Encyclopedia

German nouns A German noun has one of three specific grammatical genders (masculine, feminine, neuter) and belongs to one of three declension classes, only partly dependent of gender. A fourth declension is used for plural declension.
German nuclear energy project The German nuclear energy project was an endeavor by scientists during World War II in Nazi Germany to develop nuclear energy and an atomic bomb for practical use. Unlike the competing Allied effort to develop a nuclear weapon the German effort resulted in two rival teams, one working for the military, the second, a civilian effort co-ordinated by the Reichspost.
German Namibians German-Namibians (German: Deutschnamibier) are a community of people descended from Ethnic German colonists who settled in Namibia. In 1883, a German trader, Adolf LĂĽderitz, bought (from a local chief) what would become the southern coast of Namibia, and founded the city of LĂĽderitz.
German National Honor Society The German National Honor Society (German: Deutsche Ehrenverbindung, also known as Delta Epsilon Phi), is an honor society for outstanding students of the German language. It functions as a branch of the American Association of Teachers of German (AATG), and was founded in Coral Gables, Florida, USA in 1968.
German National Library The German National Library (Deutsche Nationalbibliothek) was established in 1990 during the German reunification by merging the Deutsche BĂĽcherei Leipzig (founded 1912, later the national library of East Germany) and the Deutsche Bibliothek Frankfurt (founded 1947, later the national library of West Germany). At first operating under the name "Die Deutsche Bibliothek", it received its current name in 2006.
German National Movement in Liechtenstein The German National Movement in Liechtenstein (Volksdeutsche Bewegung in Liechtenstein, VDBL) was a National Socialist party active in Liechtenstein in the years leading up to World War II. VDBL wanted to integrate Liechtenstein into the Third Reich and came to prominence after the Anschluss, seeking to follow the lead of Austria.
German National People's Party The German National People's Party (German: Deutschnationale Volkspartei) (DNVP) was a national-conservative party in Germany during the time of the Weimar Republic. It was a recreation of the German Conservative Party of the old German Empire.
German National Prize for Art and Science The German National Prize for Art and Science (German: Ehrenzeichen des Deutschen Nationalpreises fĂĽr Kunst und Wissenschaft) was an award created by Adolf Hitler in 1937 as a replacement for the Nobel Prize (he had forbidden Germans to accept the latter award in 1936 after an anti-Nazi German writer, Carl von Ossietzky, was awarded the 1935 Nobel Peace Prize). The award was designed by MĂĽller-Erfurt and created in the form of a pendant studded with diamonds.
German occupation of France in World War II The German occupation of France in World War II occurred during the period between May of 1940 to December of 1944. As a result of the disastrous defeat of the Allied armies in the Battle of France, the French Cabinet sought a cessation of hostilities.
German occupation of Luxembourg in World War I The German occupation of Luxembourg in World War I was the first of two military occupations of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg by Germany in the twentieth century. From August 1914 until the end of the First World War in November 1918, Luxembourg was under full occupation by the German Empire.
German occupation of Luxembourg in World War II The German occupation of Luxembourg in World War II was a period in the history of Luxembourg during which the country was occupied by Nazi Germany. It was a thorough test of the young nation's will and it strengthened national symbols such as the monarchy and the Luxemburgish language.
German opera German opera is the opera of the German-speaking countries, most notably Germany (or the historic states which now form the Federal Republic of Germany) and Austria. This article focusses on opera in the German language, with brief mentions of German or Austrian composers who wrote opera primarily in other languages, as well as non-native composers who wrote operas in German (such as the Italian Ferruccio Busoni).
German organ schools The 17th century organ composers of the territory now known as Germany can be divided into two primary schools: the north German school and the south German school (sometimes a third school, central German, is added). The stylistic differences were dictated not only by teacher-pupil traditions but also by technical aspects such as the quality and the tradition of organ building, and by certain composers who would help spread national styles by travelling and learning from other countries' styles.
German orthography German orthography, although largely phonemic, shows many instances of spellings that are historic or analogic to other spellings, not phonemic. Nevertheless, the pronunciation of almost every word can be derived from its spelling, once the spelling rules are known.
German ostmark Ostmark is the name given to a currency denominated in mark which was issued by Germany in 1918 for use in the eastern areas under German control at that time. The currency consisted of paper money issued by the "Darlehnskassen" and was initially equal to the German Papiermark.
German Order (decoration) The German Order (German: Deutscher Orden) was the most important decoration that the Nazi Party could bestow on an individual for "duties of the highest order to the state and party". This award was first made by Adolf Hitler posthumously to Reichsminister Fritz Todt at his funeral in February, 1942.
German papiermark The name Papiermark () is applied to the German currency from the point in 1914 when the link between the Mark and gold was abandoned, due to the outbreak of the First World War. In particular, the name is used for the banknotes issued during the hyperinflation in Germany of 1922 and especially 1923, which was a result of the Germans' decision to pay their war debt by printing banknotes.
German philosophy German philosophy, here taken to mean either (1) philosophy in the German language or (2) philosophy by Germans, has been extremely diverse, and central to both the analytic and continental traditions in philosophy for centuries, from Leibniz through Kant and Hegel to contemporary philosophers such as JĂĽrgen Habermas.
German pocket battleship Admiral Graf Spee Admiral Graf Spee was a Panzerschiff, which served with the German Kriegsmarine before and during the early stages of World War II. In view of her comparatively heavy artillery of 28 cm (11 inch) guns, she and her two sisters, Deutschland (later renamed Lützow) and Admiral Scheer, were frequently referred to as pocket battleships by the British.
German pocket battleship Deutschland The Deutschland (later re-named LĂĽtzow), was the lead ship of her class that served in the German Kriegsmarine before and during World War II. The ship was originally classified as Panzerschiff (armoured ship) by Germany but reclassified as heavy cruiser in February 1940.
German presidential election, 1925 The presidential election (Reichspräsidentenwahl) of 1925 was the first direct election to the office of President of the Reich (Reichspräsident), Germany's head of state during the 1919-1933 Weimar Republic. The first President, Friedrich Ebert, died on 28 February, 1925.
German presidential election, 1932 The presidential election (Reichspräsidentenwahl) of 1932 was the second and final direct election to the office of President of the Reich (Reichspräsident), Germany's head of state during the 1919-1934 Weimar Republic. The incumbent President, Paul von Hindenburg, had been elected in 1925 but his seven year term expired in May.
German presidential election, 2004 The President of Germany (Bundespräsident) is the titular head of state of the Federal Republic of Germany. The president's tasks are mostly ceremonial, but for the signing of all new federal laws before they go into effect.
German Patience German Patience is a solitaire card game which is played with two decks of playing cards shuffled together. It is an unusual game because building in the tableau or playing area is up, as opposed to building down in many others.
German Peace Society The German Peace Society (Deutsche Friedensgesellschaft) was founded in 1892. It still exists today and is known as the Deutsche Friedensgesellschaft - Vereinigte KriegsdienstgegnerInnen (German Peace Society - United War Objectors).
German People's Party The German People's Party (Deutsche Volkspartei, or DVP) was a liberal-nationalist party that was founded by former members of the old National Liberal Party in the early days of the Weimar Republic, led by Gustav Stresemann.
German People's Union The German People's Union (German: Deutsche Volksunion, DVU) is a nationalist political party in Germany. It was founded by publisher Gerhard Frey as an informal association in 1971 and established as a party in 1987.
German People's Union - National Association of Danube Swabians in Croatia The German People’s Union – National Association of Danube Swabians in Croatia (Njemačka narodnosna zajednica - Zemaljska udruga Podunavskih Švaba u Hrvatskoj) is a political party in Croatia, representing the German minority, most obviously the Danube Swabians. The party has one seat in parliament since the elections of 23 november 2003.
German Quarter The German Quarter, also known as the Kukuy Quarter (, Nemetskaya sloboda) was a neighborhood in the northeast of Moscow, located on the right bank of the Yauza River near the Kukuy Creek (hence, the Kukuy Quarter, or ).
German reunification German reunification (Deutsche Wiedervereinigung) took place on October 3, 1990, when the areas of the former German Democratic Republic (GDR, in English commonly called "East Germany") were incorporated into the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG, in English commonly called "West Germany").
German Reed Entertainment German Reed Entertainment was founded in 1855 and operated by Thomas German Reed (1817–1888) together with his wife, Priscilla Reed née Horton (1818–1895). The entertainments were held at the Royal Gallery of Illustration, Lower Regent Street, and later at St.
German Renaissance The German Renaissance, which originated with the Italian Renaissance in Italy, started spreading among German thinkers in the 15th and 16th centuries. This was a result of German artists who had travelled to Italy to learn more and become inspired by the Renaissance movement.
German Resistance The German Resistance refers to those individuals and groups in Nazi Germany who opposed the regime of Adolf Hitler between 1933 and 1945. Some of these engaged in active plans to remove Hitler from power and overthrow his regime.
German Revolution The German November Revolution was one of many Revolutions across Europe at the end of World War I in 1918-1919. It occurred as military defeat appeared imminent and culminated in the abdication of the Kaiser and the establishment of the politically fragile Weimar Republic.
German Romanticism In the philosophy, art, and culture of German-speaking countries, German Romanticism was the dominant cultural movement of much of the nineteenth century. Indeed, as a whole, the Romantic movement reached its greatest level of achievement in Germany.
German settlement in Australia German settlement in Australia began in large numbers in 1838, with the arrival of immigrants from Prussia to Adelaide, South Australia. German immigrants became prominent in settling South Australia and Queensland.
German speaking part of Switzerland The German speaking part of Switzerland () comprises about 65% of Switzerland (North Western Switzerland, Eastern Switzerland, Central Switzerland, most of the Swiss plateau and the greater part of the Swiss Alps).
German spelling reform of 1996 The German spelling reform of 1996 (Rechtschreibreform) regulates the current German orthography and is based on an international agreement signed in 1996 by the governments of the German-speaking countries Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, and Switzerland. Luxembourg, a trilingual country with German as one of its official languages, has not endorsed the reform.
German steam locomotive classification In 1925, the Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft (DRG, German Railway Company Limited) introduced a new system of steam locomotive classification. The DRG had inherited a wide range of locomotives from the state railways that had been merged in the previous year, and had a need to centrally catalog and organise its property.
German student movement The German student movement (in Germany commonly called "68er-Bewegung", "movement of 1968") was a protest movement that took place during the late 1960s in Germany. It was largely a reaction against the perceived authoritarianism and hypocrisy of the German government and other Western governments, and the poor living conditions of students.
German studies German studies is the field of humanities that researches, documents, and disseminates German language and literature in both its historic and present forms. Common German names for the field are Germanistik, Deutsche Philologie, and Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft und Literaturwissenschaft.
German Salaried Employees' Union The German Salaried Employees' Union, in German Deutsche Angestellten-Gewerkschaft (DAG) was an independent trade union based in Hamburg. It did not belong to the German Confederation of Trade Unions until it became part of ver.
German Shorthaired Pointer The German Shorthaired Pointer is a breed of dog developed in the 1800s in Germany for hunting. This gun dog was developed by crossing an older German Pointer breed with the English Pointer to create a lean, athletic, and responsive breed.
German Scholars Boston German Scholars Boston, also known as German Scholars Agency, and abbreviated as GSA or GSB, is an independent organization for and of 3500+ German speaking scholars, alumni and professionals living and working in Cambridge or the greater Boston area interested in germanic culture. It comprises scientists, scholars, students, fellows, postdocs and alumni from all major universities in the area, including but not limited to Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston University and Tufts University, as well as professionals from different companies, and people from government- and non-governmental organizations.
German School of Athens The German School of Athens (GSA), or Deutsche Schule Athen (DSA, in Greek Γερμανική Σχολή Αθηνών or also known Doerpfeld-College-School),is one of the most prestigious and demanding high schools in Greece. Being a coeducational independent educational institution in Athens, the school has been in operation since its 1896 founding by the well-known architect and archeologist Wilhelm Doerpfeld.
German Society for Racial Hygiene The German Society for Racial Hygiene (German: Deutsche Gesellschaft fĂĽr Rassenhygiene) was an organization founded on 22 June 1905 by the physician Alfred Ploetz (1860-1940) in Berlin. The society wanted to establish Racial Hygiene/Eugenics as a scientific subject and contributed substantially to their implementation in Germany.
German Society for Social-Scientific Sexuality Research The German Society for Social-Scientific Sexuality Research [in German: Deutsche Gesellschaft fĂĽr Sozialwissenschaftliche Sexualforschung (DGSS)] is a sexuality research and counselling organization (-> sexology). It is primarily devoted to sociological, behavioral, and cultural sexuality research.
German Socio-Economic Panel The German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) is a longitudinal panel dataset of the population in Germany. It is a household based study which started in 1984 and which reinterviews adult household members annually.
German State Crown In 1871 a design and model for a new crown was created to reflect the new German Empire. The model was based upon the old Holy Roman Empire's Crown and was kept in the Hohenzollern museum at Schloss Monbijou in Berlin, until it disappeared during World War II.
German State Party The German State Party (Deutsche Staatspartei or DStP) was a short-lived German political party of the Weimar Republic, formed by the merger of the German Democratic Party (Deutsche Demokratische Partei, DDP) with the People's National Reich Association (the political wing of the Young German Order) in July 1930. The merger of the left liberal party DDP with the nationalist corporatism of the Young German Order did not prove a successful one - the party lost seats drastically in the 1930 parliamentary elections from its showing in 1928, and the People's National Reich Association reichstag delegates soon seceded from the party, leaving it essentially the DDP under a new name.
German Studies Association The German Studies Association (or GSA) is an international organization of scholars in history, literature, economics, culture studies, and political science who study Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. The organization began in 1976 as the Western Association for German Studies, and was renamed as the GSA in 1983 after transforming itself into first a North American organization, and then an international one.
German Swiss International School The German Swiss International School (Deutsch-Schweizerische Internationale Schule) was established in 1969 as the first international school for German-speaking expatriates in Hong Kong. It had 73 students in its opening year, but now has more than 1,200 students from over 30 different countries.
German tanker Altmark Altmark was a German tanker and supply vessel, one of five of a class built between 1937 and 1939. She is best known for her support of the German commerce raider, the "pocket battleship" Admiral Graf Spee, and her subsequent involvement in the Altmark Incident.
German Tiara The German Tiara was donated to Pope Leo XIII by Kaiser Wilhelm I of Germany in 1887, officially to commemorate the golden jubilee of Leo's ordination as a priest. However it is suspected that its donation was an attempt to rebuild bridges with the Holy See following the kulturkampf campaign against Roman Catholicism that had been mounted by Chancellor Otto von Bismarck.
German Type I submarine The Type I U-boat was the first post-World War I attempt by the German Kriegsmarine to produce an ocean going U-boat. Only two Type IAs were built, but the decision to halt production on further boats is believed to be because of political decisions and not because of major faults in the Type I design.
German Type IX submarine The Type IX U-boat was designed by Germany in 1935 and 1936 as a large ocean-going submarine for sustained operations far from the home support facilities. Type IX boats were briefly used for patrols off the eastern United States, in an attempt to disrupt the stream of troops and supplies bound for Europe.
German Type VII submarine Type VII U-boats were the workhorses of the German World War II U-boot-waffe that was based on a E-2 type, developed by Deschimag company for the Soviet Navy (produced in USSR as IX series). Type VII boats were most widely used submarines of the war and were built in the biggest series in the world -- up to 700 units.
German Type X submarine Type X (XB) U-boats were a special type of German submarine (U-boat). Although intended as mine-layers, they were later used as long range cargo transports, a task they shared with the Type IX-D1 and Italian Romolo class submarines.
German Type XVIIB submarine The Type XVIIB U-boats were small experimental coastal submarines constructed to test the Hellmuth Walter's high-test peroxide propulsion system, which offered a combination of air-independent propulsion and high submerged speeds. Three boats of this type were built by Blohm + Voss of Hamburg between 1943 and 1944: U-459, U-461, and U-463.
German Type XXI submarine Type XXI U-boats, also known as "Elektroboote", were the first submarines designed to operate entirely submerged, rather than as surface ships that could submerge as a temporary means to escape detection or launch an attack. They were no less than revolutionary when introduced and, if produced earlier and in sufficient quantity, could have seriously influenced the outcome of the Battle of the Atlantic.
German Type XXIII submarine German Type XXIII submarines were designed to operate in the shallows of the North Sea, Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea, where larger Type XXI Elektro boats were at risk in World War II. They were so small they could carry only two torpedoes, which had to be loaded externally.
German Tyrol German Tyrol (; ) is a historical region in the Alps now divided between Austria and Italy. It includes largely ethnic German areas of historical Tyrol: the Austrian state of Tyrol (consisting of North Tyrol and East Tyrol) and the Italian region known as the South Tyrol but not the largely ethnic Italian Province of Trentino (Welschtirol).
German University in Cairo The German University in Cairo (GUC) (Arabic:الجامعة الألمانية بالقاهرة al-Dschāmiʿa al-almāniyya bil-Qāhira), is an Egyptian Private University established in cooperation with the State Universities of Ulm and Stuttgart, under the patronage of the Egyptian Ministry of Higher Education , the Ministry of Science, Research and Arts, State of Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany, and supported by the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), the German Embassy in Cairo, the Arab/German Chamber of Industry and Commerce (AHK) and the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Germany.
German Unix User Group The German Unix User Group (GUUG) is a registered association of German Unix users. The goal of the association is scientific research to promote technical development and communication of open systems which were initiated in particular by the operating system Unix.
German Village German Village is a historic neighborhood just south of downtown Columbus, Ohio. It was settled by a large number of German immigrants in the mid 1800s, who at one time comprised as much as a third of the population of the entire city.
German Visa Affair 2005 The visa affair is the name given by German newspapers to the controversy which arose in early 2005 over a change of procedure of issuing visas to foreign nationals seeking to enter Germany from Eastern European non-EU states. Apparently, the new visa policy, in place since 2000, willingly discarded essential safeguards against abuses such as illegal immigration and human trafficking in favour of speeding up the issuing process for tourist visas.
German wasp The German wasp, Vespula germanica is a wasp found in much of the Northern Hemisphere, and introduced to Australia and New Zealand. German wasps are part of the Vespidae family and sometimes mistakenly referred to as a paper wasp because it builds a grey paper nest, although strictly speaking Paper wasps are part of the Polistinae subfamily.
German wine German wine is produced in many parts of Germany, and due to the northerly location have produced wines quite unlike any others in Europe, many of outstanding quality. Despite this it is still better known abroad for cheap, sweet, low-quality mass-produced wines such as Liebfraumilch.
German wine label A German wine label can offer a wealth of information for the consumer, despite the reputation they traditionally have of confusing laymen. Jon Bonné, MSNBC Life Style editor describes German wine labels as a "thicket of exotic words and abbreviations" that require "the vinous equivalent of Cliff notes to parse.
German wolfpack BlĂĽcher BlĂĽcher was a wolfpack of German U-boats in World War II. Named after Gebhard Leberecht von BlĂĽcher (1742 - 1819) who led Germany in the wars against Napoleon Bonaparte, this pack was operational from 12 August to 20 August 1942.
German Waldheim Cemetery German Waldheim Cemetery, also known as Waldheim Cemetery, was a cemetery in Forest Park, a suburb of Chicago in Cook County, Illinois. It was originally founded in 1873 as a non-religious cemetery, where Freemasons, Roma, and other German-speaking immigrants to Chicago could be buried without regard for religious affiliation.
German West African Company The German West African Company, in German Deutsch-Westafrikanische Gesellschaft / Compagnie, was a German chartered company, founded in 1882, which exploited two German Schutzgebiete in West Africa known as German West Africa, but apparently, unlike German East Africa, without a central authority.
German WWII strongholds Towards the end of World War II, the German leadership had not accepted defeat, but had begun to realise that a considerable attack on the Reich was inevitable. One of the tactics decided on, probably through a direct decision of Adolf Hitler to resist the advance was the creation of strongholds (called Festung or Fortresses in German) where the defenders were ordered to defend them at all costs.
German Youth Movement The German Youth Movement (In German: Die deutsche Jugendbewegung) is a collective term for educational-cultural renewal movement starting from 1896 on. It consists of numerous associations of young people focused on outdoor activities.
German-American Steuben Parade The German-American Steuben Parade is an annual parade in New York City, usually traversing northward up Fifth Avenue on the third Saturday in September. The parade is concluded by an hours-long festival in Central Park featuring beer, bratwurst and German music.
German-Americans in the Civil War During the American Civil War, nearly 200,000 native Germans served in the Union Army. Second only to Irish-Americans, German-Americans in the American Civil War were the largest contingent to fight under the Union with New York and Ohio both providing 10 divisions dominated largely by native-born Germans.
German-English Academy Building The German-English Academy Building was built in 1891 to house the German-English Academy, which later became the University School of Milwaukee. The academy played an important role during a time when Milwaukee was known as "the most German city in America.
German-Japanese relations Both the modern German and Japanese states were founded in the same year of 1871 – through the foundation of the German Empire under the leadership of Prussia and the “abolition of domains and foundation of prefectures” ordinance in Japan.
German-Jordanian University The German-Jordanian University (GJU) is one of the ten public universities in Jordan. After the practical idea of a joint university had developed over a period of several years, both Jordan and Germany started to put the project German-Jordanian University into practice in fall 2004.
German-Pennsylvanian Association The German-Pennsylvanian Association (German: Deutsch-Pennsylvanischer Arbeitskreis) is an organization founded in the Rheinhessen area of Ober-Olm in Germany dedicated to cultural exchange and research involving the Pennsylvania Dutch language and people. The registered seat of the organization is in the Rhineland-Palatinate capital of Mainz.
German-Polish Non-Aggression Pact The German-Polish Non-Aggression Pact (; ) was an international treaty between Nazi Germany and the Second Polish Republic signed on January 26, 1934. In it, both countries pledged to resolve their problems through bilateral negotiations and to forgo armed conflict for a period of ten years.
German-speaking Europe The German language (both as an official language and as a minority language) is spoken in a number of countries and territories in Central Europe. To cover this speech area they are often referred to as the German speaking countries or the German speaking area.
German-style board game German-style board games are a broad class of games that generally feature simple rules, attractive components, modest length, and an obvious theme. The games appeal to both older children and adults; their primary audience is casual gamers who play with their families and friends, though there is generally a greater degree of planning and thought required to play well than is the case with party games such as Pictionary or Trivial Pursuit.
German-Soviet Commercial Agreement The German-Soviet Commercial Agreement (also referred to as the Nazi-Soviet Trade Agreement, see the external reference below) was an economic arrangement between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany signed on August 19, 1939. It was negotiated during talks between Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov and German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop.
Germanabenzene Germanabenzene (C5H6Ge) is the parent representative of a group of chemical compounds containing in their molecular structure a benzene ring with a carbon atom replaced by a germanium atom. Germanabenzene (1) itself is still elusive but stable naphthalene derivatives do exist in the laboratory such as the 2-germananaphthalene 2 .
Germanenorden The Germanenorden or Teutonic Order or Germanic Order, was a secret society in Germany early in the 20th century. The Germanenorden was formed by several prominent German occultists in 1912, including Hermann Pohl, the first leader.
Germania Dating back to the Roman era, Germania was the Latin name for a geographical area that stretched from the west bank of the Rhine to a vaguely-defined eastern frontier with the forest and steppe regions of modern Russia and Ukraine (Sarmatia), where Slavic tribes dominated.
Germania (painting) Germania is a painting by Philipp Veit created in March 1848 during the Revolutions of 1848. It was used as an allegoric decoration in the National Assembly in Frankfurt's Paulskirche, where it concealed the organ.
Germania (personification) Germania is the personification of the German Nation or the Germans as whole, most commonly associated with the Romantic Era and the Revolutions of 1848, though the figure was later used by Imperial Germany. She is usually shown wielding Joyeuse, the personal sword of Charlemagne.
Germania Inferior Germania Inferior was a Roman province located on the left bank of the Rhine, in today's southern and western Netherlands and western Germany. The principal settlements of the province were Bona (Bonn), Castra Vetera and Colonia Ulpia Traiana (both near Xanten), Ulpia Noviomagus Batavorum (Nijmegen), Trajectum ad Rhenum (Utrecht), and Colonia Agrippinensis (Cologne), the capital of Germania Inferior.
Germania Secunda In the early fourth-century Notitia Dignitatum, Germania Secunda (Germania II), situated along the Lower Rhine and administered by a Consularis, was the name under the Dominate of Germania Inferior, a military border territory which had been established under the Flavian reorganization of the Roman Empire, out of northeasternmost Gaul, separated from Belgica by the estuary of the Scheldt. Germania Secunda in the diocese of Gaul remained to the end of the Roman Empire a small, intensely garrisoned Roman province.
Germania Superior Germania Superior ("Upper Germania"), so called for the reason that it lay upstream of Germania Inferior, was a province of the Roman Empire. It comprised the area of western Switzerland, the French Jura and Alsace regions and south-western Germany.
Germanic culture Germanic culture (German: Deutschsprachige Kultur) is a term that refers to the heritage and worldview of the people from the German-speaking world, or Deutschsprechende Welt. It refers to the worldview and culture of the people of the countries of Austria, Germany, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg and some German speaking people from Belgium, (mostly Eupen-Malmedy area), Switzerland, Danzig (Now Gdansk, Poland), Prussia & Königsberg (Now dissolved into Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia and Lithuania), Alsace-Lotharingen (now in France), Bohemia & Sudetenland (now in the Czech Republic).
Germanic chieftain In pre-christian times chieftains were both political and religious leaders, tasked to use their luck to secure the people fred (translated "good times" - nowadays actually the word for peace). Arminius was a famous example.
Germanic IAL Germanic IAL, or Germanic International Auxiliary Language, is a constructed language (or "conlang"), which has been based primarily on the Germanic languages. This is unlike languages such as Interlingua, Occidental, and Esperanto which are derived largely from the Romance languages.
Germanic Iron Age The Germanic Iron Age is the name given to the period 400 AD–800 AD in Northern Europe and it is part of the continental Age of Migrations. It follows the Roman Iron Age and the beginning is marked by the fall of the Roman empire and the rise of the Germanic kingdoms in Western Europe.
Germanic languages The Germanic languages are a group of related languages constituting a branch of the Indo-European (IE) language family. The common ancestor of all languages comprising this branch is Proto-Germanic, spoken in approximately the latter mid-1st millennium BC in Iron Age Northern Europe.
Germanic peoples The Germanic peoples are a linguistic and ethnic branch of Indo-European peoples, originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic languages that are descended from Proto-Germanic. Migrating Germanic peoples spread throughout Europe, mixing with existing local populations (such as Celts, but also Slavs/Vends and Romans), forming the future basis of diverse nations, to various extents connected by linguistic affinity, as well as a common identity, history, and culture.
Germanic spirant law In linguistics, the Germanic spirant law or Primärberührung is a specific historical instance of assimilation which occurred at an early stage in the history of the Germanic languages and is regarded by some as being early enough to fall into the same general context as Grimm's and Verner's law. It affects the new voiced and voiceless stops b, d, g, and p, t, k which had been produced by Grimm's and Verner's law out of different series of consonants in Proto-Indo-European.
Germanic substrate hypothesis The Germanic substrate hypothesis is an attempt to explain the distinctive nature of the Germanic languages within the context of the Indo-European language family. It posits that the elements of the common Germanic vocabulary and syntactical forms, which do not seem to have an Indo-European origin, essentially represent a creole language: a contact language synthesis between Indo-European speakers and a non-Indo-European substrate language used by the ancestors of the speakers of the Proto-Germanic language.

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