Encyclopedia

French butter dish A French Butter Dish, sometimes called a French butter keeper, French butter crock or butter bell is used to keep butter fresh and soft without refrigeration. This 19th century French-designed pottery crock holds the butter packed in its lid (which is held in by the surface tension), water is then added to the base.
French Baroque and Classicism Art and architecture in France in the early 17th century are generally referred to as Baroque. From the mid to late 17th century French art is more often referred to by the term Classicism which implies an adherence to certain rules of proportion and sobriety uncharacteristic of the Baroque as it was practiced in Southern and Eastern Europe during the same period.
French Baroque architecture French Baroque is a form of Baroque architecture that evolved in France during the reigns of Louis XIII (1610-43), Louis XIV (1643-1714) and Louis XV (1714-74). French Baroque profoundly influenced 18th-century secular architecture throughout Europe.
French Battalion in the Korean War The French Battalion in the Korean War (Bataillon français de l'ONU, BF-ONU) was a battalion of volunteers made up of active and reserve French military personnel sent to the Korean Peninsula as part of the UN force fighting in the Korean War.
French Broad River The French Broad River flows from near Rosman in Transylvania County, North Carolina, into Tennessee. Its confluence with the Holston River at Knoxville, Tennessee is considered to be the headwaters of the Tennessee River.
French Broom French Broom (Genista monspessulana, syn. Cytisus monspessulanus or Teline monspessulana), also known as Cape Broom and Montpellier Broom, is a perennial, woody leguminous shrub native to the Mediterranean region.
French catheter scale The French catheter scale is commonly used to measure the outside circumference (= pi x diameter) of cylindrical medical instruments including catheters. In the French system, the diameter in millimeters of the catheter can be determined by dividing the French size by 3 (which can be thought of as an estimate of pi), thus an increasing French size corresponds with a larger diameter catheter.
French citizenship and identity According to the French Republic, the French people are those who are in possession of French nationality. According to the French Constitutional Council, "the Constitution, recognizes none other than the French people, composed of all its citizens, making no distinction of race, ethnic origin or religion.
French classical music French classical music began with the music of the Church, with written records predating the reign of Charlemagne, and has continued in uninterrupted evolution to the present day, including all of the major genres of sacred and secular, instrumental and vocal music. With occasional exceptions, French classical styles have always had an identifiably national character, ranging from the clarity and precision of the music of the late Renaissance to the Impressionistic styles of the early 20th century, and usually paralleling similar trends in the other arts.
French client republic During Napoleon's occupation of Europe, many republics were established. The French Republic claimed to support the spread of the republican principles in Europe, but most of these republics, known as French client republics or Sister republics, were merely a way to control the occupied lands through a mix of direct French control and local government.
French colonial empires France had colonial possessions, in various forms, from the beginning of the 17th century until the 1960s. In the 19th and 20th centuries, its global colonial empire was the second largest in the world behind the British Empire.
French colonization of the Americas French colonization of the Americas began in the 16th century, and continued as France established a colonial empire in the 17th century. Major French colonies were located in Canada and the Mississippi River Valley, along the Gulf coast in what is today Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana, on the Caribbean islands of Hispaniola, Guadeloupe, Martinique, and St.
French conjugation French verbs are divided into three conjugations (conjugaisons) by the ending of their infinitives: -er verbs, -ir verbs, and -re verbs. There are also many irregular verbs, of which the most often used are avoir, ĂŞtre, and faire.
French constitutional referendum, 2000 On 24 September 2000, a referendum on the reduction of the mandate of the President of the French Republic was held to detemine whether the mandate of the President should be reduced from seven years to five years in line with terms in office in other European countries.
French copyright law The droit d'auteur (or French copyright law) developed in the eighteenth century at the same time as copyright developed in the United Kingdom. Based on the "right of the author" (droit d'auteur) instead of on "copyright", its philosophy and terminology are different from those used in copyright law in common law jurisdictions.
French corvette Dupleix (1861) The Dupleix was a steam and sail corvette of the French Marine Nationale. She was the first French vessel named after the 18th Century Governor of Pondichéry and Gouverneur Général of the French possessions in India marquess Joseph Dupleix.
French coup of 1851 The Coup d'État of 2 December 1851 was staged by Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, President of the French Republic, who was successful by this means in dissolving the French National Assembly without having the constitutional right to do so. He thus became sole ruler of France, and re-established universal suffrage, previously abolished by the Assembly.
French cricket French cricket is an informal form of cricket where a ball (usually a tennis ball) is bowled underarm at the legs of another player holding either a cricket bat or a tennis racquet. The player holding the bat, the batsman, is required to block and defend his wicket, with the batsman's legs taking the place of stumps.
French cruiser Duguay-Trouin The Duguay-Trouin was the lead ship of a class of French light cruisers, launched in the early 1920s. She was named after René Duguay-Trouin, Sieur du Gué, French privateer, admiral and Commander in the Order of Saint-Louis.
French cruiser Primauguet The Primauguet was a French Duguay-Trouin class light cruiser, built after World War I, and destroyed by US naval gunfire from the US battleship USS Massachusetts during Operation Torch. She was named after the XVth Century Breton captain Hervé de Portzmoguer, nick-named "Primauguet".
French cuff A French cuff or double cuff (primarily British) is a cuff on a dress shirt that is closed using cuff links instead of buttons (it is a link cuff, and is twice as long as a single cuff, but worn folded back on itself.
French cuisine French cuisine is characterized by its extreme diversity. French cuisine is considered to be one of the world's most refined and elegant styles of cooking, and is renowned for both its classical ("haute cuisine") and provincial styles.
French Canadian French Canadians (French: Canadiens français) are a cultural group and nation which originated in Canada, New France, an area that is today southern Quebec in Canada. Following colonizations or mass emigration from southern Quebec to other parts of North America, at different periods of time, large populations came to settle in what are today Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and Illinois, the Canadian prairies (primarily Southern Manitoba), the New England region, and particularly Eastern and Northern Ontario.
French Caribbean The term French Caribbean varies in meaning with its usage and frame of reference. This ambiguity makes it very different from the term French West Indies, which refers to the specific, formal French possessions in the Caribbean region.
French Cerdagne French Cerdagne is the northern half of Cerdanya, which came under French control as a result of the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659, while the southern half remained in Spain (as part of Catalonia). Catalonians often refer to French Cerdagne as Alta Cerdanya (Catalan "High Cerdanya"), although this name is not recognized in France.
French Colonial Forces French Colonial Forces or Troupes Coloniales is a general designation for the military forces that garrisoned and were largely recruited from the French colonial empire from the late 17th century until 1960. This force played a substantial part in both World Wars as well as in the Indochina and Algerian wars that followed.
French Colonies "French Colonies" is the name used by philatelists to refer to the postage stamps issued by France for use in the parts of the French colonial empire that did not have stamps of their own. These were in use from 1859 to 1906, and from 1943 to 1945.
French Communist Party The French Communist Party (French: Parti communiste français or PCF) is a political party in France which advocates the principles of communism. Although its electoral support has greatly declined since 1980, it remains the largest party in France advocating communist views, and retains a large membership (second largest party after the UMP) and considerable influence in French politics.
French Community The French Community (French: Communauté française) was the political entity which replaced in 1958 the French Union, which in turn was the descendant of the French Empire following the Second World War. It is included in the 1958 Constitution.
French Community Commission The Commission communautaire française (or COCOF, or, in English, the French Community Commission) is the local representative of the French-speaking authorities in the Brussels-Capital Region, one of the three regions of Belgium.
French Community of Belgium The French Community of Belgium (, , ) is one of the three official communities in Belgium along with the Flemish Community and the German speaking Community. Although its name could suggest that it is a community of French citizens in Belgium, it is not.
French Congo French Congo was the original French colony established in the present-day area of the Republic of the Congo, Gabon, and the Central African Republic. It began in 1880 as a protectorate, and its borders with Cabinda, Cameroons, and the Congo Free State were established by treaties over the next decade.
French Connection The French Connection was an infamous scheme through which the drug heroin was smuggled from Turkey to France and then to the United States, culminating in the late 1960s and early 1970s, when it provided the vast majority of the heroin consumed in the United States.
French Connection II French Connection II is a 1975 movie starring Gene Hackman and directed by John Frankenheimer; it is the sequel to The French Connection. While the initial film was based on a true story, the sequel is entirely fictional and expands on the central character of Popeye Doyle by placing him in Marseille.
French Constitution of 1791 The short-lived French Constitution of 1791, adopted during the period now known as the French Revolution, went into effect in September 1791 but, due to a series of constitutional crises, had effectively ceased to function as a national constitution by August 1792.
French Constitution of 1793 The Constitution of 1793, Constitution of 24 June 1793 (French: "Acte constitutionnel du 24 juin 1793"), or Montagnard Constitution (French: "Constitution montagnarde") was a national constitution of France which instated a republic that was ratified by the National Convention on June 24, 1793 during the French Revolution, but never applied, due to the suspension of all ordinary legality October 10, 1793. It was eventually supplanted by the French Constitution of 1795, which established the Directory.
French Constitution of 1795 The Constitution of 1795, Constitution of 22 August 1795, Constitution of the Year III, or Constitution of 5 Fructidor was a national constitution of France ratified by the National Convention on August 22, 1795 (5 Fructidor of the Year III under the French Revolutionary Calendar) during the French Revolution. It established the Directory, and remained in effect until the coup of 18 Brumaire (November 9, 1799) effectively ended the Revolution and began the ascendancy of Napoleon Bonaparte.
French Constitution of 1852 The French Constitution of 1852 was enacted on January 14, 1852 by Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte (Napoleon III). Slightly modified later that year, on December 25, 1852 the constitution became the basis for the creation of the French Second Empire.
French Consulate The Consulate was the government of France from 1799 to 1804—from the fall of the Directory in the coup of 18 Brumaire until the start of the Napoleonic Empire. By extension, the term The Consulate also refers to this period of French history.
French Council of the Muslim Faith Conseil Français du Culte Musulman (French: French Council of the Muslim Faith), usually abbreviated to CFCM, a group that is made up of 25 CRCMs (Conseil Regional du Culte Musulman or Regional Councils of the Muslim Faith). The current president of the CFCM is the mufti of the Paris Mosque, Dalil Boubakeur.
French Creek (Allegheny River) French Creek is a tributary of the Allegheny River in northwestern Pennsylvania and western New York in the United States. Creek is somewhat of a misnomer, as it is generally considered to be a river, which is reflected in earlier names for the stream.
French Crown Jewels The French Crown Jewels were the crowns, orbs, diadems and jewels that were the symbol of royalty and which were worn by many Kings and Queens of France. The set was finally broken up, with most of it sold off in 1885 by the Third French Republic.
French Culinary Institute Wine Tasting of 1986 The French Culinary Institute Wine Tasting of 1986 was conducted on the tenth anniversary of the Paris Wine Tasting of 1976 in which leading French judges blind tasted and ranked a California red higher than all its prestigious Bordeaux competitors. Steven Spurrier, who organized the latter wine competition, assisted in the anniversary tasting.
French destroyer Ouragan Ouragan was a French destroyer of the Bourrasque class commissioned in 1927, which during World War II served under the Polish flag, from 18 June,1940 until 30 April, 1941. After the fall of France it was taken over by the Royal Navy and leased to the Polish Navy.
French dip sandwich A French dip sandwich, also known as a beef dip, is a hot sandwich consisting of thinly sliced roast beef on a "French roll" or baguette. It is most commonly served au jus ("with juices"), that is, with a few ounces of beef juice collected during cooking.
French diplomatic missions France's permanent representation abroad began in the reign of François I, when in 1522 he sent a delegation to the Swiss. Despite its reduced presence following decolonisation, France still has substantial influence in the world.
French drain French drain refers to a ditch filled with gravel, rock that redirects surface and ground water away from an area. They are commonly used to prevent ground and surface water from penetrating or damaging building foundations.
French dressing French Dressing is a term used in Britain and the USA in particular, to describe the most common salad dressing in France: the vinaigrette, and its many variations. The dressing is generally accepted to be a type of vinaigrette but often including different ingredients.
French Dip (sexual) French Dip (not to be confused with a french kiss) is a slang term for a sexual act where a person inserts his or her fingers into a woman's vagina and subsequently places the fingers directly into her mouth. The term arose from its similarity to eating a French Dip sandwich.
French Directory Executive Directory (in French Directoire exécutif), commonly known as the Directory (or Directoire) held executive power in France from November 2, 1795 until November 10, 1799: following the Convention and preceding the Consulate. Five Directors shared power.
French euro coins French euro coins feature three separate designs for the three series of coins. The minor series was designed by Fabienne Courtiade, the middle one by Laurent Jorio and the major two coins are by Joaquim Jimenez.
French East India Company The French East India Company (French: La Compagnie française des Indes orientales or Compagnie française pour le commerce des Indes orientales) was a commercial enterprise, founded in 1664 to compete with the British and Dutch East India companies.
French Economic and Social Council The Economic and Social Council of France is a consultative assembly. It does not play a role in the adoption of statutes and regulations, but advises the lawmaking bodies on questions of social and economic policies.
French Encyclopédistes The Encyclopédistes were a group of 18th century writers in France who compiled the Encyclopédie (Encyclopedia) edited by Diderot and d'Alembert. Like Pierre Bayle (1647-1706), who created the Historical and Critical Dictionary, the Encyclopédistes were part of the intellectual group known as the philosophes.
French European Constitution referendum, 2005 On 29 May 2005 a referendum was held in France to decide whether the country should ratify the proposed Constitution of the European Union. The result was a victory for the "No" campaign, with 55% of voters rejecting the treaty on a turnout of 69%.
French Expeditionary Force The French Expeditionary Force was a French World War I military unit consisting of the 10th army. Its forces moved into Italy in 1917 alongside the British Expeditionary Force (Italy) at the request of the Italian Supreme Commander, General Luigi Cadorna.
French folk music As Europe experienced a wave of roots revivals, France found its regional cultures reviving traditional music. Brittany, Limousin, Gascony, Corsica and Auvergne were among the regions that underwent a popularization of folk music.
French fried potatoes French fried potatoes, commonly known as French fries or fries (North America) or chips (United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland and Commonwealth) are pieces of potato that have been cut into batons and deep fried.
French frigate L'Entreprise The French Navy ship, l'Entreprise was a 24-gun frigate which was captured in May 1705 by the British vessel Tryton. She is the first confirmed vessel to have been christened with the name Enterprise, but her history of service is unknown before the date of her capture.
French Fifth Republic The Fifth Republic is the fifth and current republican constitution of France, which was introduced on October 5, 1958. The Fifth Republic emerged from the ashes of the French Fourth Republic, replacing a parliamentary government with a semi-presidential system.
French First Republic The French people proclaimed France's First Republic on 21 September 1792 as a result of the French Revolution and of the abolition of the French monarchy. This presaged a new era of republican government(s) in Europe.
French Flemish French Flemish (in English occasionally known by its Dutch name Frans-Vlaams) is a dialect of the Dutch language. It is spoken in the north of contemporary France and is considered part of the West Flemish dialect group.
French Football (TV show) French Football is a former TV programme on Channel 4. It used to be on Sunday at 7am but it was switched to Saturday and it showed the previous week's action on the current show until the end of the season when it went off air.
French Football Federation The French Football Federation (FFF) (French: Fédération Française de Football) is the governing body of football in France. It organises the French football league, Championnats Nationaux, and the men's and women's national teams.
French Foreign Legion The French Foreign Legion (French: Légion étrangère) is a unique elite unit within the French Army established in 1831. It was created as a unit for foreign volunteers, because foreigners were forbidden to enlist in the French Army after the July Revolution in 1830.
French Foreign Legion in popular culture The existence of the French Foreign Legion has led to a romantic view that it is a place for a wronged man to leave behind his old life to start a new one, but also that it is full of scoundrels and men escaping justice. This view of the legion is common in literature, and has been used for dramatic effect in many movies, not the least of which are the several versions of Beau Geste.
French Forrest French Forrest (1796-December 22, 1866) was an American naval officer who served first in the United States Navy and later the Confederate States Navy. His combat experience prior to the Civil War included service in the War of 1812 and the Mexican-American War.
French Fort Cove The French Fort Cove is a nature park located in Miramichi, New Brunswick, between Newcastle and Nordin-Miramichi, which contains regular and advanced walking trails, canoeing, kayaking, paddle-boats, a children's playground, ice-cream shop and holds many events and activities during the summer. It is the former location of a rock quarry which was used to build many local buildings and the Langevin Block of the Parliament Hill, among others.
French Fourth Republic The Fourth Republic was the republican government of France between 1946 and 1958, governed by the fourth republican constitution. It was in many ways a revival of the Third Republic, which was in place before World War II, and suffered many of the same problems, such as very short ministries that made policy planning difficult.
French Frigate Shoals The French Frigate Shoals (Hawaiian: Mokupāpapa) is the largest atoll in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Its name commemorates French explorer Jean-François de La Pérouse, who nearly lost two frigates when attempting to navigate the shoals.
French Frith Kaiser Thompson French Frith Kaiser Thompson was a United States experimental rock quartet comprising John French, Fred Frith, Henry Kaiser and Richard Thompson. The band was formed in 1987 to create an album, Live, Love, Larf & Loaf.
French government ministers French government ministers are members of the Prime Minister's cabinet, although in French the term "cabinet" is rarely used to describe the gouvernement, even in translation (as it is used in French to mean a minister's private office, composed of politically-appointed aides). In French, the word gouvernement can refer to government in general, but generally refers to the cabinet.
French grip (percussion) French grip is a technique used to hold drum sticks and mallets to play percussion instruments. In this form of matched grip, the palms of the hands face directly toward each other and the stick is moved primarily with the fingers rather the wrist as in German grip.
French Geodesic Mission The French Geodesic Mission (also called the Geodesic Mission to Peru, First Geodesic Mission and the Spanish-French Geodesic Mission) was an 18th-century expedition to Ecuador carried out for the purpose of measuring the roundness of the Earth and measuring the length of a degree of longitude at the Equator. The mission was one of the first geodesic (or geodetic) missions carried out under modern scientific principles, and the first major international scientific expedition.
French Guiana French Guiana (French: Guyane française, officially Guyane) is an overseas department (French:département d'outre-mer, or DOM) of France, located on the northern coast of South America. Like the other DOMs, French Guiana is also an overseas region of France, one of the 26 regions of France.
French hill climb championship The French hill climb championship, or Championnat de France de la Montagne started in 1967 and rapidly became one of the continent's most competitive national series. For much of its history, the leading cars have been from Formula 2 (later Formula 3000 from 1985) or 2-litre sports cars.
French hip hop Most French hip hop artists come from poor suburbs of Paris, Lyon, Lille, Le Havre, Strasbourg, Toulouse or Marseille. France has had a wide social safety net, meaning that poverty has rarely been as extreme in France's North and West African communities (where most of the artists have their roots); however, most performers come from HLM housing projects inhabited primarily by poor Africans and ArabsLumpen.
French house French house is a late 1990s form of house music greatly influenced by 1970s and 1980s disco and funk as well as the productions of Thomas Bangalter. The music is notable for the "filter effect" used by artists such as Daft Punk, and sometimes uses vocal samples.
French Hill massacres French Hill massacres refer to numerous attacks by Palestinians in the Jerusalem neighborhood of the French Hill, a neighborhood in north-central Jerusalem. It is located in territory captured by Israel during the Six-Day War in 1967.
French Historical Studies French Historical Studies is the quarterly journal of the Society for French Historical Studies (SFHS), one of the two primary historical societies devoted to the study of French history headquartered in the United States. It publishes articles in English and French.
French immigration to Puerto Rico The French immigration to Puerto Rico during the 18th and 19th century came about as a result of various economic and political situations which occurred in Louisiana (USA), Saint Domingue (Haiti) and in Europe.
French inhale The French inhale is a trick one can perform while smoking. One takes a deep drag, then while the mouth is open and smoke is wafting out, one inhales through the nose, thus inhaling the smoking drifting from the mouth.
French intervention in Mexico The French intervention in Mexico, also known as the Maximilian Affair, was an invasion of Mexico by the army of the Second French Empire, supported in the beginning by the British and Spanish. It followed President Benito Juárez's suspension of payments of interest on loans to foreign countries made by previous governments on 17 July 1861, which angered Spain, France and Britain.
French invasion of Egypt (1798) In March 1798, Bonaparte proposed a military expedition to seize Egypt, then a province of the Ottoman Empire, seeking to protect French trade interests and undermine Britain's access to India. The Directory, although troubled by the scope and cost of the enterprise, readily agreed to the plan in order to remove the popular general from the center of power.
French invasion of Russia (1812) The invasion of the Russian Empire led by Napoleon I of France in 1812 was a turning point in the Napoleonic Wars. The campaign reduced the French and allied invasion forces to less than two percent of their initial strength.
French Immersion School of Washington The French Immersion School of Washington, founded in 1999, is a non-profit, bilingual day school for all children aged 2 1/2 to 11 years old. The school adheres to the curriculum of the world-renowned French Ministry of Education, while exceeding American scholastic standards.
French India French India is a general name for the former French possessions in India. These included Puduchery, Karikal and Yanaon (now, Yañam) on the Coromandel Coast, Mahé on the Malabar coast, and Chandannagore in Bengal.
French Indochina French Indochina (French: L'Indochine française, Vietnamese: Đông Dương thuộc Pháp) was a federation of protectorates and one directly ruled colony in Southeast Asia, part of the French colonial empire. It consisted of Cochin China (directly-ruled colony), Tonkin, Annam (all of which now form Vietnam), Laos, and Cambodia (protectorates).
French Industrial Exposition of 1844 The French Industrial Exposition of 1844, held in a temporary structure on the Champs-Élysées in Paris, was one in a series of eleven French national industrial expositions held to encourage improvements in progressive agriculture and in technology, that had their origins in 1798. The first Paris exposition immediately spawned imitators, including the Great Exhibition in London, 1851 which was open to international exhibitors from the entire world and outshone the highly successful French exhibition that ended in 1849.
French Institute of Pondicherry French Institute of Pondicherry (fr:Institut Français de Pondichéry) was established as a result of framework of the Cessation Treaty of French Territories in India, and was officially inaugurated on 20th March 1955. The Institute is a part of the network of research centers organized by the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and its existence is guaranteed by an international treaty, namely, the Treaty of Cession of French Territories in India, signed between India and France in 1956].
French Intifada The "French Intifada" is not a widely held perspective on the urban rioting which occurred predominantly in the urban conglomerations north of Paris, France in October 2005. It is a sociologically inaccurate referent which reflects the concern in the media to establish whether or not Islam was a determinant factor in the rioting.
French Island, Wisconsin French Island is an island in the Mississippi River and a census-designated place in La Crosse County, Wisconsin, United States. The larger island is not coextensive with the smaller CDP; most of the balance is part of the city of La Crosse.
French Kiss (album) Released in September, 1977, French Kiss (Album) was the solo debut by former Fleetwood Mac singer/guitarist Bob Welch. The songs (with the exception of Sentimental Lady) were intended for a projected third album by Welch's previous band, Paris.
French Kiss (TV series) French Kiss is the title of a half-hour music video program block that airs on Canadian music television station MuchMusic. The program airs French language music videos, mostly to celebrate and acknowledge Canada's bilingual culture.
French Kissin' (Debbie Harry song) "French Kissin'" is track number 2 from the 1986 album Rockbird by Debbie Harry. It was released as a single on 1986-11-15, reaching number 8 in the United Kingdom charts, and staying in the charts for 10 weeks.
French Kissing "French Kissing" is an R&B song written by Rob Tyger, and Kay Denar for Sarah Connor's debut studio album Green Eyed Soul (2001). It was co-produced by Tyger, and Denar and incorporates a sample of BLACKstreet's 1996 hit song "No Diggity".
French language French () is a Romance language spoken originally in France, Belgium, Luxembourg and Switzerland, and today by about 175 million people around the world as a mother tongue or fluent second language, "Les francophones dans le monde" (Francophones of the world") − Provides details from a report, (Rapport 1997-1998 du Haut Conseil de la Francophonie, "Etat de la francophonie dans le monde", La Documentation française, 1999, pp.612) which provides the following numbers: 112,666,000 with French as a first language or as an "adopted language"; 60,612,000 "occasional francophones" for whom usage and mastery of French are limited only by circumstances or by expressive capability; 100-110 million "francizers", who have learned French for several years and have maintained limited mastery, or who have simply been required to learn enough to perform their job.
French law on colonialism The February 23, 2005 French law on colonialism was an act passed by the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) conservative majority, which imposed on high-school (lycée) teachers to teach the "positive values" of colonialism to their students (article 4). The law created a public uproar and opposition from the whole of the left-wing, and was finally repealed by president Jacques Chirac (UMP) at the beginning of 2006, after accusations of historical revisionism from various teachers and historians, including Pierre Vidal-Naquet, Claude Liauzu, Olivier LeCour Grandmaison or Benjamin Stora.
French leave (disambiguation) According to Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (Millennium Edition; London: Cassell, 1999) French leave refers to "Leave of absence without permission or without announcing one's departure". The phrase has been appropriated for the titles of books, films and television programmes:
French legislative election, 1986 The French legislative election took place on March 16 1986 to elect the 8th National Assembly of the Fifth Republic. Contrary to other legislative elections of the Fifth Republic, the electoral system used was that of Party-list proportional representation.

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