Encyclopedia

Fulvio Orsini Fulvio Orsini was distinguished as a humanist, historian, and archæologist (born on December 11, 1529; died in Rome, May 18, 1600). He was a scion of the Orsini family, one of the oldest, most illustrious, and for centuries most powerful of the Roman princely families, whose origins, when stripped of legend, can be traced back to a certain Ursus de Paro, recorded at Rome in 998.
Fulvio Valbusa Fulvio Valbusa (born February 15, 1969 in Verona) is an Italian cross country skier who has competed since 1992. He won two medals in the 4 x 10 km relay at the Winter Olympics with a gold in 2006 and a silver in 1998.
Fulvous Whistling Duck The Fulvous Whistling Duck, Dendrocygna bicolor, is a whistling duck which breeds across the world's tropical regions in much of Central and South America, sub-Saharan Africa, the Indian subcontinent, and the United States Gulf Coast.
Fulwell Fulwell is an affluent suburb of Sunderland in England and an individual ward of the City of Sunderland. It is found on the north side of the River Wear, and borders Seaburn, Southwick, Monkwearmouth, and Roker.
Fulwood Fulwood ward—which includes the districts of Fulwood, Lodge Moor, and Ranmoor—is one of the 28 electoral wards in City of Sheffield, England. It is located in the far western part of the city and covers an area of 23.
Fumagillin Fumagillin is an antibiotic originally used against fungal Nosema apis infections in honeybees. Some studies found it to be effective against some myxozoan parasites, including Myxobolus cerebralis, an important parasite of fish; however, in the more rigorous tests required for U.
Fumarase Fumarase is an enzyme involved in the Krebs Cycle (aka the Tricarbocylic Acid Cycle aka the Citric Acid Cycle) that catalyzes the hydration (addition of H2O across a double bond) of Fumarate to L-malate (See the entry on optical isomer).
Fumarase deficiency Fumarase deficiency is an enzyme irregularity that causes severe mental retardation, unusual facial features, brain malformation, and epileptic seizures due to an abnormally low amount of fumarase in cells. The condition is congenital and is the result of receiving two defective recessive genes on the first chromosome that influence the functioning of the Krebs Cycle.
Fumaric acid Fumaric acid is the chemical compound with the formula HO2CCH=CHCO2H. This colorless crystalline compound is one of two isomeric unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, the other being maleic acid wherein the carboxylic acid groups are cis.
Fumarium A Fumarium was a smoke chamber used in Ancient Rome to enhance the flavor of wine through artificially "aging" the wine. Amphorae were placed in the chamber, which was built on top of a heated hearth, in order to impart a smoky flavor in the wine that also seemed to sharpen the acidity.
Fumarole A fumarole (Latin fumus, smoke) is an opening in Earth's (or any other astronomical body's) crust, often in the neighborhood of volcanoes, which emit steam and gases such as carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrochloric acid, and hydrogen sulfide. The name solfatara, from the Italian solfo, sulfur (via the Sicilian dialect), is given to fumaroles that emit sulfurous gases.
Fumata nera and fumata bianca The fumata nera ("black smoke" in Italian) is the announcement to the outer world by a conclave that a Papal election wasn't decisive, by means of burning the ballots together with straw or chemicals to produce black smoke. A fumata bianca ("white smoke") announces the conclave is over because a Pope was elected.
Fumble A fumble in American and Canadian football occurs when an offensive player such as the quarterback or a running back drops the ball while it is still in play. A fumble may also be forced by a defensive player who either grabs or punches the ball or butts the ball with his helmet (a move called "tackling the ball").
Fumblerooski In American football, the fumblerooski is a trick play, most famously used by the University of Nebraska Cornhuskers against the University of Miami Hurricanes in the 1984 Orange Bowl and used again by Nebraska in 1992. It is no longer allowed in high school, college, or the NFL.
Fume hood A fume hood or fume cupboard is a large piece of scientific equipment common to chemistry laboratories designed to limit a person's exposure to hazardous fumes. Fume hoods were originally manufactured from timber, but now epoxy coated mild steel is the main construction material.
Fumi Hirano Hirano Fumi (平野 文 Fumi Hirano) is a seiyū and an essayist born on April 23, 1955 in Tokyo who is best known for voicing Lum in anime series Urusei Yatsura (which was her debut seiyū role). Fumi attended Tamagawa University in Machida, Tokyo where she graduating with a degree in Theatre from the Department of Fine Arts in the College of Humanities.
Fumi Yoshinaga Fumi Yoshinaga (よしながふみ YOSHINAGA Fumi, born 1971 in Tokyo, Japan) is a Japanese mangaka, known for her shōjo and boys' love works. She debuted in 1994 with Tsuki to sandaru, serialized in Hanaoto magazine.
Fumie A fumie (踏み絵) was a likeness of Jesus or Mary upon which the religious authorities of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan required suspected Christians to step in order to prove that they were not members of that outlawed religion. The use of the fumie began with the persecution of Christians in Nagasaki in 1629.
Fumigation Fumigation is a method of pest control that completely fills an area with gaseous pesticides to suffocate or poison the pests within. It is utilized for control of pests in buildings (structural fumigation), soil, grain, and produce, and is also used during processing of goods to be imported or exported to prevent transfer of exotic organisms.
Fumihiko Maki Fumihiko Maki (槇文彦, Maki Fumihiko) (born Tokyo, September 6, 1928) is a Japanese architect. After studying at the University of Tokyo he moved to the Cranbrook Academy of Art in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, and then to Harvard Graduate School of Design.
Fumihiro Joyu Fumihiro Joyu (上祐史浩 Jōyū Fumihiro; born 17 December 1962) was the spokesperson and public relations manager of the controversial Japanese Buddhist group Aum Shinrikyo, and has been the de facto chief of the organization since 1999.
Fumiko Hayashi (author) Fumiko Hayashi (林 芙美子, Hayashi Fumiko, December 31 1903 or 1904 (Japanese sources disagree on the birth year) - June 28, 1951) was a Japanese novelist and poet. When Fumiko was seven, her mother ran away with a manager of her common-law husband's store, and afterwards the three worked in Kyūshū as itinerant merchants.
Fumiko Kometani Foumiko Kometani, born in Osaka, Japan in 1931, is a Japanese author and artist (painter) and a long resident of the United States. Kometani moved to America as an abstract painter in 1960, settling in the MacDowell Colony in New Hampshire where she met her husband, Josh Greenfeld (now living in California).
Fumimaro Konoe Prince Fumimaro Konoe (Kyūjitai:近衞 文麿, Shinjitai: 近衛 文麿, Konoe Fumimaro) (sometimes Konoye, October 12 1891–December 16 1945) was a Japanese politician and the 34th (June 4 1937–January 5 1939), 38th (July 22 1940–July 18 1941) and 39th (July 18 1941–October 18 1941) Prime Minister of Japan.
Fumin Fumin is a Grime artist who is perhaps most well known for his contribution on the song Pow (Forward) by fellow Grime artist Lethal Bizzle. He is a member of the Lethal Bizzle lead crew Fire Camp and is the leader of his own group, Boundary Crew.
Fumino Hayashi Fumino Hayashi (林ふみの) is a mangaka of Neon Genesis Evangelion: Angelic Days, a manga based on the anime Neon Genesis Evangelion by Gainax). This was the first project Fumino Hayashi had worked on for Kadokawa Shoten.
Fuminosato Station Fuminosato Station, (文の里駅, -eki) station number T29, is a train station on the Osaka Municipal Subway Tanimachi Line in Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan. It takes about five minutes to walk to Showacho Station (M24) on the Midosuji Line.
Fumio Nanri Fumio Nanri(born December 24, 1910 in Saga Prefecture; died August 4, 1975) was a jazz trumpeter nicknamed the "Satchmo of Japan" by Louis Armstrong. He was one of Japan's first jazz musicians to become known outside his native country.
Fumio Niwa Fumio Niwa (丹羽文雄 Niwa Fumio, born on November 22, 1904 in Mie Prefecture, Japan, died April 20, 2005 in Musashino, Tokyo) was a Japanese novelist with a long list of works, the most famous in the West being his novel The Buddha Tree (Japanese Bodaiju, 1956).
Fumoto no iro Fumoto no iro (麓の色 Sex in the Foothills) is an ancient Japanese text that tells the story of a sixty year old gigolo named Ogiya Yashige. Though fictional, Yashige is notable for flouting contemporary Japanese notions of morality, which dictated that (gay) male prostitutes were already past their prime at seventeen years of age.
Fun (film) Fun is a 1994 drama film starring Alicia Witt and Renée Humphrey, in roles that earned them both a Special Jury Recognition for Technical Acting at the 1994 Sundance Film Festival. The film centres on the murder of an elderly woman by two mentally unstable girls.
Fun and Fancy Free Fun and Fancy Free (first released on September 27, 1947) is a feature film produced by Walt Disney Studios and released by RKO Radio Pictures. It was one of the "package films" (feature-length compilations of shorter segments) that the studio produced in the 1940s.
Fun Bar Karaoke Fun Bar Karaoke ( or Fan ba karaoke, literally "dream crazy karaoke") is a 1997 crime-comedy directed by Pen-Ek Ratanaruang. The film had its world premiere at the 1997 Berlin Film Festival for which Pen-Ek was credited as "Tom Pannet".
Fun Boy Three The Fun Boy Three were a short-lived but successful multi-racial English band which ran from 1981 to 1983 and was formed by singers Terry Hall, Neville Staples and Lynval Golding after they left The Specials. The Fun Boy Three often ran into similar criticism as The Style Council as they had a less credible image than their previous band but all the same did create some classic and highly respected music.
Fun casino A fun casino is a casino set up that involves no exchanges of money. Participants are given a set number of chips at the beginning of play and the players with the most chips at the end of the session win prizes.
Fun Dip Fun Dip is the name of an American candy manufactured by The Willy Wonka Candy Company, a brand owned by Nestlé. The brand was previously owned and produced by Sunmark Brands, a division of Sunline which was subsequently purchased by Nestlé.
Fun Home Fun Home (subtitled A Family Tragicomic) is a graphic memoir by Alison Bechdel, author of the comic strip Dykes to Watch out For. It chronicles the author's childhood and youth in rural Pennsylvania, focusing on her relationship with her father, Bruce Bechdel.
Fun House (video game) Fun House is a NES action video game which is based on the TV show Fun House and plays like a child's version of The Running Man. In order to make it to the next level, the player must make it from the starting line to the finish within the time limit, like a top view version of Pole Position with a young child on rollerblades rather than driving a car in an overhead view.
Fun in the Key of E Fun in the Key of E were a 1980s band from Palmerston North, New Zealand. One of the band's members Alan Gregg has gone on to feature in a number of other New Zealand bands including The Muttonbirds and Marshmallow.
Fun Lovin' Criminals The Fun Lovin' Criminals are an alternative rap / alternative rock group from New York City, United States. Their music is a blend of many styles, most notably hip hop, rock, blues, and jazz, and their songs often deal with everyday life in New York City and most big cities: organized crime, drugs, violence, poverty, and politics.
Fun Master Fun Master was a Slovakian Eurodance/Europop group based in the eastern Slovakian city of Košice. They released one album, Dolce Vita, in 1997, and had moderate success in Slovakia with the singles "The Bird Song '97" (a cover of The Birdie Song by The Tweets) and "FunTasy".
Fun run A Fun Run is a friendly race that involves either Road running or Cross country running with participants taking part for their own enjoyment rather than competition. A fun run will usually be held to raise funds for a charity with sponsors providing the revenue to cover the organisational costs.
Fun Spot Amusement Park & Zoo Fun Spot Amusement Park & Zoo is a family amusement park located in Angola, Indiana. Although it is small in comparison to parks in neighboring states, such as Cedar Point and Michigan's Adventure, it remains one of the largest parks in the region.
Fun TV with Kato-chan and Ken-chan Fun TV with Kato-chan and Ken-chan was a popular Japanese television variety show aired on Tokyo Broadcasting System around the mid-1980s. Starring Ken Shimura and Cha Kato, former members of the group, The Drifters from Hachiji Dayo!
Fun-Da-Mental Fun-Da-Mental is a radical, multi-ethnic, British, Islamic world fusion and ethno techno band formed in 1991. The style of the group mixes Eastern and Western musical and cultural influences, featuring British dance club electronics, Indian, Afro-Caribbean, and worldbeat samples.
Funambol Formerly known as the Sync4j project, Funambol is an open source mobile application server that provides push email, address book and calendar (PIM) data synchronization, application provisioning, and device management for wireless devices and PCs, leveraging standard protocols such as SyncML. For users, this means BlackBerry-like capabilities on commodity handsets.
Funan Funan was a pre-Angkor Indianized kingdom located around the Mekong delta, probably established by Mon-Khmer settlers speaking an Austro-Asiatic language. We know very little about it, except that it was a powerful trading state.
Funan DigitaLife Mall Funan DigitaLife Mall (Chinese: 福南中心), also known as Funan The IT Mall or simply Funan Centre, is a shopping centre located near the Civic District in Singapore. Specialising in electronics and IT-related goods, it is a more upmarket competitor of Sim Lim Square, the later of which caters more to the general masses.
Funarg problem Funarg is an abbreviation for "functional argument"; in computer science, the funarg problem relates to the difficulty of implementing functions as first-class objects in stack-based programming language implementations.
Funérailles The elegy Funérailles, written in the later part of 1849, is the 7th piece in the collection of piano pieces by Franz Liszt entitled Harmonies Poétiques et Religieuses (Poetic and Religious Harmonies). It is perhaps the most famous of the collection, having been performed by such Liszt masters as Claudio Arrau, Jorge Bolet, Vladimir Horowitz and Georges Cziffra.
Funcrusher EP Funcrusher is the debut EP by New York underground hip hop group Company Flow, released in June 1996 through Official Recordings Following the release, the group signed a deal with upstart label Rawkus Records] for the release of their acclaimed debut album [[Funcrusher Plus, released in 1997 Seven of the eight songs featured here were included on Funcrusher Plus, with "Corners '94" being the only absent track [http://hiphop.discogs.
Function approximation The need for function approximations arises in many branches of applied mathematics, and computer science in particular. In general, a function approximation problem asks us to select a function among a well-defined class that closely matches ("approximates") a target function in a task-specific way.
Function composition In mathematics, a composite function, formed by the composition of one function on another, represents the application of the former to the result of the application of the latter to the argument of the composite. The functions f: X → Y and g: Y → Z can be composed by first applying f to an argument x and then applying g to the result.
Function composition (computer science) In computer science, function composition is an act or mechanism to combine simple functions to build more complicated ones. Like the usual composition of functions in mathematics, the result of the composed function is passed to the composing one via a parameter.
Function cost analysis Function Cost Analysis (FСА) (sometimes named function value analysis (FVA)) is the a method of technical and economic research of the systems for purpose to optimize a parity between system's (as product or service) consumer functions or properties (also known as value) and expenses to achieve those functions or properties.
Function field of an algebraic variety In algebraic geometry, the function field of an algebraic variety V consists of objects which are interpreted as rational functions on V. In complex algebraic geometry these are meromorphic functions and their higher-dimensional analogues; in classical algebraic geometry they are ratios of polynomials; in modern algebraic geometry they are elements of some quotient field.
Function generator A function generator is a piece of electronic test equipment used to generate electrical waveforms. These waveforms can be either repetitive, or single-shot (once only) in which case some kind of triggering source is required (internal or external).
Function hall A function hall is a room for the purpose of hosting a party. These are often found within the buildings of clubs and fraternal organizations (rented out as a fundraiser for the organization) or within a restaurant.
Function key A function key is a key on a gago or terminal keyboard which can be programmed so as to cause an operating system command interpreter or application program to perform certain actions. On some keyboards/computers, function keys may have default actions, accessible on power-on.
Function object A function object, often called a functor or functionoid, is a computer programming construct allowing an object to be invoked or called as if it were an ordinary function, usually with the same syntax. The exact meaning may vary among programming languages.
Function of a real variable In mathematics, a function of a real variable is a mathematical function whose domain is the real line. More loosely, a function of a real variable is sometimes taken to mean any function whose domain is a subset of the real line.
Function point analysis Function Point Analysis (FPA) is an ISO recognized method to measure the functional size of an information system. The functional size reflects the amount of functionality that is relevant to and recognized by the user in the business.
Function pointer A function pointer is a type of pointer in the C, C++ and D programming languages. A function pointer, when dereferenced, calls a function with arguments placed after the dereferenced pointer just like a normal function.
Function prologue In assembly language programming, the function prologue is a few lines of code which appear at the beginning of a function, which prepare the stack and registers for use within the function. Similarly, the function epilogue appears at the end of the function, and restores the stack and registers back to the state they were in before the function was called.
Function prototype A function prototype in C or C++ is a declaration of a function that omits the function body but does specify the function's name, arity, argument types and return type. While a function definition specifies what a function does, a function prototype can be thought of as specifying its interface.
Function word Function words (or grammatical words) are words that have little lexical meaning or have ambiguous meaning, but instead serve to express grammatical relationships with other words within a sentence, or specify the attitude or mood of the speaker. Words which are not function words are called content words (or lexical words): these include nouns, verbs, adjectives, and most adverbs, though some adverbs are function words (e.
Functional analysis Functional analysis is the branch of mathematics, and specifically of analysis, concerned with the study of spaces of functions. It has its historical roots in the study of transformations, such as the Fourier transform, and in the study of differential and integral equations.
Functional bowel disorder In medicine, the term functional bowel disorder refers to a group of bowel disorders which are characterised by chronic abdominal complaints without a structural or biochemical cause that could explain symptoms. Functional bowel disorders include, among others:
Functional calculus In mathematics, a functional calculus is a theory allowing one to apply mathematical functions to mathematical operators. If f is a function, say a numerical function of a real number, and M is an operator, there is no particular reason why the expression
Functional compiler A functional compiler is a compiler for a functional programming language. Functional compilers perform such transformation on source code which transform it to continuation passing style or administrative normal form and need to handle tail calls correctly.
Functional constituency A functional constituency, in Hong Kong politics, refers to professional and special interest groups involved in the electoral process. Eligible voters in a functional constituency may include natural persons as well as other designated legal entities such as organisations and corporations.
Functional data analysis Functional data analysis is a collection of techniques in statistics for the analysis of curves or functions (functional data). In reality, functional data often points to dense measurements over a period of time.
Functional decomposition Functional decomposition of engineering is a method for analyzing engineered systems. The basic idea is to try to divide a system in such a way that each block of the block diagram can be described without an "and" or "or" in the description.
Functional derivative In mathematics and theoretical physics, the functional derivative is a generalization of the directional derivative. The difference is that the latter differentiates in the direction of a vector, while the former differentiates in the direction of a function.
Functional design Functional design is a design pattern used to simplify the design of computer software. A functional design assures that each modular part of a computer program has only one responsibility and performs that responsibility with the minimum of side effects on other parts.
Functional ecology Functional ecology is the branch of ecology that focuses on the roles, or functions, that species play in the community or ecosystem in which they occur. In this approach, physiological, anatomical, and life history characteristics of the species are emphasized.
Functional electrical stimulation Functional electrical stimulation (commonly abbreviated as FES) is a technique that uses electrical currents to activate nerves innervating extremities affected by paralysis resulting from spinal cord injury (SCI), head injury, stroke or other neurological disorders, restoring function in people with disabilities.
Functional equation In mathematics or its applications, a functional equation is an equation expressed in terms of both independent variables and unknown functions, which are to be solved for. Properties of functions can for instance be determined by considering the types of functional equations they satisfy.
Functional equation (L-function) In mathematics, the L-functions of number theory have certain functional equations, as one of their characteristic properties. There is an elaborate theory of what these should be; much of it still conjectural.
Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (FESS) is a surgical modality for some diseases of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It is a relatively recent surgical procedure that uses the help of nasal endoscopes (which make use of Hopkins rod lens telescopes): these are endoscopes which have diameters of 4mm and 2.
Functional flowcharts A diagram of the site as a whole that shows page elements, relationships between pages, as well as processes and rules associated with the functions of the site. The functional flowchart shows the cognitive architecture of the site in great detail and is the basis for functional templates.
Functional food Functional food or medicinal food is any fresh or processed food claimed to have a health-promoting and/or disease-preventing property beyond the basic nutritional function of supplying nutrients, although there is no consensus on an exact definition of the term.
Functional Formism FUNCTIONAL FORMISM:The Dictate and Reveal of Primary Function and Formative Expression. A definitive Architectural and Applied Design Engineering categoric designation - irrespective of the period and stylate reference other than taking subjective account in respect of prevailing material(s) technology.
Functional genomics Functional genomics is a field of molecular biology that attempts to make use of the vast wealth of data produced by genomic projects (such as genome sequencing projects) to describe gene (and protein!) functions and interactions.
Functional grammar Functional grammar is the name given to any of a range of functionally-based approaches to the scientific study of language, such as the grammar model developed by Simon Dik or Michael Halliday's Systemic functional grammar; another important figure in recent linguistic functionalism is Thomas GivĂłn.
Functional group In organic chemistry, functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules, that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. The same functional group will undergo the same or similar chemical reaction(s) regardless of the size of the molecule it is a part of.
Functional gum Functional gum is the name given to types of chewing gum which impart some practical function instead of, or in addition to, the usual enjoyment provided by a traditional chewing gum as a confectionery product.
Functional integration Functional integration is a collection of results in mathematics and physics where the domain of an integral is no longer a region of space, but a space of functions. Functional integrals arise in probability, in the study of partial differential equations and in Feynman's approach to the quantum mechanics of particles and fields.
Functional isomer Functional isomers are structural isomers that have the same molecular formula (that is, the same number of atoms of the same elements), but the atoms are connected together in different ways so that the groupings are dissimilar. These groups of atoms are called functional groups, functionalities, or moieties.
Functional leadership model In the functional leadership model, one conceives of leadership not as a person but rather as a set of behaviors that help a group perform their task or reach their goal. The model says that the leadership function meets needs in areas:
Functional load In linguistics and especially phonology, functional load refers to the importance of certain features in making distinctions in a language. English vowels, for example, have a very high functional load: There are innumerable sets of words distinguished (see minimal pair) just by their vowels, such as pin, pen, pan, pun, pain, pine.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is the use of MRI to measure the hemodynamic response related to neural activity in the brain or spinal cord of humans or other animals. It is one of the most recently developed forms of neuroimaging.
Functional neuroimaging Functional neuroimaging is the use of neuroimaging technology to measure an aspect of brain function, often with a view to understanding the relationship between activity in certain brain areas and specific mental functions. It is primarily used as a research tool in cognitive neuroscience and neuropsychology.
Functional Objects Functional Objects Inc, or "FunO", was a Massachusetts software company founded in September 1999 by key members of Harlequin's Dylan group to develop and market the Dylan IDE originally created at Harlequin. The IDE was rebranded as Functional Developer.
Functional profile In telecommunication, a functional profile is a standardization document that characterizes the requirements of a standard or group of standards, and specifies how the options and ambiguities in the standard(s) should be interpreted or implemented to (a) provide a particular information technology function, (b) provide for the development of uniform, recognized tests, and (c) promote interoperability among different network elements and terminal equipment that implement a specific profile.
Functional programming Functional programming is a programming paradigm that conceives computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids state and mutable data. Functional programming emphasizes the application of functions, in contrast with imperative programming, which emphasizes changes in state and the execution of sequential commands.
Functional region A functional region is a region that is defined and classified by patterns of spatial interaction or spatial organization. Functional regions are those within which there is an overall coherence (though there may be some variability in certain aspects) to the structure and dynamics of political, economic, and social organization.
Functional requirements Functional requirements define the internal workings of the software: that is, the calculations, technical details, data manipulation and processing, and other specific functionality that show how the use cases are to be satisfied. They are supported by non-functional requirements, which impose constraints on the design or implementation (such as performance requirements, security, quality standards, or design constraints).
Functional response Functional response, a term used in biology and ecology with regards to predator-prey relationships, is the relationship between the density of prey in a certain area and the average number of prey specimens consumed by each predator in that area. The concept was introduced by the work of C.
Functional Requirements for Authority Records Functional Requirements for Authority Records or FRAR is a conceptual entity-relationship model developed by the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) for relating the data that are recorded in library authority records to the needs of the users of those records and facilitate and sharing of that data.

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