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Frame and panel Frame and panel construction (also called "rail and stile") is a woodworking technique often used in the making of doors, wainscoting, and other decorative features for cabinets, furniture, and homes. The basic idea is to capture a 'floating' panel within a sturdy frame, as opposed to techniques like slab drawer fronts which are simply single pieces of material with exposed endgrains.
Frame bundle In mathematics, in particular in differential topology, a frame at a point of a differentiable manifold M is a basis of the tangent space at the point. The frame bundle is then the fibre bundle consisting of all frames on M.
Frame City Killer Frame City Killer was an Xbox 360 video game under development by Namco. After repeated delays in development, a lack of presentation in numerous trade shows, and with media releases that failed to impress, Namco decided to cancel the title in May 2006.
Frame fields in general relativity In general relativity, a frame field (also called a tetrad or vierbein) is an orthonormal set of four vector fields, one timelike and three spacelike, defined on a Lorentzian manifold which is physically interpreted as a model of spacetime. The timelike unit vector field is often denoted by vec{e}_0 and the three spacelike unit vector fields by vec{e}_1, vec{e}_2, , vec{e}_3.
Frame matroid A frame matroid is a matroid in which there is a basis such that every element of the matroid lies on one of the lines spanned by two elements of that basis, or is any submatroid of such a matroid. Also, any matroid of rank less than 2 is a frame matroid.
Frame of Government of Pennsylvania The Frame of Government of Pennsylvania was a constitution for the Pennsylvania Colony, a proprietary colony granted to William Penn by Charles II of England. In 1682 Penn, while still in England, drafted the first version of the Frame of Government to supplement the colony's royal charter.
Frame of reference A frame of reference is a particular perspective from which the universe is observed. Specifically, in physics, it refers to a provided set of axes from which an observer can measure the position and motion of all points in a system, as well as the orientation of objects in it.
Frame problem In artificial intelligence, the frame problem was initially formulated as the problem of expressing a dynamical domain in logic without explicitly specifying which conditions are not affected by an action. John McCarthy and Patrick J.
Frame problem (philosophy) In philosophy, the frame problem is the problem of how a rational agent bounds the set of beliefs to change when an action is performed. This problem originates from artificial intelligence, where it is formulated as the problem of avoiding to specify all conditions that are not affected by actions, in the context of representing dynamical domains in a formal logic.
Frame rate Frame rate, or frame frequency, is the measurement of how quickly an imaging device produces unique consecutive images called frames. The term applies equally well to computer graphics, video cameras, film cameras, and motion capture systems.
Frame relay In the context of computer networking, frame relay (also found written as "Frame-relay") consists of an efficient data transmission technique used to send digital information quickly and cheaply in a relay of frames to one or many destinations from one or many end-points. Network providers commonly implement frame relay for voice and data as an encapsulation technique, used between local area networks (LANs) over a wide area network (WAN).
Frame slip In the reception of framed data, a frame slip is the loss of synchronization between a received frame and the receiver clock signal, causing a frame misalignment event, and resulting in the loss of the data contained in the received frame.
Frame story A frame story (also frame tale, frame narrative, etc.) is a narrative technique whereby a main story is composed, at least in part, for the purpose of organizing a set of shorter stories, each of which is a story within a story -- or for surrounding a single story within a story.
Frame synchronizer A frame synchronizer is a device used in live television production to match the timing of an incoming video source to the timing of an existing video system. They are often used to "time in" consumer video equipment to a professional system but can be used to stabilize any video.
Frame-dragging According to Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity, spacetime (space and time) get pulled out of shape near a forcibly-accelerated or rotating body in a phenomenon referred to as frame-dragging. The rotational frame-dragging effect was first derived from the theory of general relativity in 1918 by the Austrian physicists Joseph Lense and Hans Thirring, and is also known as the Lense-Thirring effect.
Framebuffer The framebuffer is a video output device that drives a video display from a memory buffer containing a complete frame of data. The information in the buffer typically consists of color values for every pixel (point that can be displayed) on the screen.
Framebuffer Object The frame buffer object architecture (FBO) is an extension to OpenGL for doing flexible off-screen rendering, including rendering to a texture. By capturing images that would normally be drawn to the screen, it can be used to implement a large variety of image filters,
FrameBuffer UI FBUI (FrameBuffer UI) is an in-kernel windowing system for Linux that sits on top of the framebuffer subsystem. Unlike the X Window System, FBUI comes at very low cost: the entire subsystem is about 50 kilobytes in size.
Framed knot In the mathematical area of knot theory, a framed knot is a tame knot with a particular choice of an extension to an embedding of the solid torus D2 x S1. The framing of the knot is the linking number of the image of 1 x S1 with the knot.
Framekiller Framekiller is a term commonly used for a piece of JavaScript code that doesn't allow a Web page to be displayed within a frame. A frame is a subdivision of a Web browser window and can act like a smaller window, as described in Web site Framing.
Frameless construction Frameless construction in cabinetmaking refers to the construction of cabinets using flat panels of engineered wood — usually particle board, plywood or medium-density fiberboard — rather than the traditional frame and panel construction.
Frameline The San Francisco International Lesbian and Gay Film Festival is the oldest film festival devoted to Lesbian and Gay programming currently in existence.Stack, Peter, "Gay Film Festival to Go On Despite Director's Vanishing".
Framepointer A framepointer or frame pointer is a pointer to the current stack frame. It is generally used for debugging, but can also be used for stack management in general; the 68k processor series has instruction set support for framepointer access.
Framer A framer is a carpenter who performs the tasks of assembling the major structural elements of a wood-framed building. Framers build walls out of studs, sills, and headers, build floors from joists and beams, and frame roofs using ridge poles and rafters.
Frames Per Stop Frames per stop is a term used in the bowling industry by technicians, manufacturers, and others involved in this recreation industry. The term refers to how many frames, on average, a group of pinsetters is able to operate without a stop, which is a malfunction or other condition which requires human assistance to fix the machine.
Frameshift (band) Frameshift is a progressive rock/metal band led by Henning Pauly. The first album, Unweaving the Rainbow is a concept album based on the work of Richard Dawkins, a scientist and writer, and features Dream Theater vocalist James LaBrie.
Frameshift mutation A frameshift mutation (also called a frameshift or a framing error) is a genetic mutation that inserts or deletes a number of nucleotides that is not evenly divisible by three from a DNA sequence. Due to the triplet nature of gene expression by codons, the insertion or deletion can disrupt the reading frame, or the grouping of the codons, resulting in a completely different translation from the original.
Framestore CFC Framestore CFC is one of the largest digital visual effects companies in Europe. Based in London, it was formed in 2001 by a merger between the Computer Film Company and Framestore, which had previously been separate parts of the Framestore Group of companies.
Frametown, West Virginia Frametown is an unincorporated community in Braxton County, West Virginia, USA. While the heart of Frametown itself is rather small, there is a large sprawling area that considers itself to be part of the Frametown community.
Frameup A frameup refers to the act of "framing" someone, that is, providing false evidence in order to prove someone guilty of a crime. Sometimes the person who is framing someone else is the actual perpetrator of the crime.
Framework In software development, a framework is a defined support structure in which another software project can be organized and developed. A framework may include support programs, code libraries, a scripting language, or other software to help develop and glue together the different components of a software project.
Framework (office suite) Framework launched in 1984, was the first office suite to run on the PC 8086 with DOS operating system. An even earlier integrated suite, actually comparable to the original Macintosh of 1984 and Lisa of 1982 was produced by Epson, a complete integrated work station based on the previous Z80 processor and CPM operating system with GUI interface and WYSIWYG ("what you see is what you get") typography on the monitor and printing.
Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities In February 1995, 22 member States of the Council of Europe, signed the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. The broad aims of the Convention are to ensure that the signatory states respect for the rights of national minorities, undertaking to combat discrimination, promote equality, preserve and develop the culture and identity of national minorities, guarantee certain freedoms in relation to access to the media, minority languages and education and encourage the participation of national minorities in public life.
Framework decisions With the entry into force of the Treaty of Amsterdam, these new instruments under Title VI of the EU Treaty (Police and judicial cooperation in criminal matters) have replaced joint action. More binding and more authoritative, they should serve to make action under the reorganised third pillar more effective.
Framework for Integrated Testing The Framework for Integrated Testing is a tool for improving the collaboration of customers, analysts, testers, and developers in the construction of software. The function of the system, is described in HTML pages which are then used to run automated tests on the software.
Framework for Privacy Analysis of Programs, Technologies, and Applications The Framework for Privacy Analysis of Programs, Technologies, and Applications is a framework developed by the Department of Homeland Security Data Privacy and Integrity Advisory Committee and issued as report 2006-01 on March 7, 2006.http://www.
Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development The Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development, also called Framework Programmes or abbreviated FP, are funding programmes created by the European Union in order to support and encourage European research or, more specifically, the European Research Area (ERA). The detailed objectives and actions vary from one funding period to another.
FramhaldsskĂłlinn Ă Vestmannaeyjum FramhaldsskĂłlinn Ă Vestmannaeyjum, the comprehensive secondary school of Vestmannaeyjar, was founded 1979 when the mechanical engineering, common trades (is. iĂ°nskĂłli) and the higher education department of the secondary school merged into one.
Framheim Framheim was the name of explorer Roald Amundsen's base at the Bay of Whales on the Ross Ice Shelf in Antarctica during his quest for the South Pole. The hut was constructed in sections by a master carpenter, Jørgen Stubberud and erected at Amundsen's home in Norway, then dismantled for shipment to Antarctica on the Fram.
Framing (communication theory) In communication theory, and sociology, framing is a process of selective control over the individual's perception of media, public, or private communication, in particular the meanings attributed to words or phrases. Framing defines how an element of rhetoric is packaged so as to allow certain interpretations and rule out others.
Framing (psychology) Frames, according to many psychologists, linguists and cognitive scientists, are mental structures that are used to facilitate the thinking process. We use frames to provide categories and a structure to our thoughts. An example of this concept is George Lakoff's "Don't Think of an Elephant!" Lakoff, in teaching his Cognitive Science 101 course at the University of California, Berkeley gives his students a directive: DO NOT THINK OF AN ELEPHANT! According to Lakoff, it is impossible not to think of an elephant. The mere mention of the word "elephant" provokes an image and an accompanying frame.
Framing device The term framing device refers to the usage of a single action, scene, event, setting, or any element of significance at the beginning and end of an artistic, musical, or literary work. The device thus acts as a context within which the main body of work can develop.
Framing effect Framing effect is a phenomenon observed when a decision maker, faced with a dilemma, becomes susceptible to the manipulation of context, where choices are controlled by how risky decision-frame options are presented. A decision-frame is a subjective conception of the actions, outcomes and contingencies associated with decision options.
Framingham Country Club The Framingham Country Club is a golf course located in Framingham, Massachusetts about thirty-five minutes west of Boston, Massachusetts off the Massachusetts Turnpike. It is an elite, private, golf course which has a waiting list to be a member.
Framingham Heart Study The Framingham Heart Study is a cardiovascular study based in Framingham, Massachusetts. The study began in 1948 with 5,209 adult subjects from Framingham, and is on its third generation of participants at present.
Framingham Mall The Framingham Mall was located across from the Shoppers World mall and at the intersection of Whitter Street and Cochituate Road (Route 30) in Framingham, Massachusetts. Around 2000, it was "de-malled" by the demolition of its indoor shopping arcade, which was replaced with a Target store.
Framingham Plaza The Framingham Plaza is a rest area on westbound Interstate 90, better known as the Massachusetts Turnpike in Massachusetts. The plaza contains the following restaurants: Honey Dew Donuts, McDonalds, Ben and Jerry's Ice Cream, and Auntie Anne's pretzels.
Framingham, Massachusetts Framingham is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, USA and the only such named town in the United States. As of the 2000 census, the population was 66,910, making it the most populous town in New England.
Framjee Nasarwanjee Patel Framjee Nasarwanjee Patel (1804 – 1894), Parsee merchant and philanthropist, was born in 1804, and had a sound vernacular education, with a smattering of English received in Bombay. At the age of fifteen he entered upon a business career, and its pursuit proved so congenial that by 1827 he had worked his way to a partnership in the firm of Frith, Bomanjee & Co.
Framlingham College Framlingham College is an independent, coeducational boarding and day school in the town of Framlingham, near near Woodbridge, Suffolk, England. Together with its junior school, Brandeston Hall, it serves pupils from four to eighteen years of age.
Framnaes Grenland Framnæs AS (formerly Hitec Framnæs AS) is a design and engineering company operating in the oil & gas, marine and process industries. The company headquarters are in Sandefjord, Stavanger, Norway.
Framnes Mountains Framnes Mountains () is a group of mountains consisting of Casey Range, Masson Range, and David Range, and adjacent peaks and mountains. The three major ranges and other lesser features were sighted and named in February 1931 by the British Australian New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition (BANZARE) under Douglas Mawson.
Frampton, New South Wales Frampton is a community area on the Sydney to Melbourne rail line and in the north east part of the Riverina and situated about 14 kilometres south west from Cootamundra and 11 kilometres north east from Bethungra. It has a population within a 7 kilometre radius of approximately 601 people.
Framsden The village of Framsden lies around seven miles south of Framlingham in Suffolk. The village itself lies on a hill surrounded by what must once have been the village green (although this now seems to have been enclosed).
Framtid i Nord Framtid i Nord ("The Future in the North") is a local newspaper in northern Troms, a county in Northern Norway. It covers only local news from the municipalities of Kvænangen, Nordreisa, Lyngen, Skjervøy, Kåfjord and Storfjord.
Framus Framus is a German guitar, bass, and banjo manufacturing company, that existed from 1946 until going bankrupt in 1975. Framus has been revived in 1995 and today is part of Warwick GmbH & Co Music Equipment KG in Markneukirchen (Germany).
Fran Allison Fran Allison (20 November 1907 - 13 June 1989) was a television comedian and singer. She is best known for her starring role in the puppet show Kukla, Fran and Ollie, which ran from 1947-57, returning to the air regularly until the mid 1980s.
Fran Brill Fran Brill (born September 30 in Chester, Pennsylvania), is an American actor, voice actress and puppeteer, best known for her roles on "Sesame Street". She is a graduate of Boston University's Fine Art School.
Fran Crippen Fran Crippen (born April 17, 1984 in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania) is a freestyle swimmer from the United States, who won two individual silver medals at the 2003 Pan American Games in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. He did so in the 400 and 1500m freestyle.
Fran Fine Francine "Fran" Joy Sheffield (née Fine), (born November 26 sometime during the John F. Kennedy presidency in New York City, New York) was the main character in the 1990s CBS sitcom The Nanny, largely based on and played by actress Fran Drescher.
Fran Healy (baseball) Francis Xavier Healy (born September 6, 1946 in Holyoke, Massachusetts), is a former baseball catcher best known for his long tenure calling television broadcasts for the New York Mets on the MSG Network and Fox Sports Net-New York. In his baseball career, Healy played for the Kansas City Royals, San Francisco Giants and New York Yankees, accumulating a .
Fran Charles Fran Charles is a substitute studio host for NFL Total Access on the NFL Network as well as blow-by-blow announcer for HBO's Boxing After Dark series. He also served as host of USA Network's PGA Tour Sunday with Golf World senior writer, Tim Rosaforte.
Fran Jeffries Fran Jeffries (born 18 May 1937 in San Jose, California) was a singer/actress/model in the 1960s and early-1970s. She had a cameo in the 1963 film The Pink Panther, in which she sang a song called Meglio Stasera (It Had Better Be Tonight) while sashaying around a fireplace.
Fran Matera Francis "Fran" Matera (born December 12, 1924) is an American comic strip artist best known for his work as the 1984-2004 artist of the King Features Syndicate adventure strip Steve Roper and Mike Nomad.
Fran Mirabella III Francis Michael Mirabella III (born 1980) is an editor at IGN Entertainment. He is currently the chief video producer, overseeing all video projects at IGN Entertainment, a division of News Corporation's Fox Interactive Media.
Fran Rish Stadium Fran Rish Stadium is a football/track stadium located adjacent to the grounds of Richland High School in Richland, Washington. Currently, it is the home of the football teams of the two high schools in the city, the Richland Bombers and the Hanford High School Falcons, although the Falcons have a separate track facility at their high school.
Fran Rubel Kuzui Fran Rubel Kuzui is an American movie director and producer. She received her Masters degree from New York University and was a script supervisor for a decade, prior to her first film, 1988's Tokyo Pop, which she co-wrote and directed.
Fran Vázquez Francisco Vázquez González (born May 1, 1983 in Chantada, Galicia, Spain), commonly known as Fran Vázquez, is a Spanish pro basketball player. He was selected 11th overall in the 2005 NBA Draft by the Orlando Magic.
Fran Walsh Frances Walsh (born 1959), MNZM, is an Academy Award-winning screenwriter and film producer and also a musician. She is the long time partner and common-law wife of filmmaker Peter Jackson since 1987, and mother of their two children, Billy Jackson and Katie Jackson.
Françafrique Françafrique is a term that refers to alleged neocolonialism by France in Africa. It was first used by president of the Côte d'Ivoire Félix Houphouët-Boigny and was subsequently borrowed by François-Xavier Verschave as the title of his criticism of French policies in Africa.
François Allaire François Allaire is an accomplished goaltender coach, currently working for the Anaheim Ducks NHL hockey club. His past and present students include Hockey Hall of Fame goaltender Patrick Roy and Anaheim goaltender Jean-Sébastien Giguère.
François Andrieu François Andrieu was a composer, most likely French, of the late 14th century. Nothing is known about him except that he wrote an elegy on the death of Guillaume de Machaut (1377), a four-voice ballade Armes amours / O flour des flours, which is contained in the Chantilly Codex.
François Antoine Habeneck François Antoine Habeneck (January 22, 1781-February 8, 1849) was a French violinist and conductor, born at Mézières. He entered the Conservatory in Paris (1801), where he studied under Baillot and obtained the first violin prize (1804).
François Étienne de Kellermann Francois Étienne de Kellermann, Duc de Valmy (1770 - June 2, 1835) was a French cavalry general noted for his daring and skillful exploits during the Napoleonic Wars. He was the son of François Christophe Kellermann and the father of the diplomat François Christophe Edmond de Kellermann.
François Baby (businessman) François Baby, ( 4 October 1733 – 6 October 1820) came from a family of fur traders. His father and grandfather, (Jacques Babie), had been successful in the business and his eldest brother Jacques and other family members were active in the same business.
François Bayrou François Bayrou (; born 25 May 1951) in Bordères, Pyrénées-Atlantiques in France, a village between Pau and Lourdes, is a French politician. He is the son of Calixte Bayrou, a cultivator and Emma Sarthou, an agricultor.
François Bigot François Bigot (born Bordeaux, January 1703; died Neuchâtel, Switzerland, 12 January 1778) was a French government official. He served as the Financial Commissary on Île Royale (nowadays Cape Breton Island) and as Intendant of New France.
François Billetdoux François Billetdoux (born 7 September 1927 in Paris, France, died 26 November 1991 in Paris) was a French dramatic author and novelist. His works describe the world with a fierce humor of a somewhat burlesque style, which sometimes turns into black humor.
François Bordes François Bordes (December 30, 1919 – April 30, 1981), also known by the pen name of Francis Carsac, was a French scientist, geologist, and archaeologist. He was a professor of prehistory and quaternary geology at the Science Faculty of Bordeaux.
François Bouffier François Bouffier was a French non-commissioned officer of the 19th century, a sergeant of the 8th Battalion of infantrymen. He was a member of the first French Military Mission to Japan in 1867, in which he accompanied Jules Brunet.
François Bouchard Francois Bouchard (Born April 26, 1988 in Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada) is an amateur ice hockey player for the Baie-Comeau Drakkar of the QMJHL. He was drafted in the second round, 35th overall in the 2006 NHL Entry Draft by the Washington Capitals.
François Boucher François Boucher (September 29, 1703 – May 30, 1770) was a French painter, a proponent of Rococo taste, known for his idyllic and voluptuous paintings on classical themes, decorative allegories representing the arts or pastoral occupations, and intended as a sort of two-dimensional furniture. He also painted several portraits of his illustrious patroness, Madame de Pompadour.
François Bourgeon François Bourgeon (born July 5 1945, Paris) is a French graphic artist, creator of some of the most well-respected European comic books. He was first published in 1972, and when the Passengers of the Wind cycle was published in Circus magazine in 1979 it was immediately recognised as one of the most important modern European comic series.
François Bozizé François Bozizé Yangouvonda (born October 14, 1946) is the President of the Central African Republic. He came to power in March 2003 after leading a rebellion against President Ange-Félix Patassé and ushered in a transitional period of government.
François Bracci François Bracci (born November 3, 1951 in Calcatoggio, Corsica) is a retired football defender from France, who obtained a total number of 18 international caps for the France national football team. Playing for Olympique de Marseille (1971-1979) he was a member of the French squad that competed at the 1978 FIFA World Cup.
François Briatte François Briatte (September 27, 1805 - January 30, 1877) was a Swiss politician, member of the Conseil d'Etat of the Canton of Vaud (1845-1861), member and several times President of the Swiss Council of States.
François Brisson François Brisson (born April 9, 1958 in Saintes, Charente-Maritime) is a former football striker from France, who obtained two international caps (no goals) for the French national team during the 1980s. He was a member of the national team that won the gold medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California.
François Budan de Boislaurent Ferdinand François Désiré Budan de Boislaurent (1761–1840) was a French mathematician, best known for enunciating the Fourier transform in 1807 and 1811, although his demonstration was not altogether accurate, and, although being published before Joseph Fourier's explanation, was discovered afterwards.
François Buloz François Buloz (1803-1877) was a French littérateur, born near Geneva (Vulbens). Originally employed as a chemist, and then as a printer and proofreader, he became the editor of the Revue des deux Mondes in 1831.
François Cellier François Arsène Cellier (December 14, 1849 – January 5, 1914), was an English conductor and composer. He is best known for his tenure as music director and conductor of the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company during the original runs and early revivals of the Savoy Operas.
François Claude Amour, marquis de BouillĂ© François Claude Amour, marquis de BouillĂ© (1739, Cluzel-Saint-Ăble–1800, London) was a French general. He served in the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), and as governor in the Antilles conducted operations against the British in the American Revolutionary War.
François Coillard François Coillard (born 17 July 1834 in Asnières-les-Bourges, Cher, France; died 27 May 1904 in Lealui, Barotseland, Northern Rhodesia) was a missionary who worked for the Paris Evangelical Missionary Society in southern Africa.
François Coty François Coty (born Joseph Marie François Spoturno; May 3 1874, Ajaccio, Corsica—July 25 1934, Louveciennes) was a French perfume manufacturer and the founder of the fascist paramilitary group Solidarité Française.
François Couperin François Couperin (November 10, 1668 – September 11, 1733) was an esteemed French Baroque composer, organist and harpsichordist. François Couperin was known as "Couperin le Grand" (Couperin the Great) to distinguish him from the other members of the musically talented Couperin family.
François d'Orléans, prince de Joinville François-Ferdinand-Philippe-Louis-Marie d'Orléans, prince de Joinville (14 August 1818 - 16 June 1900) was the third son of Louis Philippe, duc d'Orléans, afterwards king of the French and his wife Marie Amalie of Bourbon-Sicilies. He was notable as an admiral of the French Navy.
François de Beauvillier, 1st duc de Saint-Aignan François de Beauvilliers, 1st duc de Saint-Aignan (1610-1687), was born in Saint-Aignan (then in the Berry province, now in the Loir-et-Cher département, France). His county of Saint-Aignan was elevated to the dukedom in 1663, with the special privilege of the peerage (duché-pairie), making him one of the highest ranking aristocrats of the kingdom of France.
François de Belleforest François de Belleforest (Comminges, 1530 - Paris, January 1, 1583) was a prolific French author, poet and translator of the Renaissance. He was born in a poor family and his father (a soldier) was killed when he was seven.
François de Bourbon, prince de Conti François de Bourbon, prince de Conti (1558 – 1614), third son of the marriage between Louis I de Bourbon, prince de Condé and Eleanor de Roye, was given the title of Marquis of Conti and between 1581 and 1597 was elevated to the rank of a Prince.
François de Callières François de Callières, sieur de Rochelay et de Gigny (Thorigny-sur-Vire, Lower Normandy, 14 May 1645 — Paris, 5 March 1717) was a member of the Académie française, a diplomat and writer, a special envoy of Louis XIV who was one of three French plenipotentiaries who signed the Peace of Ryswick in 1697; his De la manière de négocier avec les souverains, 1716 ("On the manner of negotiating with sovereigns", translated as The Practice of Diplomacy), based on his experiences in negotiating the Treaty and having its origins in a letter to the Regent, Philippe, duc d'Orléans, became a textbook for eighteenth-century diplomacy: Thomas Jefferson had a copy in his library at Monticello. On this book John Kenneth Galbraith declared "One wonders why anything more needed to be said on the subject.
François de Cuvilliés François de Cuvilliés (23 October, 1695, Soignies, Hainault — 14 April 1768, Munich) was a French-born Bavarian decorative designer and architect who was instrumental in bringing the Rococo style to the Wittelsbach court at Munich and to Central Europe in general.
Frame bundle In mathematics, in particular in differential topology, a frame at a point of a differentiable manifold M is a basis of the tangent space at the point. The frame bundle is then the fibre bundle consisting of all frames on M.
Frame City Killer Frame City Killer was an Xbox 360 video game under development by Namco. After repeated delays in development, a lack of presentation in numerous trade shows, and with media releases that failed to impress, Namco decided to cancel the title in May 2006.
Frame fields in general relativity In general relativity, a frame field (also called a tetrad or vierbein) is an orthonormal set of four vector fields, one timelike and three spacelike, defined on a Lorentzian manifold which is physically interpreted as a model of spacetime. The timelike unit vector field is often denoted by vec{e}_0 and the three spacelike unit vector fields by vec{e}_1, vec{e}_2, , vec{e}_3.
Frame matroid A frame matroid is a matroid in which there is a basis such that every element of the matroid lies on one of the lines spanned by two elements of that basis, or is any submatroid of such a matroid. Also, any matroid of rank less than 2 is a frame matroid.
Frame of Government of Pennsylvania The Frame of Government of Pennsylvania was a constitution for the Pennsylvania Colony, a proprietary colony granted to William Penn by Charles II of England. In 1682 Penn, while still in England, drafted the first version of the Frame of Government to supplement the colony's royal charter.
Frame of reference A frame of reference is a particular perspective from which the universe is observed. Specifically, in physics, it refers to a provided set of axes from which an observer can measure the position and motion of all points in a system, as well as the orientation of objects in it.
Frame problem In artificial intelligence, the frame problem was initially formulated as the problem of expressing a dynamical domain in logic without explicitly specifying which conditions are not affected by an action. John McCarthy and Patrick J.
Frame problem (philosophy) In philosophy, the frame problem is the problem of how a rational agent bounds the set of beliefs to change when an action is performed. This problem originates from artificial intelligence, where it is formulated as the problem of avoiding to specify all conditions that are not affected by actions, in the context of representing dynamical domains in a formal logic.
Frame rate Frame rate, or frame frequency, is the measurement of how quickly an imaging device produces unique consecutive images called frames. The term applies equally well to computer graphics, video cameras, film cameras, and motion capture systems.
Frame relay In the context of computer networking, frame relay (also found written as "Frame-relay") consists of an efficient data transmission technique used to send digital information quickly and cheaply in a relay of frames to one or many destinations from one or many end-points. Network providers commonly implement frame relay for voice and data as an encapsulation technique, used between local area networks (LANs) over a wide area network (WAN).
Frame slip In the reception of framed data, a frame slip is the loss of synchronization between a received frame and the receiver clock signal, causing a frame misalignment event, and resulting in the loss of the data contained in the received frame.
Frame story A frame story (also frame tale, frame narrative, etc.) is a narrative technique whereby a main story is composed, at least in part, for the purpose of organizing a set of shorter stories, each of which is a story within a story -- or for surrounding a single story within a story.
Frame synchronizer A frame synchronizer is a device used in live television production to match the timing of an incoming video source to the timing of an existing video system. They are often used to "time in" consumer video equipment to a professional system but can be used to stabilize any video.
Frame-dragging According to Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity, spacetime (space and time) get pulled out of shape near a forcibly-accelerated or rotating body in a phenomenon referred to as frame-dragging. The rotational frame-dragging effect was first derived from the theory of general relativity in 1918 by the Austrian physicists Joseph Lense and Hans Thirring, and is also known as the Lense-Thirring effect.
Framebuffer The framebuffer is a video output device that drives a video display from a memory buffer containing a complete frame of data. The information in the buffer typically consists of color values for every pixel (point that can be displayed) on the screen.
Framebuffer Object The frame buffer object architecture (FBO) is an extension to OpenGL for doing flexible off-screen rendering, including rendering to a texture. By capturing images that would normally be drawn to the screen, it can be used to implement a large variety of image filters,
FrameBuffer UI FBUI (FrameBuffer UI) is an in-kernel windowing system for Linux that sits on top of the framebuffer subsystem. Unlike the X Window System, FBUI comes at very low cost: the entire subsystem is about 50 kilobytes in size.
Framed knot In the mathematical area of knot theory, a framed knot is a tame knot with a particular choice of an extension to an embedding of the solid torus D2 x S1. The framing of the knot is the linking number of the image of 1 x S1 with the knot.
Framekiller Framekiller is a term commonly used for a piece of JavaScript code that doesn't allow a Web page to be displayed within a frame. A frame is a subdivision of a Web browser window and can act like a smaller window, as described in Web site Framing.
Frameless construction Frameless construction in cabinetmaking refers to the construction of cabinets using flat panels of engineered wood — usually particle board, plywood or medium-density fiberboard — rather than the traditional frame and panel construction.
Frameline The San Francisco International Lesbian and Gay Film Festival is the oldest film festival devoted to Lesbian and Gay programming currently in existence.Stack, Peter, "Gay Film Festival to Go On Despite Director's Vanishing".
Framepointer A framepointer or frame pointer is a pointer to the current stack frame. It is generally used for debugging, but can also be used for stack management in general; the 68k processor series has instruction set support for framepointer access.
Framer A framer is a carpenter who performs the tasks of assembling the major structural elements of a wood-framed building. Framers build walls out of studs, sills, and headers, build floors from joists and beams, and frame roofs using ridge poles and rafters.
Frames Per Stop Frames per stop is a term used in the bowling industry by technicians, manufacturers, and others involved in this recreation industry. The term refers to how many frames, on average, a group of pinsetters is able to operate without a stop, which is a malfunction or other condition which requires human assistance to fix the machine.
Frameshift (band) Frameshift is a progressive rock/metal band led by Henning Pauly. The first album, Unweaving the Rainbow is a concept album based on the work of Richard Dawkins, a scientist and writer, and features Dream Theater vocalist James LaBrie.
Frameshift mutation A frameshift mutation (also called a frameshift or a framing error) is a genetic mutation that inserts or deletes a number of nucleotides that is not evenly divisible by three from a DNA sequence. Due to the triplet nature of gene expression by codons, the insertion or deletion can disrupt the reading frame, or the grouping of the codons, resulting in a completely different translation from the original.
Framestore CFC Framestore CFC is one of the largest digital visual effects companies in Europe. Based in London, it was formed in 2001 by a merger between the Computer Film Company and Framestore, which had previously been separate parts of the Framestore Group of companies.
Frametown, West Virginia Frametown is an unincorporated community in Braxton County, West Virginia, USA. While the heart of Frametown itself is rather small, there is a large sprawling area that considers itself to be part of the Frametown community.
Frameup A frameup refers to the act of "framing" someone, that is, providing false evidence in order to prove someone guilty of a crime. Sometimes the person who is framing someone else is the actual perpetrator of the crime.
Framework In software development, a framework is a defined support structure in which another software project can be organized and developed. A framework may include support programs, code libraries, a scripting language, or other software to help develop and glue together the different components of a software project.
Framework (office suite) Framework launched in 1984, was the first office suite to run on the PC 8086 with DOS operating system. An even earlier integrated suite, actually comparable to the original Macintosh of 1984 and Lisa of 1982 was produced by Epson, a complete integrated work station based on the previous Z80 processor and CPM operating system with GUI interface and WYSIWYG ("what you see is what you get") typography on the monitor and printing.
Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities In February 1995, 22 member States of the Council of Europe, signed the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. The broad aims of the Convention are to ensure that the signatory states respect for the rights of national minorities, undertaking to combat discrimination, promote equality, preserve and develop the culture and identity of national minorities, guarantee certain freedoms in relation to access to the media, minority languages and education and encourage the participation of national minorities in public life.
Framework decisions With the entry into force of the Treaty of Amsterdam, these new instruments under Title VI of the EU Treaty (Police and judicial cooperation in criminal matters) have replaced joint action. More binding and more authoritative, they should serve to make action under the reorganised third pillar more effective.
Framework for Integrated Testing The Framework for Integrated Testing is a tool for improving the collaboration of customers, analysts, testers, and developers in the construction of software. The function of the system, is described in HTML pages which are then used to run automated tests on the software.
Framework for Privacy Analysis of Programs, Technologies, and Applications The Framework for Privacy Analysis of Programs, Technologies, and Applications is a framework developed by the Department of Homeland Security Data Privacy and Integrity Advisory Committee and issued as report 2006-01 on March 7, 2006.http://www.
Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development The Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development, also called Framework Programmes or abbreviated FP, are funding programmes created by the European Union in order to support and encourage European research or, more specifically, the European Research Area (ERA). The detailed objectives and actions vary from one funding period to another.
FramhaldsskĂłlinn Ă Vestmannaeyjum FramhaldsskĂłlinn Ă Vestmannaeyjum, the comprehensive secondary school of Vestmannaeyjar, was founded 1979 when the mechanical engineering, common trades (is. iĂ°nskĂłli) and the higher education department of the secondary school merged into one.
Framheim Framheim was the name of explorer Roald Amundsen's base at the Bay of Whales on the Ross Ice Shelf in Antarctica during his quest for the South Pole. The hut was constructed in sections by a master carpenter, Jørgen Stubberud and erected at Amundsen's home in Norway, then dismantled for shipment to Antarctica on the Fram.
Framing (communication theory) In communication theory, and sociology, framing is a process of selective control over the individual's perception of media, public, or private communication, in particular the meanings attributed to words or phrases. Framing defines how an element of rhetoric is packaged so as to allow certain interpretations and rule out others.
Framing (psychology) Frames, according to many psychologists, linguists and cognitive scientists, are mental structures that are used to facilitate the thinking process. We use frames to provide categories and a structure to our thoughts. An example of this concept is George Lakoff's "Don't Think of an Elephant!" Lakoff, in teaching his Cognitive Science 101 course at the University of California, Berkeley gives his students a directive: DO NOT THINK OF AN ELEPHANT! According to Lakoff, it is impossible not to think of an elephant. The mere mention of the word "elephant" provokes an image and an accompanying frame.
Framing device The term framing device refers to the usage of a single action, scene, event, setting, or any element of significance at the beginning and end of an artistic, musical, or literary work. The device thus acts as a context within which the main body of work can develop.
Framing effect Framing effect is a phenomenon observed when a decision maker, faced with a dilemma, becomes susceptible to the manipulation of context, where choices are controlled by how risky decision-frame options are presented. A decision-frame is a subjective conception of the actions, outcomes and contingencies associated with decision options.
Framingham Country Club The Framingham Country Club is a golf course located in Framingham, Massachusetts about thirty-five minutes west of Boston, Massachusetts off the Massachusetts Turnpike. It is an elite, private, golf course which has a waiting list to be a member.
Framingham Heart Study The Framingham Heart Study is a cardiovascular study based in Framingham, Massachusetts. The study began in 1948 with 5,209 adult subjects from Framingham, and is on its third generation of participants at present.
Framingham Mall The Framingham Mall was located across from the Shoppers World mall and at the intersection of Whitter Street and Cochituate Road (Route 30) in Framingham, Massachusetts. Around 2000, it was "de-malled" by the demolition of its indoor shopping arcade, which was replaced with a Target store.
Framingham Plaza The Framingham Plaza is a rest area on westbound Interstate 90, better known as the Massachusetts Turnpike in Massachusetts. The plaza contains the following restaurants: Honey Dew Donuts, McDonalds, Ben and Jerry's Ice Cream, and Auntie Anne's pretzels.
Framingham, Massachusetts Framingham is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, USA and the only such named town in the United States. As of the 2000 census, the population was 66,910, making it the most populous town in New England.
Framjee Nasarwanjee Patel Framjee Nasarwanjee Patel (1804 – 1894), Parsee merchant and philanthropist, was born in 1804, and had a sound vernacular education, with a smattering of English received in Bombay. At the age of fifteen he entered upon a business career, and its pursuit proved so congenial that by 1827 he had worked his way to a partnership in the firm of Frith, Bomanjee & Co.
Framlingham College Framlingham College is an independent, coeducational boarding and day school in the town of Framlingham, near near Woodbridge, Suffolk, England. Together with its junior school, Brandeston Hall, it serves pupils from four to eighteen years of age.
Framnaes Grenland Framnæs AS (formerly Hitec Framnæs AS) is a design and engineering company operating in the oil & gas, marine and process industries. The company headquarters are in Sandefjord, Stavanger, Norway.
Framnes Mountains Framnes Mountains () is a group of mountains consisting of Casey Range, Masson Range, and David Range, and adjacent peaks and mountains. The three major ranges and other lesser features were sighted and named in February 1931 by the British Australian New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition (BANZARE) under Douglas Mawson.
Frampton, New South Wales Frampton is a community area on the Sydney to Melbourne rail line and in the north east part of the Riverina and situated about 14 kilometres south west from Cootamundra and 11 kilometres north east from Bethungra. It has a population within a 7 kilometre radius of approximately 601 people.
Framsden The village of Framsden lies around seven miles south of Framlingham in Suffolk. The village itself lies on a hill surrounded by what must once have been the village green (although this now seems to have been enclosed).
Framtid i Nord Framtid i Nord ("The Future in the North") is a local newspaper in northern Troms, a county in Northern Norway. It covers only local news from the municipalities of Kvænangen, Nordreisa, Lyngen, Skjervøy, Kåfjord and Storfjord.
Framus Framus is a German guitar, bass, and banjo manufacturing company, that existed from 1946 until going bankrupt in 1975. Framus has been revived in 1995 and today is part of Warwick GmbH & Co Music Equipment KG in Markneukirchen (Germany).
Fran Allison Fran Allison (20 November 1907 - 13 June 1989) was a television comedian and singer. She is best known for her starring role in the puppet show Kukla, Fran and Ollie, which ran from 1947-57, returning to the air regularly until the mid 1980s.
Fran Brill Fran Brill (born September 30 in Chester, Pennsylvania), is an American actor, voice actress and puppeteer, best known for her roles on "Sesame Street". She is a graduate of Boston University's Fine Art School.
Fran Crippen Fran Crippen (born April 17, 1984 in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania) is a freestyle swimmer from the United States, who won two individual silver medals at the 2003 Pan American Games in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. He did so in the 400 and 1500m freestyle.
Fran Fine Francine "Fran" Joy Sheffield (née Fine), (born November 26 sometime during the John F. Kennedy presidency in New York City, New York) was the main character in the 1990s CBS sitcom The Nanny, largely based on and played by actress Fran Drescher.
Fran Healy (baseball) Francis Xavier Healy (born September 6, 1946 in Holyoke, Massachusetts), is a former baseball catcher best known for his long tenure calling television broadcasts for the New York Mets on the MSG Network and Fox Sports Net-New York. In his baseball career, Healy played for the Kansas City Royals, San Francisco Giants and New York Yankees, accumulating a .
Fran Charles Fran Charles is a substitute studio host for NFL Total Access on the NFL Network as well as blow-by-blow announcer for HBO's Boxing After Dark series. He also served as host of USA Network's PGA Tour Sunday with Golf World senior writer, Tim Rosaforte.
Fran Jeffries Fran Jeffries (born 18 May 1937 in San Jose, California) was a singer/actress/model in the 1960s and early-1970s. She had a cameo in the 1963 film The Pink Panther, in which she sang a song called Meglio Stasera (It Had Better Be Tonight) while sashaying around a fireplace.
Fran Matera Francis "Fran" Matera (born December 12, 1924) is an American comic strip artist best known for his work as the 1984-2004 artist of the King Features Syndicate adventure strip Steve Roper and Mike Nomad.
Fran Mirabella III Francis Michael Mirabella III (born 1980) is an editor at IGN Entertainment. He is currently the chief video producer, overseeing all video projects at IGN Entertainment, a division of News Corporation's Fox Interactive Media.
Fran Rish Stadium Fran Rish Stadium is a football/track stadium located adjacent to the grounds of Richland High School in Richland, Washington. Currently, it is the home of the football teams of the two high schools in the city, the Richland Bombers and the Hanford High School Falcons, although the Falcons have a separate track facility at their high school.
Fran Rubel Kuzui Fran Rubel Kuzui is an American movie director and producer. She received her Masters degree from New York University and was a script supervisor for a decade, prior to her first film, 1988's Tokyo Pop, which she co-wrote and directed.
Fran Vázquez Francisco Vázquez González (born May 1, 1983 in Chantada, Galicia, Spain), commonly known as Fran Vázquez, is a Spanish pro basketball player. He was selected 11th overall in the 2005 NBA Draft by the Orlando Magic.
Fran Walsh Frances Walsh (born 1959), MNZM, is an Academy Award-winning screenwriter and film producer and also a musician. She is the long time partner and common-law wife of filmmaker Peter Jackson since 1987, and mother of their two children, Billy Jackson and Katie Jackson.
Françafrique Françafrique is a term that refers to alleged neocolonialism by France in Africa. It was first used by president of the Côte d'Ivoire Félix Houphouët-Boigny and was subsequently borrowed by François-Xavier Verschave as the title of his criticism of French policies in Africa.
François Allaire François Allaire is an accomplished goaltender coach, currently working for the Anaheim Ducks NHL hockey club. His past and present students include Hockey Hall of Fame goaltender Patrick Roy and Anaheim goaltender Jean-Sébastien Giguère.
François Andrieu François Andrieu was a composer, most likely French, of the late 14th century. Nothing is known about him except that he wrote an elegy on the death of Guillaume de Machaut (1377), a four-voice ballade Armes amours / O flour des flours, which is contained in the Chantilly Codex.
François Antoine Habeneck François Antoine Habeneck (January 22, 1781-February 8, 1849) was a French violinist and conductor, born at Mézières. He entered the Conservatory in Paris (1801), where he studied under Baillot and obtained the first violin prize (1804).
François Étienne de Kellermann Francois Étienne de Kellermann, Duc de Valmy (1770 - June 2, 1835) was a French cavalry general noted for his daring and skillful exploits during the Napoleonic Wars. He was the son of François Christophe Kellermann and the father of the diplomat François Christophe Edmond de Kellermann.
François Baby (businessman) François Baby, ( 4 October 1733 – 6 October 1820) came from a family of fur traders. His father and grandfather, (Jacques Babie), had been successful in the business and his eldest brother Jacques and other family members were active in the same business.
François Bayrou François Bayrou (; born 25 May 1951) in Bordères, Pyrénées-Atlantiques in France, a village between Pau and Lourdes, is a French politician. He is the son of Calixte Bayrou, a cultivator and Emma Sarthou, an agricultor.
François Bigot François Bigot (born Bordeaux, January 1703; died Neuchâtel, Switzerland, 12 January 1778) was a French government official. He served as the Financial Commissary on Île Royale (nowadays Cape Breton Island) and as Intendant of New France.
François Billetdoux François Billetdoux (born 7 September 1927 in Paris, France, died 26 November 1991 in Paris) was a French dramatic author and novelist. His works describe the world with a fierce humor of a somewhat burlesque style, which sometimes turns into black humor.
François Bordes François Bordes (December 30, 1919 – April 30, 1981), also known by the pen name of Francis Carsac, was a French scientist, geologist, and archaeologist. He was a professor of prehistory and quaternary geology at the Science Faculty of Bordeaux.
François Bouffier François Bouffier was a French non-commissioned officer of the 19th century, a sergeant of the 8th Battalion of infantrymen. He was a member of the first French Military Mission to Japan in 1867, in which he accompanied Jules Brunet.
François Bouchard Francois Bouchard (Born April 26, 1988 in Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada) is an amateur ice hockey player for the Baie-Comeau Drakkar of the QMJHL. He was drafted in the second round, 35th overall in the 2006 NHL Entry Draft by the Washington Capitals.
François Boucher François Boucher (September 29, 1703 – May 30, 1770) was a French painter, a proponent of Rococo taste, known for his idyllic and voluptuous paintings on classical themes, decorative allegories representing the arts or pastoral occupations, and intended as a sort of two-dimensional furniture. He also painted several portraits of his illustrious patroness, Madame de Pompadour.
François Bourgeon François Bourgeon (born July 5 1945, Paris) is a French graphic artist, creator of some of the most well-respected European comic books. He was first published in 1972, and when the Passengers of the Wind cycle was published in Circus magazine in 1979 it was immediately recognised as one of the most important modern European comic series.
François Bozizé François Bozizé Yangouvonda (born October 14, 1946) is the President of the Central African Republic. He came to power in March 2003 after leading a rebellion against President Ange-Félix Patassé and ushered in a transitional period of government.
François Bracci François Bracci (born November 3, 1951 in Calcatoggio, Corsica) is a retired football defender from France, who obtained a total number of 18 international caps for the France national football team. Playing for Olympique de Marseille (1971-1979) he was a member of the French squad that competed at the 1978 FIFA World Cup.
François Briatte François Briatte (September 27, 1805 - January 30, 1877) was a Swiss politician, member of the Conseil d'Etat of the Canton of Vaud (1845-1861), member and several times President of the Swiss Council of States.
François Brisson François Brisson (born April 9, 1958 in Saintes, Charente-Maritime) is a former football striker from France, who obtained two international caps (no goals) for the French national team during the 1980s. He was a member of the national team that won the gold medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California.
François Budan de Boislaurent Ferdinand François Désiré Budan de Boislaurent (1761–1840) was a French mathematician, best known for enunciating the Fourier transform in 1807 and 1811, although his demonstration was not altogether accurate, and, although being published before Joseph Fourier's explanation, was discovered afterwards.
François Buloz François Buloz (1803-1877) was a French littérateur, born near Geneva (Vulbens). Originally employed as a chemist, and then as a printer and proofreader, he became the editor of the Revue des deux Mondes in 1831.
François Cellier François Arsène Cellier (December 14, 1849 – January 5, 1914), was an English conductor and composer. He is best known for his tenure as music director and conductor of the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company during the original runs and early revivals of the Savoy Operas.
François Claude Amour, marquis de BouillĂ© François Claude Amour, marquis de BouillĂ© (1739, Cluzel-Saint-Ăble–1800, London) was a French general. He served in the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), and as governor in the Antilles conducted operations against the British in the American Revolutionary War.
François Coillard François Coillard (born 17 July 1834 in Asnières-les-Bourges, Cher, France; died 27 May 1904 in Lealui, Barotseland, Northern Rhodesia) was a missionary who worked for the Paris Evangelical Missionary Society in southern Africa.
François Coty François Coty (born Joseph Marie François Spoturno; May 3 1874, Ajaccio, Corsica—July 25 1934, Louveciennes) was a French perfume manufacturer and the founder of the fascist paramilitary group Solidarité Française.
François Couperin François Couperin (November 10, 1668 – September 11, 1733) was an esteemed French Baroque composer, organist and harpsichordist. François Couperin was known as "Couperin le Grand" (Couperin the Great) to distinguish him from the other members of the musically talented Couperin family.
François d'Orléans, prince de Joinville François-Ferdinand-Philippe-Louis-Marie d'Orléans, prince de Joinville (14 August 1818 - 16 June 1900) was the third son of Louis Philippe, duc d'Orléans, afterwards king of the French and his wife Marie Amalie of Bourbon-Sicilies. He was notable as an admiral of the French Navy.
François de Beauvillier, 1st duc de Saint-Aignan François de Beauvilliers, 1st duc de Saint-Aignan (1610-1687), was born in Saint-Aignan (then in the Berry province, now in the Loir-et-Cher département, France). His county of Saint-Aignan was elevated to the dukedom in 1663, with the special privilege of the peerage (duché-pairie), making him one of the highest ranking aristocrats of the kingdom of France.
François de Belleforest François de Belleforest (Comminges, 1530 - Paris, January 1, 1583) was a prolific French author, poet and translator of the Renaissance. He was born in a poor family and his father (a soldier) was killed when he was seven.
François de Bourbon, prince de Conti François de Bourbon, prince de Conti (1558 – 1614), third son of the marriage between Louis I de Bourbon, prince de Condé and Eleanor de Roye, was given the title of Marquis of Conti and between 1581 and 1597 was elevated to the rank of a Prince.
François de Callières François de Callières, sieur de Rochelay et de Gigny (Thorigny-sur-Vire, Lower Normandy, 14 May 1645 — Paris, 5 March 1717) was a member of the Académie française, a diplomat and writer, a special envoy of Louis XIV who was one of three French plenipotentiaries who signed the Peace of Ryswick in 1697; his De la manière de négocier avec les souverains, 1716 ("On the manner of negotiating with sovereigns", translated as The Practice of Diplomacy), based on his experiences in negotiating the Treaty and having its origins in a letter to the Regent, Philippe, duc d'Orléans, became a textbook for eighteenth-century diplomacy: Thomas Jefferson had a copy in his library at Monticello. On this book John Kenneth Galbraith declared "One wonders why anything more needed to be said on the subject.
François de Cuvilliés François de Cuvilliés (23 October, 1695, Soignies, Hainault — 14 April 1768, Munich) was a French-born Bavarian decorative designer and architect who was instrumental in bringing the Rococo style to the Wittelsbach court at Munich and to Central Europe in general.
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