Encyclopedia

Graphical user interface A graphical user interface (or GUI, often pronounced "gooey"), is a particular case of user interface for interacting with a computer which employs graphical images and widgets in addition to text to represent the information and actions available to the user. Usually the actions are performed through direct manipulation of the graphical elements.
Graphical, Paper and Media Union The Graphical, Paper and Media Union (GPMU) was a trade union in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland between 1992 and 2005. Having been formed from the merger of SOGAT and the National Graphical Association, it claimed to be the world's largest media union, and had over 200,000 members working in the print, publishing, paper, IT and media industries.
Graphics Graphics are visual presentations on some surface such as a wall, canvas, computer screen, paper, or stone to brand, inform, illustrate, or entertain. Examples are photographs, drawings, Line Art, graphs, diagrams, typography, numbers, symbols, geometric designs, maps, engineering drawings, or other images.
Graphics Address Remapping Table The Graphics Address Remapping Table (GART) is an I/O memory management unit (IOMMU) used by AGP and PCI Express graphics cards, through which textures, polygon meshes and other data is loaded directly from the computer's physical memory utilizing DMA.
Graphics device interface A graphics device interface is a subsystem that most operating systems use for representing graphical objects and transmitting them to output devices such as monitors and printers. In most cases, the graphics device interface is only able to draw 2D graphics and simple 3D graphics, in order to make use of more advanced graphics and keep performance, an API such as DirectX or OpenGL needs to be installed.
Graphics Device Interface The Graphics Device Interface (GDI, sometimes called Graphical Device Interface) is one of the three core components or "subsystems", together with the kernel and the user (window manager), of Microsoft Windows.
Graphics Environment for Multimedia GEM (Graphics Environment for Multimedia) is a collection of externals (libraries) that provide OpenGL graphics functionality to pure data, a graphical programming language for real-time audio processing. It is free under the GPL.
Graphics hardware and FOSS Using Graphics Hardware with free and open source software (FOSS) can be difficult, because some of the leading manufacturers of graphics cards do not provide technical documentation sufficient for independent developers to create accelerated 3D device drivers for their products. In some cases they prefer to provide closed source proprietary binary drivers.
Graphics pipeline In 3D computer graphics, the terms graphics pipeline or rendering pipeline most commonly refer to the current state of the art method of rasterization-based rendering as supported by commodity graphics hardware. The graphics pipeline typically accepts some representation of a three-dimensional scene as an input and results in a 2D raster image as output.
Graphics processing unit A Graphics Processing Unit or GPU (also occasionally called Visual Processing Unit or VPU) is a dedicated graphics rendering device for a personal computer, workstation, or game console. Modern GPUs are very efficient at manipulating and displaying computer graphics, and their highly parallel structure makes them more effective than typical CPUs for a range of complex algorithms.
Graphics Resolution On the Apple II-family of computers (including the Apple IIe and Apple IIgs), Graphics Resolutions (GR) is a low-level graphics mode that is accessible through Applesoft BASIC (the command "GR") as well as compiled programs.
Graphing calculator A graphing calculator (also known as a graphical calculator) typically refers to a class of handheld calculators that are capable of plotting graphs, solving equation systems, and performing numerous other tasks with variables. Most popular graphing calculators are also programmable, allowing the user to create customized programs, typically for scientific/engineering and education applications.
Graphism The word graphism is not defined in any dictionary, but it refers to the "expression of thought in material symbols". Stanford University webpage Graphism began some 30,000 years BC, not as a photographic representation of reality but as an abstraction that was geared toward magical-religious matters.
Graphite Graphite (named by Abraham Gottlob Werner in 1789 from the Greek γραφειν: "to draw/write", for its use in pencils) is one of the allotropes of carbon. Unlike diamond, graphite is an electrical conductor, and can be used, for instance, as the material in the electrodes of an electrical arc lamp.
Graphite bomb A graphite bomb (also known as the "Blackout Bomb") is a non-lethal weapon used to disable electrical power systems. Graphite bombs work by spreading a cloud of extremely fine carbon fibers over electrical components, causing a short-circuit and a disruption of the electrical supply.
Graphite furnace atomic absorption Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) is also known by various other acronyms, including electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). Briefly, the technique is based on the fact that free atoms will absorb light at frequencies or wavelengths characteristic of the element of interest (hence the name atomic absorption spectrometry).
Graphite-Epoxy Motor A Graphite-Epoxy Motor (GEM) is a high-performance, solid rocket motor, used for supplemental thrust on several launch vehicles, including the Boeing Delta II and Delta IV, as well as Lockheed Martin's Atlas V. They are designed to allow launch vehicles to deliver larger payloads to orbit.
Graphium arycles The Spotted Jay (Graphium arycles), a species of butterfly, is scarce and likely to be found in the extreme North East of India. It is not known to be threatened but the nominate subspecies is protected by law in India.
Graphium nomius Spot Swordtail Pathysa nomius is a beautiful butterfly found in India that belongs to the Swallowtail family. One of the grandest sights is a host of Spot Swordtails mud-puddling or swarming around a flowering forest tree.
Graphoanalysis Graphoanalysis (a registered trademark of the International Graphoanalysis Society) is a system of Handwriting Analysis that falls within the approach of Integrative Graphology. The core tenet is that every stroke of handwriting has a meaning which can be understood only within the context of the other strokes present in the handwriting.
Graphoscope A graphoscope was a 19th century device used in parlors in order to enhance the viewing of photographs and text. These novelty items consisted of a single magnifying glass, often in a wooden frame, in an overall construction that could collapse into a compact rectangular form.
Graphplan Graphplan is an algorithm for automated planning developed by Avrim Blum and Merrick Furst in 1995. Graphplan takes as input a planning problem expressed in STRIPS and produces, if any, a sequence of operations for reaching a goal state.
Graphviz Graphviz (short for Graph Visualization Software) is a package of open source tools initiated by AT&T Research Labs for drawing graphs specified in DOT Language scripts. It also provides libraries for software applications to use the tools.
Grappa Grappa is a fairly fragrant grape-based pomace brandy of between 40% and 60% alcohol by volume (80 to 120 proof), of Italian origin. Literally a word for "grape stalk", grappa is made by distilling pomace, grape residue (primarily the skins, but also stems and seeds) left over from winemaking after pressing.
Grapple (fruit) Grapple (pronounced Grape-L) is the registered brand name for a commercially marketed apple that is supposed to taste like a grape. The product is created by soaking a Washington-grown Fuji apple in artificial grape flavoring (according to the ingredients listed on the label).
Grapple (Transformers) Grapple (Grappin in Canada, Gancio in Italy) is the name of a single character in the Transformers universes. Due to trademake reasons, he was released as "Autobot Grapple" when he was reissued by Hasbro.
Grapplers (comics) The Grapplers are a fictional organization in the Marvel Comics universe. It was a loosely organized band of female wrestlers, most of whom gained superhuman strength after their first published appearances, through the group known as Power Broker, Inc.
Grappling Grappling also called wrestling refers to the gripping, handling and controlling of an opponent without the use of striking, typically through the application of various grappling holds and counters to various hold attempts. A grappler is a person who predominantly practices grappling in martial arts or combat sports.
Grappling hold A grappling hold (commonly referred to simply as a hold; in Japanese referred to as katame-waza, 固め技, "grappling technique") is a grappling, wrestling, judo or other martial arts term for a specific grip that is applied to an opponent. Holds are principally used to control the opponent, and to advance in points or positioning.
Grappling hook A grappling hook is a composite hook attached to a rope, designed to be thrown or projected a distance, where its hooks will engage with the target. Grappling hooks were originally used in naval warfare to catch the rigging of an enemy ship so that it could be drawn in and boarded.
Grappling position A grappling position (also referred to as the positioning of two combatants) refers the relative positions and holds of two combatants engaged in grappling. If combatants are standing, it is called a stand-up grappling position and if they are on the ground it is called a ground grappling position.
Grapput Grapput is a red wine grape that is grown primarily in Gironde and after Ugni Blanc and Merlot it is one of the more planted varieties in the region. Platings have declined in recent years as the vine has shown high sensitivity to downy mildew and black rot.
Grapsus grapsus The crab Grapsus grapsus (known variously as "red rock crab", "abuete negro", and, together with other crabs such as Percnon gibbesi, as "Sally Lightfoot") is one of the most common crabs along the western coast of South America. It can also be seen along the entire coast of Central America and Mexico, and nearby islands.
Graptemys Graptemys is a genus of turtles known commonly as map turtles or sometimes sawback turtles. They are aquatic, freshwater basking turtles that are found throughout the eastern half United States and into southern Canada.
Graptolite Graptolites (Graptolithina) are fossil colonial animals known chiefly from the Upper Cambrian through the Mississippian (Lower Carboniferous). A possible early graptolite, Chaunograptus, is known from the Middle Cambrian.
Graptophyllum ilicifolium Graptophyllum ilicifolium, otherwise known as the Mount Blackwood Holly, is a large rainforest shrub which grows in granitic soils. It has shiny, dark green leaves which resemble those of the unrelated holly, and grows best in moist, semi-shaded, well-drained, well-mulched soils.
Grasberg mine The Grasberg mine is the largest gold mine in the world and the third largest copper mine in the world. It is located in the province of Papua in Indonesia near , and is owned by the Freeport-McMoRan company based out of the United States.
Grasmere, British Columbia Grasmere, British Columbia, Canada is a tiny hamlet located in the South East corner of the Canadian province of British Columbia within the Regional District of East Kootenay, British Columbia (RDEK). Grasmere has a population of 150 people and is located 10 kilometers from the U.
Grasmoor Grasmoor is a mountain in the north-western part of the Lake District, northern England. It is the highest peak in a group of hills between the villages of Lorton, Braithwaite and Buttermere, and overlooks Crummock Water.
Grass Grass is a common word that generally describes a monocotyledonous green plant in the family Poaceae, True grasses include most plants grown as cereals, for pasture, and for lawns. They include some more specialised crops such as lemongrass, as well as many ornamental plants, and some weeds.
Grass & Wild Strawberries (Chilliwack album) Grass and Wild Strawberries, released in 1968, is an album by the Canadian rock band Chilliwack when they were known as "The Collectors" . The songs were written as part of prominent Canadian playwright George Ryga's stage play Grass and Wild Strawberries.
Grass (1925 film) Grass: A Nation's Battle for Life is a 1925 silent documentary film which follows a branch of the Bakhtiari tribe of Iran as they and their herds make their seasonal journey to better pastures. It is considered one of the earliest ethnographic documentary films.
Grass (1999 film) Grass is a 1999 Canadian documentary film directed by Ron Mann, about the history of the American government's war on marijuana in the 20th century, including clips from films such as Reefer Madness and Up in Smoke.
Grass (song) "Grass" is the first single from Animal Collective's 2005 album, Feels. Upon its release, it was showered with critical praise for its delicate balance of melodic pop sensibilities and discordant yelping.
Grass card game The Grass card game, first published in 1979 and now published by Euro Games and Ventura International (infamously packaged in a hemp bag!) is an expanded version of Mille Bournes with the theme altered from car racing to cannabis dealing.
Grass Crown The Grass Crown or Blockade Crown (Latin: corona obsidionalis or corona graminea) was the highest and rarest of all military decorations in the Roman Republic and early Roman empire. It was presented only to a general or commander who broke the blockade of a beleaguered Roman army.
Grass Emerald The Grass Emerald (Pseudoterpna pruinata) is a moth species that is fairly common throughout Britain with the exception of northern Scotland. It can be found in such habitats as heathland, moorland, and commons, where its larvae feed on broom, gorse, and petty whin.
Grass jelly Grass jelly or Leaf jelly (Chinese: 涼粉 liáng fěn or 燒仙草 shāo xiān cǎo; Minnan (Hokkien): 仙草 sian-chháu; Malay: cincau; Vietnamese:suong sam, or suong sao for the black one) is a type of food with a jelly-like consistency that is used in China and Southeast Asia in drinks and desserts. It is sold in cans or packets in Asian supermarkets.
Grass of Parnassus Grass of Parnassus is the English name for the genus Parnassia, also known as Bog-stars. Parnassia is considered by many authors the only genus in the family Parnassiaceae, while others also include the small genus Lepuropetalon.
Grass pink Grass pinks (genus Calopogon) are a group of terrestrial orchids (family Orchidaceae). The generic name is from Greek and means "beautiful beard", referring to the cluster of hairs adorning the labellum.
Grass Roots Tendency The Grass Roots Tendency is an organized political tendency (or caucus) within the Socialist Party USA, supporting a revolutionary socialist politics. Its main goals are maintaining the independence of the Socialist Party from the two-party system and preserving the SP's multi-tendency internal democracy.
Grass Valley (company) Grass Valley, previously known as Grass Valley Group, is a subsidiary company of the French company Thomson. Grass Valley produces technology for the broadcast and film markets, from acquisition through production, postproduction, and transmission.
Grass-court specialist A grass-court specialist is a tennis player who excels on grass courts, but does not perform to the same standard on hard courts, clay courts, or other surfaces. The term is generally only applied to professional players on the ATP and WTA tours, rather than to average players.
Grassalkovich Palace The Grassalkovich Palace (in Slovak Grasalkovičov palác) or the Presidential Palace (Prezidentský palác) is a palace in Bratislava and the seat of the President of Slovakia. It is situated next to the Summer Archbishop's Palace.
Grassholme Grassholme is a village in the Pennines of England. It is traditionally located in the North Riding of Yorkshire but along with the rest of the former Startforth Rural District it was transferred to County Durham for administrative and ceremonial purposes on 1 April 1974, under the provisions of the Local Government Act 1972.
Grasshopper chess Grasshopper chess is a chess variant, in which the pawns are allowed to promote to a fairy piece grasshopper. In some variations grasshoppers may also be present on the board in the opening position, in addition to the usual pieces.
Grasshopper Manufacture Grasshopper Manufacture is a Japanese video game development house responsible for the GameCube and PlayStation 2 game Killer7. In addition to Killer7, they have developed Michigan (released in Japan and Europe) and a number of Japan-only titles.
Grasshopper Scouts Grasshopper Scouts (小童軍), Grasshopper Section, or simply Grasshoppper, is a Scout Section of The Scout Association of Hong Kong in Hong Kong for 6 to 8 year old boys and girls. Established in 1985, it is modelled after Beaver Scouts in United Kingdom.
Grassland Oregon Grassland Oregon, a grass seed company based in Keizer, Oregon, located in the Willamette Valley. The Willamette Valley and certain parts of New Zealand are known to to offer ideal climates for growing grass seed, especially cool season, perennial ryegrass.
Grasslands National Park Grasslands National Park (Parc national des Prairies in French) is one of Canada's newest national parks and is located in southern Saskatchewan along the Montana border. The park is part of the Canadian Protected Heritage System, which aims to protect representative areas of Canada's 39 natural regions.
Grassmann's law Grassmann's law, named after its discoverer Hermann Grassmann, is a dissimilatory phonological process in Ancient Greek and Sanskrit which states that if an aspirated consonant is followed by another aspirated consonant in the next syllable, the first one loses the aspiration. The descriptive (synchronic) version was described for Sanskrit by Panini.
Grassmann-Cayley algebra Grassmann-Cayley algebra is a form of modelling algebra for projective geometry, based on work by German mathematician Hermann Grassmann on exterior algebra, and, subsequently, by British mathematician Arthur Cayley's work on matrices and linear algebra. It is also known as double algebra.
Grassroots A grassroots political movement is one driven by the constituents of a community. The term implies that the genesis of the described political movement is natural yet spontaneous and imposes a dichotomy between this and a movement that is orchestrated by traditional power structures.
Grassroots Alliance The centre-left Grassroots Alliance is a group of elected members on the British Labour Party National Executive Committee, founded in 1998. They represent members from a broad spectrum of the Labour membership, ranging from centrists to left wingers.
Grassroots democracy Grassroots democracy is a tendency towards designing political processes where as much decision-making authority as is practical is shifted to the organization's lowest geographic level of organization. To cite a specific hypothetical example, a grassroots national organization, such as an NGO, would place as much decision-making power as possible in the hands of a local chapter instead of the head office.
Grassroots Fusion The progressive movement works in small communities with a lot of overlap. From the antiwar to clean elections, progressive activist have their issue/s and work hard toward advancing those issues in various groups.
Grassroots Projects Grassroots Projects is a Dutch international charity organisation that on request helps the oppressed poor who fight for a decent living. Grassroots Projects started in July 2005 when several social globalist wanted a alternative to the current international charity work.
GrassRoots Interactive GrassRoots Interactive (GRI), now defunct, was a small Silver Spring, Maryland, lobbying firm controlled by Jack Abramoff. It was founded "with a $10,000 investment" by the company's sole owner, Republican lawyer Edward B.
Grasstrack Motorcycle Grasstrack racing takes place on a flat oval track usually constructed in a field. It is one of the oldest types of motorcycle sports in the UK with the first meetings having taken place in the 1920’s.
Grasswidow The Grasswidow (or Grass-widow, grass widow) is a widow whose husband will return in a limited period of time, usually a voyage, or in a second sense, divorced or separated from her husband. The male version is the grasswidower.
Grassy Lick Run Grassy Lick Run is a tributary stream of the North River, itself a tributary of the Cacapon River, making it a part of the Potomac River and Chesapeake Bay watersheds. Grassy Lick Run flows south through the community of Kirby.
Grassy Ridge Grassy Ridge is a ridge in the Blue Ridge Mountains in Georgia that runs south to north along the Eastern Continental Divide in Rabun County, Georgia. At the southern end of the ridge, there is an unnamed peak with an elevation of just over 3,800 feet.
Graswurzelrevolution Graswurzelrevolution (German for "grassroots revolution") is an anarcho-pacifist magazine founded in 1972 by Wolfgang Hertle in West Germany. It focuses on social equality, anti-militarism and ecology.
Grateful Dawg Grateful Dawg is a documentary film from 2000 which chronicles the friendship and musical relationship of musicians Jerry Garcia and David Grisman. Director and producer Gillian Grisman uses multiple videos, as well as live recordings, to help show this bond between two friends and musicians.
Grateful Dead The Grateful Dead were an American psychedelia-influenced rock band formed in 1965 in San Francisco. The band was known for its unique and eclectic songwriting style—which fused elements of rock, folk music, bluegrass, blues, country, jazz, psychedelia, and gospel—and for live performances of long modal jams.
Grateful Dead Download Series Family Dog A Night at the Family Dog is the first non-sequential release in a series of live digital downloads of the band the Grateful Dead released by The Grateful Dead Productions. It was released on December 6th, 2005 alongside Grateful Dead Download Series Volume 8.
Grateful Dead Download Series Volume 10 Volume 10 is the tenth in a series of live digital downloads of the band the Grateful Dead released by The Grateful Dead Productions. It was released on February 7th, 2006 and is a three disc release of a complete show the band performed on July 21, 1972 at the Paramount Northwest Theatre in Seattle, WA.
Grateful Dead Download Series Volume 11 Volume 11 is the eleventh in a series of live digital downloads of the band the Grateful Dead released by The Grateful Dead Productions. It was released on March 7th, 2006 and is a three disc release of a complete show the band performed on June 20, 1991 at the Pine Knob Music Theatre in Clarkston, MI.
Grateful Dead Download Series Volume 12 Volume 12 is the twelfth in a series of live digital downloads of the band the Grateful Dead released by The Grateful Dead Productions. It was released on April 4th, 2006 and is a two disc release of a complete show the band performed on April 17, 1969 at the Washington University in St.
Grateful Dead Download Series Volume 4 Volume 4 is the fourth in a series of live digital downloads of the band the Grateful Dead released by The Grateful Dead Productions. It was released on August 2nd, 2005 and is a three disc set featuring virtually all of the June 18, 1976 show from the Capitol Theatre in Passaic, New Jersey.
Grateful Dead Download Series Volume 5 Volume 5 is the fifth in a series of live digital downloads of the band the Grateful Dead released by The Grateful Dead Productions. It was released on September 6th, 2005 and is a three disc set featuring all of the March 27, 1988 show from the Hampton Coliseum in Hampton, VA.
Grateful Dead Download Series Volume 6 Volume 6 is the sixth in a series of live digital downloads of the band the Grateful Dead released by The Grateful Dead Productions. It was released on October 4, 2005 and is a single disc featuring some of the band performing on March 13, 1968 at the Carousel Ballroom (which later became the Fillmore West) in San Francisco, CA.
Grateful Dead Download Series Volume 7 Volume 7 is the seventh in a series of live digital downloads of the band the Grateful Dead released by The Grateful Dead Productions. It was released on November 1 2005 and is a three disc compilation of the band performing in 1980 on September 3 in Springfield, MA and 4th in Providence, RI.
Grateful Dead Download Series Volume 8 Volume 8 is the eighth in a series of live digital downloads of the band the Grateful Dead released by The Grateful Dead Productions. It was released on December 6, 2005 and is a two-disc release of a nearly complete show the band performed on December 10, 1973 at the Charlotte Coliseum in Charlotte, NC.
Grateful Dead Download Series Volume 9 Volume 9 is the ninth in a series of live digital downloads of the band the Grateful Dead released by The Grateful Dead Productions. It was released on January 3, 2006 and is a four disc release of a complete shows the band performed on April 2 & 3, 1989 at the Civic Arena (the Igloo) in Pittsburgh, PA.
Grateful Red The Grateful Red is the student section of the University of Wisconsin's NCAA men's basketball team. As a division of the Badger Student Fan Club, they cheer on the Badgers from behind the basket at the Kohl Center.
Grateley railway station Grateley station serves the village of Grateley in Hampshire, UK. The station is located in western portion of the village near the hamlet of Palestine approximately a mile from the eastern part of the village.
Grater Gutter Guard Grater Gutter Guard is a gutter cover designed to completely enclose the underlying gutter of a house or commercial building. Its uniqueness lies in the "cheese grater" syle, raised holes that capture an enormous amount of run-off water from a roof, while keeping all debris and pests away from the gutter.
Grates Cove, Newfoundland and Labrador Grates Cove ( NST) is the most northerly community on the Avalon Peninsula, located on the tip of the Bay de Verde Peninsula in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Called "the Grates" by John Guy as early as 1612, the origin of the name is unknown.
Gratia Countryman Gratia Alta Countryman (1866 - July 26, 1953) was a nationally-known librarian who led the Minneapolis Public Library from 1904 to 1936. She pioneered many ways to make the library more accessible and user-friendly to all of the city's residents, regardless of age or economic position.
Gratien Gélinas Gratien Gélinas CC (December 8, 1909 – March 16, 1999) was a Canadian author, playwright, actor, director, producer and administrator who is considered one of the founders of modern Canadian theatre and film.
Gratification disorder Gratification disorder (also known as "infantile masturbation", despite occurring in children as old as 10, or sometimes benign idiopathic infantile dyskinesia) is a form of masturbatory behaviour that has often been mistaken for epilepsy, abdominal pain, and paroxysmal dystonia or dyskinesiahttp://adc.bmjjournals.
Gratin dauphinois Gratin Dauphinois (or pommes de terre dauphinoises, Potatoes Dauphinois) is a French or French-inspired potato side-dish widely emulated throughout the West. In North America it is know as "au gratin style potatoes" (US & English-speaking Canada) and "pommes de terre au gratin" (in French-speaking Canada).
Grating A grating is any regularly spaced collection of essentially identical, parallel, elongated elements. Gratings usually consist of a single set of elongated elements, but can consist of two sets, in which case the second set is usually perpendicular to the first (as illustrated).
Gratitude Gratitude, appreciation, or thankfulness, is an emotion, which involves a feeling of emotional indebtedness towards another person; often accompanied by a desire to thank them, or to reciprocate for a favour they have done for you. In a religious context, gratitude can also refer to a feeling of indebtedness towards a deity, e.
Gratitude (photograph) "Gratitude" is a the name of an inspirational photograph taken in the 1960s by Jack Garren, a religious bookstore owner from Centralia, Illinois. It features an elderly woman seated at a table praying over a bible; a pitcher and plate of cheese and bread are in the background.
Gratitude Fund The Gratitude Fund describes itself as "a non-profit organization which was created to provide assistance to the forgotten heroes and veterans of the active struggle for freedom and human rights in the former USSR such as ex-political prisoners, who were imprisoned for many years, and to the families of those dissidents who perished in the Soviet prisons."
Grattan Kerans Grattan Kerans, a former editor of the Oregon Daily Emerald, was a member of the Oregon Legislative Assembly in the House of Representatives from 1974 through 1984, and in the Oregon State Senate from 1986 to 1993. He held the position of Speaker of the House during the 1983 Legislative Session.
Gratus Gratus, a soldier of Caligula's body-guard, who, after the assassination of that emperor, dis­covered and drew Claudius from his hiding-place in the palace, and presented him to the soldiers as a Germanicus, the proper heir to the empire.
Gratz College Founded in 1895, Gratz College is a general college of Jewish studies offering a broad array of credentials and programs in virtually every area of higher Judaic learning to aspiring Jewish educators, communal professionals, lay people and others seeking to become more knowledgeable of Judaism.

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