Encyclopedia

Engawa An engawa (縁側 or 掾側), in Japanese architecture, is a veranda or terrace surrounding a house. These come in four types : nure-en (濡れ縁), kure-en (榑縁), kirime-en (切目縁) and takesunoko-en (竹簀の子縁)
Engel (role-playing game) Engel (German for angel) is a role-playing game. The original German version uses a new kind of rule system in which the Gamemaster and players draw associative, tarot-like cards instead of rolling dice to determine the outcome of an event (this system is called the Arcana system in the original German version).
Engel'gardt (crater) Engel'gardt is a lunar crater on the far side of the Moon, located to the north of the huge Korolev walled plain. The satellite crater 'Engel'gardt B' is attached to the north rim of this crater, and is actually a much larger formation with a diameter of 163 km.
Engel's law Engel's law is an observation in economics stating that, with a given set of tastes and preferences, as income rises, the proportion of income spent on food falls, even if actual expenditure on food rises. In other words, the income elasticity of demand of food is less than 1.
Engelberg Codex The Engelberg Codex is a music manuscript from the Benedictine abbey of Engelberg, Canton of Obwalden, Switzerland. One of the most important late-medieval liturgical manuscripts from Switzerland, the codex, shelfmark 314 in the Engelberg Stiftbibliothek, was compiled over an extended period of time and by several different scribes, as can be assessed from variations in colours of ink, types of script, note shapes and rubrics.
Engelberga Engelberga (or Angilberga, died between 896 and 901) was the wife of Louis II, Holy Roman Emperor, from 5 October 851 to his death on 12 August 875. As empress, she exerted a powerful influence over her husband and her family, the Supponids, prospered during Louis's reign.
Engelbert Humperdinck (singer) Arnold George Dorsey (born May 2 1936, in Madras, India) is a well-known Anglo-Indian pop singer of the 1950s-present. He immigrated to Leicester, England, with his family from his native India and adopted the stage name Engelbert Humperdinck, after the famous German opera composer.
Engelbert II of Berg Note: the description "Engelbert I of Berg" can refer either to Count Engelbert I of Berg or to his son, Count Engelbert II of Berg, if referred to by his ecclesiastical office, when the form "Engelbert I of Berg, Archbishop of Cologne" sometimes occurs besides the more usual "Engelbert I of Cologne".
Engelbrekt rebellion The Engelbrekt rebellion was a rebellion in 1434-1436 led by Swedish nobleman Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson against Eric of Pomerania, the king of the Kalmar Union. It resulted in the deposing of Eric as well as erosion of the Kalmar Union.
Engelhardia Engelhardia is a genus of seven species of trees in the family Juglandaceae, native to southeast Asia from northern India east to Taiwan, Indonesia and the Philippines. The genus name is commonly mis-spelled "Engelhardtia", an error first made in the Index Kewensis; the original spelling is Engelhardia.
Engelmann Field Engelmann Field is a soccer stadium located in Milwaukee, Wisconsin on the campus of UW-Milwaukee. It is home to the Milwaukee Panthers men's and women's soccer teams, both of which compete in the Horizon League of the NCAA's Division I.
Engelmann Oak The Engelmann Oak (Quercus engelmannii), also called the Pasadena Oak, is a species of oak in the white oak section Quercus sect. Quercus, native to Southern California and northwestern Baja California, Mexico.
Engelmann syndrome Engelmann syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder that causes characteristic anomalies in the skeleton. Patients typically have heavily-thickened bones, especially along the shafts of the long bones (called diaphyseal dysplasia).
Engelsberg Ironworks Engelsberg Ironworks is a ironworks in Engelsberg, a village in Fagersta Municipality in Västmanland, Sweden. It was built in 1681 and developed into one of the world's most modern ironworks in the period 1700-1800.
Engelskirchen Engelskirchen is a municipality in Oberbergischen Kreis, Germany in North Rhine-Westphalia and Bergischen Land, about 40 kilometers east of Cologne, with approximately 21,000 inhabitants. Nearby towns are WipperfĂĽrth, Gummersbach, Overath, Bergisch Gladbach, Wermelskirchen and Leverkusen.
Engen Engen (延元) was a Japanese era of the Southern Court during the Era of Northern and Southern Courts after Kemmu and before Kōkoku, lasting from 1336 to 1340. Reigning Emperors were Emperor Go-Daigo and Emperor Go-Murakami in the south and Emperor Kōmyō in the north.
EngenderHealth EngenderHealth is a US-based nonprofit organization, internationally active in contraception, HIV/AIDS, gender equity, obstetric fistula, sterilization, and other sexual and reproductive health (SRH) issues in 40 developing countries around the worldEngenderHealth 2005 Annual Report.
Engenheiros do Hawaii Engenheiros do Hawaii (EngHaw for short) is a Brazilian rock band formed in Porto Alegre in 1985 that achieved great popularity with their ironic and critic songs. The vocalist and bassist Humberto Gessinger is the only original member still in the band today.
Engerica Engerica were a British, Essex based punk band. They play a variety of punk and metal, with just a hint of grunge and goth, featured on their debut and only album There are no happy endings, which was released on 13 March 2006.
Engesa Engesa - Engenheiros Especializados S/A was a Brazilian company in the defense sector that specialized in producing tactical military trucks and armored fighting vehicles, including the EE-T1 OsĂłrio, EE-9 Cascavel and EE-11 Urutu.
Engeye Engeye Health Clinic in Uganda is run by a small group of Americans and Ugandans, working to improve the living conditions and reduce the unnecessary suffering in rural Africa through education and health care. The entire clinic and two volunteer houses were constructed during the summer of 2006 at an estimated cost of $50,000.
Engine (computer science) An engine is a continuation-based construct that provides timed preemption. Engines which can contain other engines are sometimes called nesters and engines which don't have this ability are then called flat engines.
Engine Alliance The Engine Alliance, a 50/50 joint venture between General Electric and Pratt & Whitney, was formed in August 1996 to develop, manufacture, sell, and support a family of modern technology engines for new high-capacity, long-range aircraft.
Engine Alliance GP7000 The Engine Alliance GP7000 (known as the GP72000 for a brief time period) is a new turbofan jet engine that will incorporate advanced technologies of proven wide-body products, originally from the world's No.1 and No.
Engine balance Engine balance is the design, construction and tuning of an engine to run smoothly. Engine balance reduces vibration and other stresses, and may improve the performance, efficiency, cost of ownership and reliability of the engine, as well as reducing the stress both on other machinery and on the people near the engine.
Engine braking Engine braking is the act of using the energy-requiring compression stroke of the internal combustion engine to dissipate energy and slow down a vehicle. Compression braking is a common legal term for the same mechanism.
Engine configuration Engine configuration is an engineering term for the layout of the major components of an internal combustion engine. These components include cylinders, pistons, crankshaft or crankshafts and camshaft or camshafts.
Engine City Engine City is a fictional city that was created in DC Comics' Reign of the Supermen storyline. Engine City was built on the remains of Hal Jordan's hometown of Coast City, which had been destroyed by Mongul and Hank Hendshaw, as part of a plot to turn Earth into the new War World.
Engine City Technical Institute Engine City Technical Institute is an exclusively-diesel technology school located in South Plainfield, New Jersey, founded in 1969. It is currently the only such school in the northeastern United States, and as such its graduates are in high demand among many different kinds of businesses, from trucking to the United States Postal Service.
Engine Control Unit An Engine Control Unit (ECU) also known as Engine Management System (EMS) is an electronic control unit which controls various aspects of an internal combustion engine's operation. The most simple ECUs simply control the quantity of fuel injected into each cylinder each engine cycle.
Engine displacement Engine displacement is defined as the total volume of air/fuel mixture an engine can draw in during one complete engine cycle; it is normally stated in cubic centimetres, litres or cubic inches. In a piston engine, this is the volume that is swept as the pistons are moved from top dead centre to bottom dead centre.
Engine Gear (Beyblade toys) The Engine Gear Beyblade toy is a spinning core containing a winder, which gives the top extra spinning power. This Engine Gear first appeared in the G-Revolution anime series before being translated into the toys.
Engine Indicating and Crew Alerting System Engine Indicating and Crew Alerting System (EICAS) is an integrated system to provide aircraft crew with aircraft engines and other systems instrumentation and crew annunciations. EICAS typically includes instrumentation of various engine parameters, including for example RPMs, temperature values, fuel flow and quantity, oil pressure etc.
Engine knocking Knocking (also called pinking or pinging)— colloquially detonation—in internal combustion engines occurs when air/fuel mixture in the cylinder has been ignited by the spark plug and the smooth burning is interrupted by the unburned mixture in the combustion chamber exploding before the flame front can reach it. The engineered combusting process ceases, because of the explosion, before the optimum moment for the four-stroke cycle.
Engine room In a ship, an engine room is where the main engine(s), generators, compressors, pumps, fuel/lubrication oil purifiers and other major machinery are located. Sometimes referred to as the "machinery space".
Engine swap An engine swap is the process of removing a car's engine and replacing it with another. This is done either because of failure or to install a different engine, usually one that is more powerful or more up to date and maintainable.
Engine test stand An engine test stand is a facility used to develop, characterize and test engines. The facility, often offered as a product to automotive OEMs, allows engine operation in different operating regimes and offers measurement of several physical variables associated with the engine operation.
Engine tuning Engine tuning or engine building is the adjustment, modification or design of internal combustion engines to yield optimal performance, either in terms of power output or economy. It is a popular pastime with amateur mechanics or "gearheads" and "petrolheads".
Engine turnings Engine Turning refers to a fine geometric pattern that can be inscribed onto metal as a finish. Aluminium is often the metal chosen but any metal can be finely machined to produce intricate repetive patterns that offer reflective interest and fine detail.
Engineer (degree) The degree of Engineer (abbreviation: Eng) is an academic degree granted by the California Institute of Technology upon completion of some of the requirements for the (much more common) PhD degree. Typically, only a very small number of students graduate with this degree each year, and no students are admitted with the degree of Engineer as their stated degree objective.
Engineer boots Similar to harness boots, engineer boots are a type of motorcycle boot: footwear usually worn by motorcycle riders, commonly called bikers. The boots are most often made of heavy weight black leather, have a rounded toe and range in height from short (10") to extra high (38").
Engineer Officer An Engineer Officer is one type of officer in the British Royal Navy. There are also Warfare Officers and Logistics Officers (formerly called Supply Officers) supported by additional branches such as Medical or Dental Officers, or the Chaplaincy Service.
Engineer's degree An engineer's degree is a graduate academic degree intermediate in rank between a master's degree and a doctoral degree in the United States. In Europe, it can be an approximately six year degree roughly equivalent to a master's degree.
Engineer's scale An engineer's scale is a ruler, a tool for measuring distances. It is commonly made of plastic and is just over 300 mm (twelve inches) long, so that the measuring ticks at the edges do not become unusable by wear.
Engineered language Engineered languages (sometimes abbreviated to engelangs), are constructed languages devised to test or prove some hypothesis about how languages work or might work. There are at least two subcategories, philosophical languages (or ideal languages) and logical languages, (sometimes abbreviated as loglangs).
Engineered Materials Arrestor System An Engineered Materials Arrestor System is a pad at the end of a runway built of a lightweight, crushable concrete that safely absorbs the energy of an aircraft which has overrun a runway, bringing it to a stop. This is a similar concept to the runaway truck ramp made of gravel.
Engineered wood Engineered wood, also called composite wood, includes a range of derivative wood products which are manufactured by binding together wood strands, particles, fibers, or veneers with adhesives to form composite materials. These products are engineered to precise design specifications which are tested to meet national or international standards.
Engineering Engineering is the design, analysis, and/or construction of works for practical purposes. One who practices engineering is called an engineer, and those licensed to do so have formal designations such as Professional Engineer or Chartered Engineer.
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council The Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) is a British Research Council that provides government funding for grants to undertake research and postgraduate degrees in engineering and the physical sciences (including mathematics, Artificial Intelligence and computer science), mainly to universities in the United Kingdom. The head office is in Swindon, Wiltshire.
Engineering bill of material Engineering bill of material (EBOM) is a type of bill of material reflecting the product as designed by engineering, also referred to as the “as-designed" bill of material. This BOM includes all substitute and alternate part numbers, and includes parts that are contained in drawing notes.
Engineering cybernetics Engineering cybernetics (or Technical cybernetics) deals with the question of control engineering of mechatronic systems as well as chemical or biological systems. It is used to control and predict the behaviour of such a system; see control theory.
Engineering College of Copenhagen The Engineering College of Copenhagen (Danish: Ingenhiørhøjskolen i København) is the largest of its kind in Denmark. Since it was founded in 1886, the college greatly expanded its programmes and facilities.
Engineering Council UK The Engineering Council UK (ECUK) is recognised by the British Government as the national representative body of the engineering profession in the United Kingdom, working in partnership with other engineering institutions, and is a "designated authority", under the implementing regulations for Directive 89148/EEC. This directive is implemented for engineering in the UK by Statutory Instrument (SI) 1991 No 824 "The European Communities (Recognition of Professional Qualifications) Regulations 1991".
Engineering drawing An engineering drawing is a type of drawing that is technical in nature, used to fully and clearly define requirements for engineered items, and is usually created in accordance with standardized conventions for layout, nomenclature, interpretation, appearance (such as typefaces and line styles), size, etc. Its purpose is to accurately and unambiguously capture all the geometric features of a product or a component.
Engineering Doctorate An Engineering Doctorate (EngD) is a postgraduate degree awarded by twenty universities in the United Kingdom. It is a doctoral research degree which combines traditional, university-based PhD study with time working for an industrial sponsor.
Engineering economics Engineering economics, previously known as engineering economy, is a subset of economics for application to engineering projects. Engineers seek solutions to problems, and the economic viability of each potential solution is normally considered along with the technical aspects.
Engineering education Engineering education is the study of engineering systems and technology. The goal of engineering education is to spread Technological Literacy, increase student interest in technical careers and support science and math education through hands-on learning.
Engineering ethics Engineering ethics is the field of applied ethics which examines and sets standards for engineers' obligations to the society, their clients, employers and the profession. This article addresses the subject for both Professional engineers and other engineers.
Engineering Education Scheme The Engineering Education Scheme is a UK scheme run by the Royal Academy of Engineering to promote the education of school students about engineering. The scheme is an annual event which can run for over a year after the start.
Engineering geologist An engineering geologist is a geologist trained in the discipline of engineering geology. Many organizations and governments have programs for the qualification, testing and certification of engineering geologists as a protection to the public.
Engineering geology Engineering Geology is the application of the geologic sciences to engineering practice for the purpose of assuring that the geologic factors affecting the location, design, construction, operation and maintenance of engineering works are recognized and adequately provided for. Engineering geologists investigate and provide geologic and geotechnical recommendations, analysis, and design.
Engineering Change Notice An Engineering Change Notice, or Change Notice, is "a document approved by the design activity that describes and authorizes the implementation of an engineering change to the product and its approved configuration documentation" .
Engineering Management Certification International Engineering Management Certification International (EMCI) is a professional body that provides professional certifications in Engineering Management. EMCI was established by ASME, in partnership with ASCE, AIChE, and AIME.
Engineering psychology engineering psychology is an interdisciplinary part of Human factors or Ergonomics and studies the relationships of people to machines, with the intent of improving such relationships. This may involve redesigning equipment, changing the way people use machines, or changing the location in which the work takes place.
Engineering Projects In Community Service Engineering Projects in Community Service (EPICS) was founded in 1995 at Purdue University by Professors Edward Coyle and Leah Jameson as a solution to two problems. First, many engineering graduates lacked real world skills need for project management, such as budgeting and scheduling.
Engineering Research Associates Engineering Research Associates, commonly known as ERA, was a pioneering computer firm from the 1950s. They became famous for their numerical computers, but as the market expanded they became better known for their drum memory systems.
Engineering Research Center for Wireless Integrated Microsystems NSF Engineering Research Center for Wireless Integrated Microsystems (ERC WIMS) was formed in 2000 by through the collaboration of the University of Michigan, Michigan State University, and Michigan Technological University. This partnership combined UM's programs in sensors and microsystems with MSU's leadership in materials, especially in diamond and in carbon nanotubes, and Michigan Tech's expertise in packaging, micromilling, and hot embossing.
Engineering science and mechanics Engineering science and mechanics programs at universitites typically provide a multi- and interdisciplinary education. They focus on teaching the fundamentals that lie at the intersection of engineering and science.
Engineering support Configuration management is for most of time dealing with the system that is large, complexed, has a long life duration (more than 10 years) and involve more people. The key issues for engineering support are to coordinate the participants and to provide each engineer an environment, also called a workspace where they can work independently in the task duration.
Engineering Science Engineering Science is multidisciplinary program designed to integrate the sciences with areas of traditional engineering such as research, design and analysis. A core of basic courses in mathematics, physics and chemistry forms the foundation of the curriculum and the student is free to choose from a number of electives to pursue his area of interest.
Engineering Society of Multimedia University The Engineering Society of Multimedia University (Melaka Campus) or known as ENGSOC Melaka, is one of the learned society in Multimedia University, Malaysia. ENGSOC assists the Faculty of Engineering and Technology in producing more productive engineers and through this, develop a sense of loyalty and belonging to the faculty itself.
Engineering treatment of the Finite Element Method The Finite Element Method (FEM) is a technique for finding approximate solutions to differential equations that is particularly useful in engineering. As of 2005, FEM is the primary analysis technique for computer modeling of mechanical systems as found in structural mechanics.
Engineering Undergraduate Society of the University of British Columbia Engineering Undergraduate Society (EUS), is the engineering society at the University of British Columbia in the University Endowment Lands, British Columbia, Canada (just west of Vancouver's city limits). It organizes Engineering department events but is perhaps best known for practical jokes (STUdeNT projectS) it has played in the past, including hanging the frame of a Volkswagen Beetle off of bridges including the Golden Gate in San Francisco and the Lions Gate Bridge in Vancouver.
Engineering, procurement and construction Companies seeking financing or outside investment to build large facilities such as power plants, refineries, and mills are generally required to obtain a lump sum, turn-key engineering, procurement, and construction contract with a credit-worthy contractor with satisfactory industry-related experience and capabilities by the debt providers or equity investors. Such a contractor is an engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) company.
Engineering, Printing and Manufacturing Union The Engineering, Printing and Manufacturing Union (EPMU) is the largest trade union in New Zealand. It was formed in 1996 by the merger of the Engineers' Union (EU), the Printing, Packaging and Manufacturing Union (PPMU), and the Communications and Energy Workers' Union (CEWU).
Engineeringtalk Engineeringtalk is a London-based weekly email newsletter aimed at the design engineer, covering the latest developments in product design engineering and automation worldwide. Launched in January 2000, it was the first publication from Pro-Talk Ltd.
Engineers (Gary Numan track) "Engineers" is a Gary Numan song, probably based on the novel The Penultimate Truth by Philip K Dick, which is about people who work in underground shelters as engineers building robots for the ruling classes up above. In his autobiography, Numan says "The engineers keep them running and feel very bitter because they live in darkness, never coming to the surface or being allowed to use the roads themselves.
Engineers Australia The Institution of Engineers Australia, often shortened to IEAust, is a professional body and not-for-profit organization dedicated to being the national forum for the advancement of the engineering field within Australia. It has over 79,000 members coming from all engineering disciplines, 27,000 of whom are students.
Engineers India Limited Engineers India Limited (EIL) is a public-listed company under the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, and is a business enterprise of the Government of India that was initially set up in 1965 to help the vital petroleum industry in the country. It has to its credit, more than 4,300 assignments, including 320 major projects, that has, so far, been successfully completed.
Engineers line reference Engineers' line reference (ELR) is a four-character code used in the British railway network (Network Rail and its train operating customers) as designations for portions of track. These references are unique to each section and enable greater specificity, aiding the management of the operational railway.
Engineers Without Borders - Portland Professional Chapter Engineers Without Borders - Portland Professional Chapter (EWB Portland) was established in January, 2005, in Portland, Oregon. EWB Portland is a professional chapter of Engineers Without Borders - USA (EWB-USA)and is affiliated with the West Coast Region (EWB-WCR).
Engineers Without Borders (Australia) Engineers Without Borders Australia is a non-profit organisation that works within Australia and abroad to improve the quality of life of disadvantaged communities through education and the implementation of sustainable engineering projects. EWB Australia was established in 2003 by a group of engineers from Melbourne who were inspired to take action on the developmental front through engineering.
Engineers Without Borders (Belgium) Ingénieurs sans Frontières - Ingénieurs Assistance Internationale (ISF-IAI, more commonly known as ISF, Belgium) is a Belgian NGO assisting developing areas of the world with their engineering needs and whose fundamental purpose is to adapt technological development to the needs of those living in underprivileged areas.
Engineers Without Borders (Canada) Engineers Without Borders — Ingénieurs sans frontières (Canada) (abbreviated EWB-ISF Canada or, more commonly, EWB in English or ISF in French) is a Non-governmental organisation devoted to international development. (See also Engineers Without Borders for similar organisations worldwide.
Engineers Without Borders (USA) Engineers Without Borders – USA (EWB-USA) is a non-profit organization established in 2000 to help developing areas worldwide with their engineering needs, while involving and training a new kind of internationally responsible engineering student. It is a member of the "Engineers Without Borders - International" network.
England England (pronounced IPA: ) is a country in north-west Europe and is the largest and most populous constituent countryCountries within a country, 10 Downing Street Official Website. URL accessed December 6, 2006.
England (song) "England" is a song written by Justin Hawkins from The Darkness and released by him under the name British Whale and is set to be an unofficial World Cup single for the England National Team. The song was deemed controversial even before release because it contains a jovial anti-German sentiment with references to the World War II.
England and Germany football rivalry The England and Germany national football teams share a major rivalry, with matches between the two nations often attracting much media attention, public interest and comment in both countries but especially in England. Although the footballing rivalry began in earnest after the 1966 World Cup, it was fed by non-footballing events that had taken place between the two countries in previous decades, particularly memories of the Second World War.
England and Wales Cricket Board The England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) is the governing body of cricket in England and Wales. It was created on 1 January 1997 combining the roles of the Test and County Cricket Board (TCCB), the National Cricket Association (NCA) and the Cricket Council.
England at the 2006 Commonwealth Games England at the 2006 Commonwealth Games were represented by the Commonwealth Games Council for England (CGCE). The country went by the abbreviation ENG and used the St George's Cross as flag and Land of Hope and Glory as the national anthem.
England A cricket team The England A cricket team is a cricket team representing England and Wales. It is the "second tier" of international English cricket below the full English cricket team, and is largely intended as a way for promising young cricketers to gain experience of playing international cricket.
England B national football team England B is a secondary football team run occasionally as support for the England national football team. At times they have played other nation's full teams; they have also played matches against 'B' teams from other football associations.
England expects that every man will do his duty "England expects that every man will do his duty" was a signal sent by Admiral Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson from his flagship HMS Victory as the Battle of Trafalgar was about to commence on October 21, 1805. Trafalgar was the decisive naval engagement of the Napoleonic Wars.
England national amateur football team The England national amateur football team was the amateur representative team for England at football. It was formed some time around 1900, due to the growth of the professional game which meant that amateur players could no longer easily find places in the main England national team.
England national rugby league team In rugby league England is represented in the World Cup (1977, 1995, 2000) and the World Sevens (2002, 2003). With the exception of the 1995 World Cup, matches involving England are not deemed to have test status, English players instead representing Great Britain.
England national rugby union team The England national rugby union team (also referred to as England Rugby and the English rugby team) represents England at a national level in international rugby union competitions, notably the World Cup and the Six Nations Championship. The team is governed by the Rugby Football Union, which oversees all rugby union in England.
England National Game XI The England National Game XI is a football team that represents England at semi-professional level. The team is predominantly made up of players from the Nationwide Conference and is coached by Paul Fairclough.
England Rural Development Programme England Rural Development Programme is the instrument by which the UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) fulfills its rural development obligations as set out by the European Union. It is derived primarily from Council Regulation European Union Regulation No.
England to Australia flight In 1919 the Commonwealth Government of Australia offered a prize of ÂŁ10,000 for the first flight by Australians in a British aircraft from Hounslow or Calshot in England to Australia accomplished within 720 hours. Vickers entered a Vimy bomber, registered G-EAOU, crewed by Captain Ross Macpherson Smith that left Hounslow at 8am on 12 November, 1919.
England Your England England Your England is an essay written by the British author George Orwell during The Blitz of 1941 as bombers of Nazi Germany flew overhead. It is his attempt to define British culture and the British people for the rest of the world as he fears that it might soon be wiped from earth by the Nazi armies.

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