office, but with the rejection of the treaty it is unclear when this post will be instated.
European Union Monitoring Mission The European Union Monitoring Mission (EUMM) (previously ECMM, European Community Monitor Mission) is a program initiated by the European Union in July 1991 to monitor borders, inter-ethnic relations, refugee traffic, and policital and security developments in the former-Yugoslavia area of the western Balkans. The ECMM began operating in July 1991 and was renamed the European Union Monitoring Mission on 22 December 2000.
European Union of Jewish Students The European Union of Jewish Students (EUJS), also known as the European section of the World Union of Jewish Students (WUJS), is the umbrella organization of 34 Jewish national student/youth organizations in Europe.
European Union Police Mission European Union Police Mission is European Union's mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina that aids the local police organizations. It is the first such mission undertaken by the EU within the framework of the Common Foreign and Security and Policy.
European Union rapid reaction mechanism The EU rapid reaction mechanism is a streamlining of existing European Union law and Framework Law regarding "the alleviation of crises, through human rights work, election monitoring, institution building, media support, border management, humanitarian missions, police training and the provision of police equipment, civil emergency assistance, rehabilitation, reconstruction, pacification, resettlement and mediation". It is sometimes portrayed as a "European Army", or the beginnings of one.
European Union regulation A Regulation is a legislative act of the European Union which has a general scope, is obligatory in all its elements and is directly applicable in all Member States. Regulations constitute one of the most powerful forms of EU law and must be given immediate force of law in Member States without the need to enact implementing measures.
European Union Satellite Centre The European Union Satellite Centre (EUSC) was set up in 2002 in order to replace the Western Union Satellite Centre and thus represents a part of the transfer of functions from the Western European Union (WEU) to the European Union (EU), and more specifically to the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), under whose auspices its purpose is to gather information through satellite images to help the EU in preventing conflicts and providing humanitarian aid. The centre is in TorrejĂłn de Ardoz in Spain.
European Union Special Representative The European Union Special Representatives are emissaries of the European Union with specific tasks abroad. They serve as the eyes and ears of the European Union, promote democracy and good governance, and generally represent the European Union in a specific region.
European Union withdrawal No European Union member state has ever chosen to withdraw from the European Union, though some dependent territories or semi-autonomous areas have left. Of these, only Greenland has explicitly voted to leave, departing from the EU's predecessor, the EEC in 1985.
European Union withholding tax The European Union withholding tax, more commonly known as the EU withholding tax is a withholding tax which is deducted from interest earned by European Union residents on investments in another member state. Its aim is to ensure that they do not avoid taxation by depositing funds in tax havens with strong bank secrecy laws.

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