Encyclopedia

Ground Proximity Warning System Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS) is a system designed to alert pilots if their aircraft is in immediate danger of flying into the ground. Another common name for such a system is Ground-Collision Warning System (GCWS).
Ground resonance Ground resonance, in fully articulated multi-bladed helicopters, is a hazardous condition during touchdown. A series of shocks to the landing gear can pass through to the rotor disk and cause an imbalance in the rotor system.
Ground rule double In baseball, a ground rule double is a term used to describe any fair ball that leaves the playing field, but in a situation where regulations prohibit calling the hit a home run. The most common situation is a ball bouncing fair on the field and then leaving play (such as over a fence); however, ground rules exist for various ballparks which provide ground rule doubles in other situations.
Ground rules (baseball) In baseball, ground rules are special rules particular to each baseball park (grounds) in which the game is played. Unlike the well-defined playing field of most other sports, the playing area of a baseball field extends to an outfield fence in fair territory and the stadium seating in foul territory.
Ground speed Ground speed is the speed of an aircraft relative to the ground. It is the sum of the aircraft's true airspeed and the current wind and weather conditions; a headwind subtracts from the ground speed, while a tailwind adds to it.
Ground station Ground stations provide telemetry, tracking, and control function for spacecraft and satellites in earth orbit, or in space. The ground stations of the Canberra Deep Space Communications Complex are examples of this type of station.
Ground stone In archaeology, ground stone is a category of stone tool formed by the grinding of a coarse-grained tool stone, either purposely or incidentally. Ground stone tools are usually made of basalt, rhyolite, granite, or other macrocrystalline igneous stones whose coarse structure makes them ideal for grinding other materials, including plants and other stones.
Ground Truth (film) The Ground Truth is a documentary film on US Iraq War veterans and their experiences while returning to the United States. This 2006 film was directed by Patricia Foulkrod and in association with Operation Truth, the organization formed by Iraq War veteran Paul Rieckhoff.
Ground Wave Emergency Network The Ground Wave Emergency Network (GWEN) is an array of radio transceivers distributed across the continental USA, operating in the VLF frequency band, and intended for military communications during a nuclear war.
Ground zero Ground zero is the exact location on the ground where any explosion occurs. The term has often been associated with nuclear explosions, but is also used in relation to earthquake epicenter, epidemics and other disasters to mark the point of the most severe damage or destruction.
Ground Zero (band) Ground Zero was an improvised experimental noise rock band during the 1990s led by Otomo Yoshihide that had a large and rotating group of performers on such instruments as turntables, sampler, shamisen, saxaphone, koto, omnichord, electric guitar and two drum kits. They are most highly regarded for their album Consume Red, on which the performers improvise around a short sample of hojok music played by Korean holy musician Kim Seok Chul.
Ground Zero (blues club) Ground Zero is a blues club in Clarksdale, Mississippi that is co-owned by Morgan Freeman and local attorney Bill Luckett. It got its name from the fact that Clarksdale has been historically referred to as "Ground Zero" for the blues.
Ground-Based Midcourse Defense In 2002, National Missile Defense (NMD) was changed to Ground-Based Midcourse Defense (GMD), to differentiate it from other missile defense programs, such as space-based and sea-based intercept programs, and defense targeting the boost phase and the reentry phase (see flight phases). Missile Defense Reorganization statement, Mda.
Ground-controlled interception Ground-controlled interception (GCI) is a technique whereby one or more radar stations are linked to a command center with communications equipment in order to launch and/or guide aircraft to intercept incoming airborne threats. This technique was pioneered during World War 2 by the British, although the Germans eventually built a successful system also, later in the war.
Ground-elder The Ground-elder (Aegopodium podagraria) is a common weed in the carrot family (Apiaceae) that grows in shady places. It is sometimes also cited as "ground elder", though this format invites confusion by suggesting it is a species of elder (Sambucus), an unrelated genus.
Ground-level power supply Ground-level power supply, also known as surface current collection and Alimentation par Sol (APS) is a modern method of third-rail electrical pick-up for street trams. It was invented for the Bordeaux tramway, which was constructed from 2000 and opened in 2003.
Ground-penetrating radar Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a geophysical method that uses radar pulses to image the subsurface. This non-destructive method uses electromagnetic radiation in the microwave band (UHF/VHF frequencies) of the radio spectrum, and detects the reflected signals from subsurface structures.
Groundation Groundation is an internationally renowned roots reggae band with a jazz flavor hailing from Sonoma in Northern California. The name "Groundation" comes from the struggle to get everyone on the same level so they might educate each other and learn from each other absent of any hierarchical or class leveled system.
Groundbait Groundbait is used in coarse fishing in order to attract fish to the fishing area. It's a mixture of various natural ingredients, for example bread crumbs, vanilla sugar, hemp, maize and other ingredients, and moistened with water so it's possible to make balls.
Groundbreaking Groundbreaking is a traditional ceremony in many cultures that celebrates the first day of construction for a building or other project. Such ceremonies are often attended by dignitaries such as politicians and businessmen.
Groundcover Groundcover is a plant used for the purpose of growing over an area of ground to hide it or to protect it from erosion or drought. In an ecosystem, the ground cover is the layer of vegetation below the shrub layer.
Grounded relation A grounded relation over a sequence of sets is a mathematical object consisting of two components. The first component is a subset of the cartesian product taken over the given sequence of sets, which sets are called the domains of the relation.
Grounded theory (Glaser) Grounded theory is a general research method for behavioral science developed by the sociologists Barney Glaser (b. 1930) (trained in quantitative sociology by Paul Lazarsfeld) and Anselm Strauss (1916-1996) (trained in symbolic interactionism by Herbert Blumer).
Groundhog The groundhog (Marmota monax), also known as the woodchuck, or whistlepig, is a rodent of the family Sciuridae, belonging to the group of large ground squirrels known as marmots. Most marmots, such as yellow-bellied and hoary marmots, live in rocky and mountainous areas, but the woodchuck is a lowland creature.
Groundhog Day (film) Groundhog Day is a 1993 comedy film starring Bill Murray as Phil Connors, an egocentric Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania TV weatherman who dreads his hated annual assignment covering Groundhog Day (February 2) in Punxsutawney. Phil finds himself repeating the same day over and over.
Groundnut scheme The Groundnut Scheme was an unsuccessful British colonial development project designed to grow groundnuts (more commonly called peanuts) by large-scale mechanized agriculture in a small town of Kongwa in central Tanganyika. Kongwa became a flourishing English town with an English school, electricity and tarmac roads at the time when most other rural districts had none.
GroundReport GroundReport is a user-driven news site that enables anyone to publish articles, create a customized front page, rate stories and earn money based on traffic. GroundReport is supported by advertising, and shares revenues with writers to recognize their contributions.
Grounds for divorce The Grounds for divorce are set regulations in each state that specify under what circumstances can one party be granted a divorce. In almost a dozen states, the couples must live apart for several months before being granted a divorce.
Groundshare Groundshare is the principle of sharing a stadium between two local sport teams. This is usually done for the purpose of reducing the costs of either construction of two separate facilities and related maintenance.
Groundskeeper A groundskeeper is a person who maintains landscaping, gardens or sporting venues (and their vegetation where appropriate) for appearance and functionality. In British English the word groundsman (occasionally groundswoman if appropriate) is used much more commonly.
Groundwater Groundwater is water located beneath the ground surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of geologic formations. A formation of rock or soil is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable quantity of water.
Groundwater flow equation Used in hydrogeology, the groundwater flow equation is the mathematical relationship which is used to describe the flow of groundwater through an aquifer. The transient flow of groundwater is described by a form of the diffusion equation, similar to that used in heat transfer to describe the flow of heat in a solid (heat conduction).
Groundwater sapping Groundwater sapping is the geomorphic process in which groundwater exits a bank or hillslope laterally as seeps and springs and erodes soil from the slope. This often causes the slope to be undermined and undergo mass wasting, hence the word sapping.
Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals The Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten, 1785), Immanuel Kant's first contribution to moral philosophy, argues for an a priori basis for morality. Where the Critique of Pure Reason laid out Kant's metaphysical and epistemological ideas, this relatively short work was meant to outline and define the concepts and arguments shaping his future work.
Group (sociology) In sociology, a group is usually defined as a collection of humans or animals, who share certain characteristics, interact with one another, accept expectations and obligations as members of the group, and share a common identity. Using this definition, society can appear as a large group.
Group 11 element A Group 11 element is one in the series of elements in group 11 (IUPAC style) in the periodic table, consisting of transition metals which are the traditional coinage metals of copper (Cu), silver (Ag), and gold (Au). They are also known as the "noble metals.
Group 12 element A Group 12 element is one in the series of elements in group 12 (IUPAC style) in the periodic table, consisting of transition metals which are zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and ununbium (Uub). When compared with other groups of transitional metals, this group of elements has both relatively low melting points and boiling points, and both decrease down the group; the most obvious example is mercury, which is in liquid state under normal room temperature.
Group 14 Rugby League Group 14 is a rugby league competition in central New South Wales, Australia, run under the auspices of the Country Rugby League. This Group doesn't officially field a senior competition although the Castlereagh Cup is mostly made up of Group 14 clubs.
Group 180 Group 180 (180-as Csoport in Hungarian) was a Hungarian ensemble dedicated to the performance of new music, active from 1978 until 1990. The group achieved recognition for their performances and recordings of contemporary music in the minimal style.
Group 2 Rugby League Group 2 is a rugby league competition on the north coast of New South Wales, run under the auspices of the Country Rugby League. The Group 2 area runs from Woolgoolga in the north to Port Macquarie in the south.
Group 21 Rugby League Group 21 Rugby League is a local rugby league competition, run under the control of the Country Rugby League. It covers the Upper Hunter area of New South Wales, and has three divisions, first grade, reserves and Under 18s.
Group 4 Securicor Group 4 Securicor plc () is the world's second-largest security services provider. Formed by the merger of Securicor and Group 4 Falck in July 2004, it employs over 400,000 people across 110 nations and six continents.
Group 5 (racing) Group 5 is a FIA classification for cars in sportscar racing. Although began for sport car racers with a production run of 50, then 25; the category became revised in the mid '70s and would become a liberal silhouette formula category similar to production cars homologated in Groups 1 through 4, hence it became associated with large bodykits and horsepower output.
Group 559 Group 559 was a People's Army of Vietnam unit created during 1959 in the prelude to the Vietnam War. The purpose of this unit was to establish supply lines from North Vietnam to Vietcong paramilitary units in South Vietnam.
Group 6 Rugby League Group 6 is a rugby league competition in New South Wales, Australia, run under the auspices of the Country Rugby League. The area covered by Group 6 takes in much of the Southern Highlands and southern Macarthur regions of New South Wales, extending from Goulburn in the south to Camden and Warragamba in the north.
Group 7 Rugby League Group 7 is a Rugby league competition comprised of 9 teams drawn from the South Coast region (from the town of Albion Park south to Batemans Bay) of New South Wales, Australia. The competition is run by the NSWCRL.
Group 70 Group 70 is a non-profit educational organization comprised of people from many countries all around the world and many walks of life seeking to make the beauty of astronomy available to the peoples of the world.
Group 8 (Sweden) Group 8 (in Swedish: Grupp 8) was a feminist movement in Sweden, founded by eight women in Stockholm in 1968. The organization took up various issues, such as demands for expansions of kindergartens, 6-hour working day, equal pay for equal work and opposition to pornography.
Group 8 Rugby League The Group 8 rugby league competition is more commonly known as the Canberra & Districts Rugby League (CDRL), covering the Australian Capital Territory and surrounding New South Wales towns such as Queanbeyan and Yass. The competition is run under the auspices of the Country Rugby League and players are elgible for selection in the Monaro Division of the CRL Divisional Championships.
Group action In mathematics, a symmetry group describes all symmetries of objects. This is formalized by the notion of a group action: every element of the group "acts" like a bijective map (or "symmetry") on some set.
Group alerting and dispatching system In telecommunication, a group alerting and dispatching system is a service feature that (a) enables a controlling telephone to place a call to a specified number of telephones simultaneously, (b) enables the call to be recorded, (c) if any of the called lines is busy, enables the equipment to camp on until the busy line is free, and (d) rings the free line and plays the recorded message.
Group algebra In mathematics, the group algebra is any of various constructions to assign to a locally compact group an operator algebra, such that the representations of the operator algebra are related to representations of the group. As such, they are similar to the group ring associated to a discrete group.
Group A In relation to motorsport governed by the FIA, Group A referred to a set of regulations providing production-derived vehicles for outright competition. In contrast to the short-lived Group B and the Group C, the Group A referred to production-derived vehicles limited in terms of power, weight, allowed technology and overall cost.
Group A streptococcal infection The group A streptococcus bacterium (Streptococcus pyogenes, or GAS) is a form of Streptococcus bacteria responsible for most cases of streptococcal illness. Other types (B, C, D, and G) may also cause infection.
Group Against Racial Discrimination (Fiji) The Group Against Racial Discrimination (GARD) was formed in Fiji in 1990 to act as a pressure group against the unilateral imposition of a discriminatory constitution by the military Government controlled by Major General Sitiveni Rabuka.
Group Areas Act The Group Areas Act of 1950 (Act No. 41 of 1950) was an act of parliament created under the apartheid government of South Africa that assigned races to different residential and business sections in urban areas.
Group Army A Group Army, 集團軍, is a major type of Chinese military organization, and usually exercised command over two or more Armies or several Corps, and other lesser units. By the end of Second Sino-Japanese War the National Revolutionary Army had organized 40 Group Armies.
Group booking A group booking most commonly refers to the buying of ten or more theatre tickets in one transaction and with sequential seat numbers. It is usual for there to be a discount for purchases made this way so that a group booking for ten people costs less than ten individual tickets would do separately.
Group buy Group buys are when an item has to be bought in a certain number to be able to get the item, usually happens when dealing with industrial items (such as Single-board computers). Either a dollar amount, or minimum quantity has to be met.
Group B The Group B referred to a set of regulations for competition vehicles in sportscar racing and rally racing regulated by the FIA. Group B was introduced by the FIA in 1982 as replacement for both Group 4 (modified grand touring) and Group 5 (touring prototypes) cars.
Group B Streptococcus Group B Streptococcus (GBS), also known as Streptococcus agalactiae, is a type of bacteria that can cause serious illness and sometimes death, especially in newborn infants and the elderly. It is also an important pathogen in veterinary medicine, as it causes bovine mastitis (inflammation of the udder) in dairy cows.
Group Bravery Citation The Group Bravery Citation is a bravery decoration awarded to Australians. It is awarded for a collective act of bravery by a group of people in extraordinary circumstances that is considered worthy of recognition.
Group code recording In computer science, group code recording (GCR) refers to several distinct but related encoding methods for magnetic media. The first, used in 6250 cpi magnetic tape, is an error-correcting code combined with a run length limited encoding scheme.
Group cognition Group cognition is a social, largely linguistic phenomenon whereby a small group of people produce a sequence of utterances that performs a cognitive act. That is, if a similar sequence was uttered or thought by an individual it would be considered an act of cognition or thinking.
Group cohomology In abstract algebra, homological algebra, algebraic topology and algebraic number theory, as well as in applications to group theory proper, group cohomology is a way to study groups using a sequence of functors H n.
Group collaboration Group collaboration, or group collaboration tools is usually a piece of software or website which facilitates communications between a group of people as well as tools to collaborate on projects or tasks. These tools typically include member and email list management, a shared address book, shared calendar, project/task management, a shared file system, and tools for online collaborative document creation such as wikis, blogs, discussions boards, etc.
Group communication system The term Group Communication System (GCS) refers to a software platform that implements some form of group communication. Examples of group communication systems include ISIS, JGroups, Spread Toolkit, Appia framework and QuickSilver.
Group conflict Group conflicts, or group intrigues, is a manner in which collective social behaviour causes groups of individuals to contradict with each other. This contradiction is often caused by differences in social norms, values, religion, etc.
Group Captain Group Captain (Gp Capt in the RAF, GPCAPT in the RNZAF and RAAF) is a senior commissioned rank in the Royal Air Force and the air forces of many other Commonwealth countries. It ranks above Wing Commander and immediately below Air Commodore.
Group dance Group dances are danced by groups of people simultaneously, as opposed to individuals dancing alone or individually, and as opposed to couples dancing together but independently of others dancing at the same time, if any.
Group decision support systems Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS) were referred to as a Group Support System (GSS) or an electronic meeting system since they shared similar foundations. However today's GDSS is characterised by being adapted for a group of people who collaborate to support integrated systems thinking for complex decision making.
Group dynamics Group dynamics is the study of groups, and also a general term for group processes. In psychology and sociology, a group is two or more individuals who are connected to each other by social relationships (Forsyth, 2006).
Group Domain of Interpretation Group Domain of Interpretation or GDOI is an ISAKMP Domain of Interpretation (DOI) for group key management. In this group key management model, the GDOI protocol is run between a group member and a "group controller/key server" (GCKS), which establishes security associations among authorized group members.
Group entity In individualist anarchist discourse, a group entity is usually distinguished from an individual hominid, or animal groups from a single living being of any sexual species. All group-entities are assumed to have certain characteristics in common, most of them sociopathic or destructive to the interests of individuals.
Group E The Archeologist name as Group E a central component in Maya Architecture during the Classic period, after the first one discovered at Uaxactun, in Peten, Guatemala, that was its astronomic complex, those sites without Group E are described as minor.[http://www.
Group for the Scientific Reappraisal of the HIV-AIDS Hypothesis The Group for the Scientific Reappraisal of the HIV/AIDS Hypothesis is a group of AIDS dissidents (that is, people who do not accept the scientific consensus that HIV is the cause of AIDS). The Group came into existence with an open letter to the scientific community.
Group home A Group home is a structure designed or converted to serve as a non-secure home for persons who share a common characteristic. In the United States, the term most often refers to homes designed for those in need of social assistance, and who are usually deemed incapable of living alone or without proper supervision.
Group Health Cooperative Group Health Cooperative, based in Seattle, Washington, is a consumer-governed nonprofit healthcare system. Established in 1947, it today provides coverage and care for about 540,000 people in Washington and Idaho and is one of the largest private employers in Washington.
Group Home Group Home is a Hip Hop duo, consisting of members Lil' Dap and Melachi the Nutcracker. They came to prominence as members of the Gang Starr Foundation, along with Gang Starr members DJ Premier and Guru, and MCs Afu-Ra, Bahamadia, Big Shug, and Jeru The Damaja.
Group Home (duo) Group Home is a Hip Hop duo, consisting of members Lil' Dap and Melachi the Nutcracker. They came to prominence as members of the Gang Starr Foundation, along with Gang Starr members DJ Premier & Guru, and MC's Afu Ra, Bahamadia, Big Shug and Jeru The Damaja.
Group isomorphism In abstract algebra, a group isomorphism is a function between two groups that sets up a one-to-one correspondence between the elements of the groups in a way that respects the given group operations. If there exists an isomorphism between two groups, then the groups are called isomorphic.
Group II intron Group II intron is a class of intron found in rRNA, tRNA, mRNA of organelles in fungi, plants, protists, and mRNA in bacteria. Self-splicing occurs in vitro (for a few of the introns studied to date), but protein machinery is probably required in vivo.
Group III intron Group III intron is a class of introns found in mRNA genes of chloroplasts in euglenoid protists. They have a conventional group II-type dVI with a bulged adenosine, a streamlined dI, no dII-dV, and a relaxed splice site consensus.
Group key In cryptography, a group key is a cryptographic key that is shared between a group of users. Typically, group keys are distributed by sending them to individual users, either physically, or encrypted individually for each user using either that user's pre-distributed private key.
Group Kyushu (Kyushu-ha) Group Kyushu (Kyūshū-ha) was an edgy, experimental and rambunctious art group that emerged in Japan in the late 1950s as part of a wave of young artists that would go on to change the look of Japanese modern art in the 1960s and 70s.
Group marriage Group marriage or Circle Marriage is a form of polygamous marriage in which more than one man and more than one woman form a family unit, and all members of the marriage share parental responsibility for any children arising from the marriage.
Group Nawijn Group Nawijn (Dutch: Groep Nawijn) is a Dutch right-wing Fortuynist political faction founded by Dutch parliament member Hilbrand Nawijn. It was founded in June of 2005 when Nawijn split from his previous party List Pim Fortuyn (LPF).
Group object In mathematics, group objects are certain generalizations of groups which are built on more complicated structures than sets. A typical example of a group object is a topological group, a group whose underlying set is a topological space such that the group operations are continuous.
Group of 15 The Group of 15 (G-15) was established at the Ninth Non-Aligned Summit Meeting in Belgrade, Yugoslavia in September 1989. It was set up to foster cooperation and provide input for other international groups, such as the World Trade Organization and the Group of Eight rich industrialized nations.
Group of 184 The Group of 184 is a group of Haitian individuals and organizations in a variety of sectors, ranging from business and the economy to media and education, who are united in opposition to Jean-Bertrand Aristide and his Fanmi Lavalas party. The name springs from the supposeded total number of organizations in this group, and is frequently shortened to G184.
Group of 77 The Group of 77 at the United Nations is a loose coalition of developing nations, designed to promote its members' collective economic interests and create an enhanced joint negotiating capacity in the United Nations. There were 77 founding members of the organization, but the organization has since expanded to 130 member countries.
Group of Eight (Australian universities) The Group of Eight (Go8) is a lobby group for the tertiary institutions generally considered to be the most prestigious and research-intensive universities in Australia. Operating informally as a network of vice-chancellors since 1994 and formally incorporated in 1999, it is analogous to the Ivy League in the United States.
Group of Eleven Group of Eleven (G11) is a forum, constituted by developing countries aimed at easing their debt burden (See also: government debt), narrowing the income gap with rich countries and lifting millions of people out of poverty.
Group of Lie type In mathematics, a group of Lie type G(k) is a (not necessarily finite) group of rational points of a linear algebraic group G with values in the field k. The classification of finite simple groups shows that the finite groups of Lie type include all the finite simple groups other than the cyclic groups, the alternating groups, the Tits group, and the 26 sporadic simple groups.
Group of Marxist-Leninists/Red Dawn Group of Marxist-Leninists/Red Dawn (in Dutch: Groep van Marxisten-Leninisten/Rode Morgen), is a communist group in the Netherlands. GML/Rode Morgen was founded in 1977, as a merger of different groups of individuals expelled from the Communist Unity Movement of the Netherlands (marxist-leninist) (KEN(ml)), namely the so-called 'Group of Three', 'Group of Five' and 'Group of Six'.
Group of Sleep Group of Sleep is a sobriquet, first coined at the 1986 World Cup, that is usually applied to the least interesting grouping of teams in the early, "group stage" of an international football tournament.
Group of Soviet Forces in Germany The Group of Soviet Forces in Germany (1949–1988) (ГСВГ, Группа советских войск в Германии), also known as the Group of Soviet Occupation Forces in Germany (1945–1949) and the Western Group of Forces (1988–1994) were the troops of the Soviet Army in East Germany.
Group of Ten (economic) The Group of Ten or G10 refers to the group of countries that have agreed to participate in the General Arrangements to Borrow (GAB). The GAB was established in 1962, when the governments of eight International Monetary Fund (IMF) members—Belgium, Canada, France, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States—and the central banks of two others, Germany and Sweden, agreed to make resources available to the IMF for drawings by participants, and, under certain circumstances, for drawings by nonparticipants.
Group of Thirteen (Canadian universities) The Group of Thirteen, more commonly referred to as the G13 (or G-13), is a group of leading research-intensive universities in Canada. Formed over 10 years ago as an informal biannual meeting of university executive heads, the grouping is similar to the Australian Group of Eight, although it is not incorporated.
Group of Thirty The Group of Thirty, often abbreviated to G30, is an international body of leading financiers and academics which aims to deepen understanding of economic and financial issues and to examine consequences of decisions made in the public and private sectors related to these issues. Topical areas within the interest of the group include:

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