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General Technics General Technics is an informal organization started in the mid-1970s by a handful of Midwestern college students with a common interest in hard science fiction, the hard sciences, and engineering. Since its founding, General Technics has grown to have an active globally-distributed membership.
General Theological Seminary The General Theological Seminary of the Episcopal Church is located in the Chelsea neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. GTS is the oldest seminary of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America and the oldest existing seminary in the Anglican Communion.
General Theory of Employment Interest and Money The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money is generally considered to be the masterwork of the English economist John Maynard Keynes. To a great extent it created the terminology of modern macro-economics. It was published in February 1936. The book ushered in a revolution, commonly referred to as the "Keynesian Revolution", in the way economists thought about the economy, and especially how they thought about the feasibility and wisdom of public sector management of the aggregate level of demand in the economy.
General Trias, Cavite The Municipality of General Trias (Filipino: Bayan ng Heneral Trias) is a first class municipality in the province of Cavite, Philippines. According to the 2000 census, it has a population of 107,691 people in 23,299 households.
General union A general union is a trade union (called labor union in American English) which represents workers from all industries and companies, rather than just one organisation or a particular sector, as in a craft union or industrial union. A general union differs from a union federation or trades council in that its members are individuals, not unions.
General Union for Development of Macau The General Union for Development of Macau (UniĂŁo Geral para o Desenvolvimento de Macau) is a political party in the Chinese Special Administrative Region of Macau, a former Portuguese possession. Macau is a state in which political parties don't play a role.
General Union for the Good of Macau The General Union for the Good of Macau (UniĂŁo Geral para O Bem-querer de Macau) () is a political party in the Chinese Special Administrative Region of Macau, a former Portuguese possession. Macau is a state in which political parties don't play a role.
General Union of Algerian Workers The General Union of Algerian Workers (French: Union GĂ©nĂ©rale des Travailleurs AlgĂ©riens, Arabic: الاتŘاد العام للعمال الجزائريين), usually called UGTA, is the main Algerian trade union, established February 24, 1956 with the objective of mobilizing Algerian labor against French rule. It was banned shortly afterwards, in May, but continued to operate clandestinely, playing a notable role in the eight-day strike of 1957 and establishing a samizdat newspaper, L’Ouvrier algĂ©rien.
General Union of Students in Iraqi Republic The General Union of Students in Iraqi Republic was founded on the 14 April 1948 in public conference where the students were participated in his nation across democratic election, most to the Iraqi colleges, institutions and secondary schools and take name general union of Iraqi student.
General will The general will, first enunciated by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, is a concept in political philosophy referring to the desire or interest of a people as a whole. It is most often associated with socialist traditions in politics.
General War Commissariat Frederick William (The Great Elector) set up the General War Commissariat to oversee the army, as well as to levy taxes necessary to support the army. It soon became a bureaucratic machine for civil government as well.
General Wayne Inn The General Wayne Inn in Merion, Pennsylvania is a tavern on the National Registry of Historic Places. Established in 1704, it was originally named the William Penn Inn, but changed its name in honor of General "Mad" Anthony Wayne.
General Workers Union in Côte d'Ivoire General Workers Union in Côte d'Ivoire (in French: Union Générale des Travailleurs de Côte d'Ivoire), a national trade union federation in Côte d'Ivoire. UGTCI was created in 1962 by PDCI, and was to become the sole legal trade union centre of the country for many years.
General Zionists The General Zionists (Hebrew: ×¦×™×•× ×™×ť כלליים, Tzionim Klalim) were centrists within the Zionist movement and a political party in Israel. Their political arm is an ancestor of the modern-day Likud party.
General Zorawar Singh Zorawar Singh Kahluria (1786-1841) was born in a village of Kahlur State (also called Bilaspur from its capital) in modern Himachal Pradesh. His family belonged to the Kahluria clan of Rajputs—they migrated to the Jammu region where, on coming of age, Zorawar took up service under Raja Jaswant Singh of Marmathi (modern Doda district).
Generale Belgian Bank Generale Belgian Bank was a bank established by Belgium's Generale Bank in Hong Kong in 1935, yet it was incorporated in Belgium. It merged with Fortis's operations in Hong Kong in 1998 and was renamed Fortis Bank Asia HK, trading as Fortis Bank Asia(華比富通銀行).
Generalfeldmarschall Generalfeldmarschall () (general field marshal, usually translated simply as field marshal, and sometimes written only as Feldmarschall) was a rank in the armies of several German states, the Holy Roman Empire, and the Austrian Empire. The rank was the equivalent of a general of the army in some other nations, and to a grand admiral in the German Navy.
Generali Ladies Linz The Generali Ladies Linz presented by Raiffeisenlandesbank Oberosterreich is a tennis tournament held in Linz, Austria. Held since 1987, this WTA Tour event is a Tier II-tournament and is played on indoor hardcourts.
Generalised compound A generalized compound is a mixture of chemical compounds of constant composition, despite possible changes in the total amount. The concept is used in the Dynamic Energy Budget theory, where biomass is partitioned into a limited set of generalised compounds, which contain a high percentage of organic compounds.
Generalissimo Francisco Franco is still dead "Generalissimo Francisco Franco is still dead" is a catch phrase originated in 1975 during the first season of Saturday Night Live, and became one of the first catch phrases from SNL to enter the general lexicon.
Generalissimus Generalissimo or Generalissimus is a military rank of the highest degree, superior to a Field Marshal or Grand Admiral. The rank was historically given to a military officer leading an entire army or the entire armed forces, only subordinated the Sovereign.
Generalist and specialist species Omnivores, which eat both plants and meat, are usually generalists, but herbivores which eat a variety of plants may also be considered generalists. A well-known example of a specialist animal is the koala which subsists almost entirely on eucalyptus leaves.
Generalitat Generalitat (literally 'Generalty') is the name of two regional systems of government of the present Spanish autonomous communities: the one of Catalonia and the other of Land of Valencia. The term is also used for the government of the semi-autonomous comarca of Val d'Aran, the Generalitat a l'Aran.
Generalitat Valenciana The Generalitat Valenciana is a group of institutions in which the self-government of the Land of Valencia is politically organised. It consists of the Corts Valencianes, the President of the Generalitat, and the Executive Council or Government.
Generality Lands The Generality Lands, Lands of the Generality or Common Lands (Dutch: Generaliteitslanden) were about 20% of the territories of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, that were directly governed by the Estates- (or States-) General. Contrary to the seven provinces Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, Overijssel, Friesland and Groningen, these territories had no provincial estates and were not represented in the central government.
Generalization error The generalization error of a machine learning model is a function that measures how far the student machine is from the teacher machine in average over the entire set of possible data that can be generated by the teacher after each iteration of the learning process. It has this name due to the fact that this function indicates the capacity of a machine that learns with the specified algorithm to infer a rule (or generalize) that is used by the teacher machine to generate data based only on a few examples.
Generalizations of Pauli matrices In mathematics and physics, in particular quantum information, the term generalized Pauli matrices refers to families of matrices which generalize the (linear algebraic) properties of the Pauli matrices. In this article we give a few classes of such matrices.
Generalize Type Type generalization is a technique commonly used in refactoring. The idea is to draw on the benefits of object-orientation and make more-generalized types, thus enabling more code sharing, leading to better maintainability as there is less code to write.
Generalized arithmetic progression In mathematics, a multiple arithmetic progression, generalized arithmetic progression, or k-dimensional arithmetic progression, is a set of integers constructed as an arithmetic progression is, but allowing several possible differences. So, for example, we start at 17 and may add a multiple of 3 or of 5, repeatedly.
Generalized Algebraic Data Type Generalized Algebraic Data Types are generalization of the algebraic data types of Haskell and ML which allow data constructors to return types of values other than the original type of the value they were given, which algebraic data types in Haskell 98 must do; they are currently implemented in the GHC compiler as a non-standard extension, used by, among others, darcs.
Generalized canonical correlation In statistics, the generalized canonical correlation analysis (gCCA), is a way of making sense of cross-correlation matrices between the sets of random variables when there are more than two sets. It is a generalization of the Principal component analysis (PCA) to more than two sets of random variables like a conventional CCA also does the same thing for only two sets.
Generalized complex structure In the field of mathematics known as differential geometry, a generalized complex structure is a property of a differential manifold that includes as special cases a complex structure and a symplectic structure. Generalized complex structures were introduced by Nigel Hitchin in 2002 and further developed by his students Marco Gualtieri and Gil Cavalcanti.
Generalized continued fraction In analysis, a generalized continued fraction is a generalization of regular continued fractions in canonical form in which the partial numerators and the partial denominators can assume arbitrary real or complex values.
Generalized coordinates Generalized coordinates include any nonstandard coordinate system applied to the analysis of a physical system, especially in the study of Lagrangian mechanics. The name is a holdover from a period when Cartesian coordinates were the standard system.
Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+) is a syndromic autosomal dominant disorder where afflicted individuals can exhibit numerous epilepsy phenotypes. This disorder is differentiated from generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures as GEFS+ can persist beyond early childhood (i.
Generalized expected utility The expected utility model developed by John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern dominated decision theory from its formulation in 1944 until the late 1970s, not only as a prescriptive, but also as a descriptive model, despite powerful criticism from Maurice Allais and Daniel Ellsberg who showed that, in certain choice problems, decisions were usually inconsistent with the axioms of expected utility theory. These problems are usually referred to as the Allais paradox and Ellsberg paradox.
Generalized game In computational complexity theory, a generalized game is a game that has been generalized so that it can be played on a board of any size. For example, generalized chess is the game of chess played on an n-by-n board, with 2n pieces on each side.
Generalized Gauss-Bonnet theorem In mathematics, the generalized-Gauss-Bonnet theorem presents the Euler characteristic of a closed even-dimensional Riemannian manifold as an integral of a certain polynomial derived from its curvature. It is a direct generalization of the Gauss-Bonnet theorem to higher dimensions.
Generalized Jacobian In mathematics, there are several notions of generalized Jacobians, which are algebraic groups or complex manifolds that are in some sense analogous to the Jacobian variety of an algebraic curve, or related to the Albanese variety and Picard variety that generalize it to higher dimensional objects. They all carry a commutative group law.
Generalized linear array model In statistics, the generalized linear array model(GLAM) is used for analyzing the data sets with array structure. It based on the generalized linear model with the regression matrix written as a Kronecker product.
Generalized linear model In statistics, the generalized linear model (GLM) is a useful generalization of ordinary least squares regression. It stipulates that the random part of the experiment (the distribution function) and the systematic portion of the experiment (the linear predictor) are related by a function called the link function.
Generalized method of moments The generalized method of moments is a very general statistical method for obtaining estimates of parameters of statistical models. It is a generalization, developed by Lars Peter Hansen, of the method of moments.
Generalized minimal residual method In mathematics, the generalized minimal residual method (usually abbreviated GMRES) is an iterative method for the numerical solution of a system of linear equations. The method approximates the solution by the vector in a Krylov subspace with minimal residual.
Generalized multidimensional scaling Generalized multidimensional scaling (GMDS) is an extension of metric multidimensional scaling, in which the target space in non-Euclidean. In case when the dissimilarities are distances on a surface and the target space is another surface, GMDS allows finding the minimum-distortion embedding of one surface into another.
Generalized Maxwell Model The Generalized Maxwell also known as the Maxwell-Weichert model (after James Clerk Maxwell and Dieter Weichert) is the most general form of the linear model for viscoelasticity. It takes into account that the relaxation does not occur at a single time, but at a distribution of times.
Generalized n-gon In combinatorial mathematics, generalized n-gons are geometric structures introduced by Jacques Tits. They are a generalization of the projective planes, which form the most complex kind of axiomatic projective spaces, and generalized quadrangles, which form the most complex kind of polar spaces.
Generalized nondeterministic finite state machine In the theory of computation, a generalized nondeterministic finite state machine or generalized nondeterministic finite automaton (GNFA) is a NFA where each transition may be labeled with any regular expression. The GNFA reads blocks of symbols from the input which constitute a string as defined by the regular expression on the transition.
Generalized orthogonal group In mathematics, the generalized orthogonal group, O(p,q) is the Lie group of all linear transformations of a n = p + q dimensional real vector space which leave invariant a nondegenerate, symmetric bilinear form of signature (p, q). The dimension of the group is
Generalized other The generalized other is a concept used in the social sciences, especially in a field called symbolic interactionism. It is the general notion that a person has of the common expectations that others have about actions and thoughts within a particular society.
Generalized Processor Sharing Generalized Processor Sharing (GPS) was developed as a service discipline to share the capacity of congested communications links in an efficient, flexible and fair manner. It isn't really possible to implement Generalized Processor Sharing exactly since it assumes fluid traffic (infinitesimal packet sizes), but GPS is useful as a benchmark against which realizable service disciplines can be measured.
Generalized quantifier In linguistic semantics, a generalized quantifier is an expression that denotes a property of a property, also called a higher-order property. This is the standard semantics assigned to quantified noun phrases, also called determiner phrases, in short: DP.
Generalized selection In relational algebra, a generalized selection is a unary operation written as sigma_varphi(R) where varphi is a propositional formula that consists of atoms as allowed in the normal selection and the logical operators and (and), or (or) and lnot (negation). This selection selects all those tuples in R for which varphi holds.
Generalized signal averaging In many cases only one image with noise is available, and averaging is then realized in a local neighbourhood. Results are acceptable if the noise is smaller in size than the smallest objects of interest in the image, but blurring of edges is a serious disadvantage.
Generalized singular value decomposition In linear algebra the generalized singular value decomposition (GSVD) is a matrix decomposition more general than the singular value decomposition. It is used to study the conditioning and regularization of linear systems with respect to quadratic semi-norms.
Generalized star height problem The generalized star-height problem in formal language theory is the open question whether all regular languages defined by regular expressions that include the complement operator can be expressed using regular expressions (possibly including the complement operator) with a limited nesting depth of Kleene stars. Specifically, it is an open question whether a nesting depth of more than 2 is required, and if so, whether it is possible to determine how many are required.
Generalized System of Preferences The Generalized System of Preferences, or GSP, is a formal system of exemption from the more general rules of the World Trade Organization, WTO, (formerly, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade or GATT). Specifically, it's a system of exemption from the Most Favored Nation principle, MFN, that obligates WTO member countries to treat the imports of all other WTO member countries no worse than they treat the imports of their "most favored" trading partner.
Generalized taxicab number In mathematics, the generalized taxicab number Taxicab(k, j, n) is the smallest number which can be expressed as the sum of j kth positive powers in n different ways. For k = 3 and j = 2, they coincide with Taxicab numbers.
Generalized TTL security mechanism The Generalized TTL Security Mechanism (GTSM) is a proposed Internet data transfer security method relying on a packet's Time to Live (IPv4) or Hop Limit (IPv6) thus to protect a protocol stack from an attack of packets sent in rapid succession.
Generalized valence bond The generalized valence bond (GVB) method is one of the simplest and oldest valence bond method that uses flexible orbitals in the general way used by modern valence bond theory. The method was developed by the group of William A.
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) is the standard framework of guidelines for financial accounting. It includes the standards, conventions, and rules accountants follow in recording and summarizing transactions, and in the preparation of financial statements.
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (UK) The Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in the UK, or UK GAAP, are the overall body of regulation establishing how company accounts must be prepared in the United Kingdom. This includes not only accounting standards, but also UK company law.
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (USA) Generally accepted accounting principles or US GAAP are the accounting rules used to prepare financial statements for publicly traded companies and many private companies in the United States. Generally accepted accounting principles for local and state governments operates under a different set of assumptions, principles, and constraints, as determined by the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB).
Generally Accepted Auditing Standards Generally Accepted Auditing Standards, or GAAS, are ten auditing standards, developed by the AICPA, consisting of general standards, standards of field work, and standards of reporting, along with interpretations. They were developed by the AICPA in 1947 and have undergone minor changes since then.
Generally recognized as safe Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) is a United States of America Food and Drug Administration (FDA) designation that a chemical or substance (including certain pesticides) added to food is considered safe by experts, and so is exempted from the usual Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) food additive tolerance requirements.
Generalmusic Generalmusic is an Italian musical instrument manufacturing company focusing on digital and acoustic pianos, synthesizers and arranger workstations. They produce three lines, musical instrument series called GEM ,various studio equipment series called LEM and amplificator products called ELKA.
Generalplan Ost Generalplan Ost (GPO) was a Nazi plan to realize Hitler's "new order of ethnographical relations" in the territories occupied in Eastern Europe during World War II. It was prepared in 1941 and confirmed in 1942.
Generals Die in Bed Generals Die in Bed is a 1930 anti-war novel by the Canadian-American writer Charles Yale Harrison. Based on the author's own experiences in combat, it tells the story of a young soldier fighting in the trenches of World War I.
Generals Highway The Generals Highway is a highway that connects California State Highway 180 and California State Highway 198 through Sequoia National Park. It is named after two of the largest and most famous Giant Sequoia trees, the General Sherman and General Grant trees.
Generals in Muddy Boots Generals in Muddy Boots: A Concise Encyclopedia of Combat Commanders (ISBN 0-425-15136-0) is an examination of 12 combat generals and their leadership styles, successes, failures, and peculiarities. Written by Dan Cragg and Walter J.
Generalstabens Topografiske Afdeling Generalstabens Topografiske Afdeling (English: the General staff topographic department) was the cartographic, topographic and general maps department of the Danish army from 1842 to 1928. It supplied both government and civilian organizations with accurate maps of Denmark.
Generał broni Generał broni (literally General of arms, abbreviated gen. broni) is the second highest Generals grade in the Polish Army, second only to the recently-introduced rank of Generał (both in Land Forces and in the Polish Air Force).
Generated collection In diatonic set theory a generated collection is a collection or scale formed by repeatedly adding a constant interval in integer notation, the generator, also known as an interval cycle, around the chromatic circle until a complete collection or scale is formed. All scales which have the deep scale property may be generated by any interval coprime with (in twelve-tone equal temperament) twelve.
Generating function (physics) Generating functions which arise in Hamiltonian mechanics are quite different from generating functions in mathematics. In the case of physics, generating functions act as a bridge between two sets of canonical variables.
Generating primes In mathematics, a variety of algorithms make it possible to generate prime numbers efficiently. These are used in various applications, for example hashing, public-key cryptography, and search of prime factors in large numbers.
Generation Generation (From the Greek γιγνμαι), also known as procreation, is the act of producing offspring. It can also refer to the act of creating something inanimate such as electrical generation or cryptographic code generation.
Generation adidas Generation adidas is a joint venture between Major League Soccer and the United States Soccer Federation aimed to raise the level of young soccer talent in the United States. The program, sponsored by adidas, encourages early entry (without college graduation) of American players into MLS.
Generation Data group Generation Data Group (GDG) is a group of chronologically or functionally related datasets. GDGs are processed periodically, often by adding a new generation, retaining previous generations, and sometimes discarding the oldest generation.
Generation effect The generation effect refers to the robust finding that information will be better remembered if it is generated rather than simply read [1]. For example, you are more like to remember the word "orangutan" if you generate it from the fragment "or_ng_ta_" than if you simply see the word in its entirety.
Generation Engage or GenerationEngage GenerationEngage is a nonpartisan youth-civic-engagement initiative, founded in 2004, to connect young Americans - particularly the 49% who lack college experience - to political leaders, to other civic organizations, and to meaningful conversations about the future they will inherit.
Generation II reactor A generation II reactor is a nuclear reactor of one of several types developed from the first generation I reactors. The change was great but not entirely revolutionary, with some completely new types and technologies being used.
Generation III reactor A generation III reactor is a development of any of the generation II nuclear reactor designs incorporating evolutionary improvements in design which have been developed during the lifetime of the generation II reactor designs, such as improved fuel technology, passive safety systems and standardised design.
Generation Investment Management Generation Investment Management is a London based investment firm which has been set up to tap growing demand for an investment style that blends traditional equity research with a focus on other factors such as social and environmental responsibility and corporate governance.
Generation Joshua Generation Joshua (Often called "Gen J" by its members) is an American Conservative Christian youth organisation founded in 2003Michael Smith, "A new generation of moral leadership.", The Washington Times, http://www.
Generation loss Generation loss refers to the loss of quality between subsequent copies of data. Anything that reduces the quality of the representation when copying, and would cause further reduction in quality on making a copy of the copy, can be considered a form of generation loss.
Generation name Generation name, or banci, is half of the two Chinese character given name given to newborns in the same generation of one surname lineage. Often, it was usually given only to males in a generation, although this practice is different from family to family and has changed over time.
Generation Next (BBC series) BBC Generation Next was a week-long special running primarily on the BBC World Service but also on BBC Television aimed at understanding and exploring how under-18s view the world. The series ran from December 2 to December 10, 2006,http://www.
Generation Next (wrestling stable) Generation Next was a professional wrestling stable in the Ring of Honor promotion, which was formed by Alex Shelley on May 22, 2004. Over the course of the two years it was in use, Generation Next was made up of Shelley (May 2004-December 2004), Austin Aries, Roderick Strong, Jack Evans, and Matt Sydal (August 2005-July 2006).
Generation of '27 The Generation of '27 (Spanish GeneraciĂłn del '27) was an influential group of poets that arose in Spanish literary circles between 1923 and 1927, essentially out of a shared desire to experience and work with avant-garde forms of art and poetry. Their first formal meeting took place in Seville in 1927 to mark the 300th anniversary of the death of Luis de GĂłngora.
Generation of '80 The Generation of '80 (Spanish: GeneraciĂłn del '80) was the governing elite in Argentina from 1880 to 1916. Members of the oligarchy of the provinces and the country's capital, they first joined the League of Governors (Liga de Gobernadores), and then the National Autonomist Party.
Generation of '98 The Generation of '98 (also called Generation of 1898 or, in Spanish, GeneraciĂłn del 98 or GeneraciĂłn de 1898) was a group of novelists, poets, essayists, and philosophers active in Spain at the time of the Spanish-American War (1898).
Generation of Columbuses The Generation of Columbuses () is a term denoting the entire generation of Poles born soon after Poland regained her independence in 1918, and whose adolescence has been marked by the tragic times of the World War II. The term itself was coined by Roman Bratny in his well-received 1957 novel Kolumbowie.
Generation ship A generation ship is a hypothetical starship that travels across great distances between stars at a speed much slower than that of light (see interstellar travel). Since such a ship might take hundreds to tens of thousands of years to reach even nearby stars, the original occupants might die during the journey and leave their descendants to continue traveling, depending on the life span of its inhabitants and relativistic effects.
Generation T Generation T (Workman Publishing Company, 2006, ISBN 0-7611-3785-8) is a book by Heavy Meshinery founder Megan Nicolay. As the subtitle "108 ways to transform a t-shirt" promises, it contains designs for the reconstruction of ordinary jersey knit t-shirts.
Generation Warriors Generation Warriors is a 1991 science fiction novel by Anne McCaffrey and Elizabeth Moon. It features a covert organization of former slaves called Samizdat, named after the Soviet underground information network.
Generation X Generation X is a term used to describe the cohort of people born following the post-Second World War baby boom, usually in North America. The exact demographic boundaries of Generation X are not well defined: people born between 1963 and 1978 are generally considered "Generation X," while others use the term to describe anyone who was in their twenties some time during the 1990s.
Generation X (film) On February 20, 1996, the Fox Broadcasting Company aired a made-for-television telefilm based on the Marvel Comics series Generation X. The film (produced by Marvel Entertainment) featured Banshee and Emma Frost as the headmasters of Xavier's School for Gifted Youngsters and M, Skin, Mondo, Jubilee and two new characters Buff and Refrax as students (Chamber and Husk were not written in because the budget didn't allow for the special effects their powers required).
Generation Y Generation Y is a term designating a cohort of people born immediately after "Generation X" and is only one of several terms used to describe roughly the same group of people. There is however no consensus as to the exact range of birth years that constitutes "Generation Y", nor whether this term is specific to North America, the Anglophone world, or people worldwide.
Generation Y culture Generation Y Culture are those cultural media productions such as music, movies, television programs, books, and internet distributed media, that are consumed most heavily by members of Generation Y, an age cohort in the anglophone world, cultural media strongly associated with Generation Y, or cultural media that has been produced by Generation Y.
Generation-recombination noise Generation-Recombination noise, or g-r noise, is a type of electrical signal noise caused statistically by the fluctuation of the generation and recombination of electrons in semiconductor-based photon detectors.
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