Encyclopedia

History of Burnside The history of Burnside, a local government area in the metropolitan area of Adelaide, South Australia spans three centuries. Burnside was inhabited by the Kaurna Indigenous people prior to European settlement, living around the creeks of the River Torrens during the winter and in the Adelaide Hills during the summer.
History of cartography Cartography or mapmaking (in Greek chartis = map and graphein = write) has been an integral part of the human story for a long time (maybe 8,000 years - nobody knows exactly, but longer than written words).From cave paintings] to ancient maps of [[Babylon, Greece and Asia, through the Age of Exploration, and on into the 21st century, people have created and used maps as the essential tools to help them define, explain and navigate their way through the world (and beyond).
History of cats The History of cats' relationship with man is as old as civilization and stretches back over 9,500 years. Cats have figured in the history of many nations, are the subject of legend and are a favorite subject of artists and writers.
History of classical mechanics The Greeks, and Aristotle in particular, were the first to propose that there are abstract principles governing nature. Aristotle argued, in his paper On the Heavens, that every body has a "heaviness" and so tends to fall to its "natural place".
History of coffee The history of coffee has been recorded as far back as the ninth century. During that time, coffee beans were available only in their native habitat, Ethiopia, but, when the Arab world began expanding its trade horizons, the beans moved into northern Africa and were mass-cultivated.
History of colonialism The historical phenomenon of colonisation is one that stretches around the globe and across time, including such disparate peoples as the Hittites, the Incas and the British, although the term colonialism is normally used with reference to European overseas empires rather than land-based empires, European or otherwise, which are better described by the term imperialism. Examples of land-based empires include the Mongol Empire, a large empire stretching from the Western Pacific to Eastern Europe, the Empire of Alexander the Great, the Umayyad Caliphate, the Persian Empire, the Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire.
History of computer hardware in Soviet Bloc countries The history of computing hardware in former Soviet Bloc is somewhat different from that of Western countries. Since Communist party propaganda maintained that western construction was next to useless, and the West had strict export restrictions on this technology, everything had to be constructed from scratch or tacitly studied and reproduced.
History of computer hardware in the SFRY The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) was a socialist country that existed in the second half of the 20th century. Being communist meant that strict technology import rules and regulations shaped the development of computer history in the country, unlike in the Western world.
History of computer role-playing games The computer role-playing game (CRPG) genre began in the mid-1970s, inspired by tabletop role-playing games such as Dungeons & Dragons. A predominantly occidental genre, much as the console role-playing game was dominated by the Japanese, CRPGs gained in popularity during the 1980s to become a primary genre in computer games to the current day.
History of computer science The history of computer science began long before the modern discipline of computer science that emerged in the twentieth century. The progression, from mechanical inventions and mathematical theories towards the modern concepts and machines, formed a major academic field and the basis of a massive world-wide industry.
History of computing The history of computing is longer than the history of computing hardware and modern computing technology and includes the history of methods intended for pen and paper or for chalk and slate, with or without the aid of tables. The timeline of computing presents a summary list of major developments in computing by date.
History of computing hardware Computing hardware has been an important component of the process of calculation and data storage since it became useful for numerical values to be processed and shared. The earliest computing hardware was probably some form of tally stick; later record keeping aids include Phoenician clay shapes which represented counts of items, probably livestock or grains, in containers.
History of computing hardware (1960s-present) The history of computing hardware starting in the 1960s begins with the development of the integrated circuit (IC), which formed the basis of the first computer kits and home computers in the 1970s, notable examples being the MITS Altair, Apple II and Commodore PET; and which eventually powered personal and business computers such as the IBM PC and Apple Macintosh in the 1980s. Throughout the mid 1970s to late 1980s, hundreds of computer hardware companies were founded, most of which have since gone out of business.
History of contract bridge The history of contract bridge, one of the world's most popular partnership card games, dated back to the invention of trick-taking games in the early 16th century, such as whist. Bridge itself forked off from whist with the creation of the game "[or Russian Whist|Biritch]" (or "Russian Whist") in the 1800s, and evolved through the late 19th and early 20th centuries to form the present game.
History of conversion from Judaism to Islam Although conversion to any other religion is considered apostasy by all branches of Judaism, Jewish law maintains that a child born to a Jewish mother remains a Jew regardless of their level of observance. Thus in Jewish law, a Jew who converts to Islam remains a Jew, and is able to return to proper observance of Judaism without any requirement for "reconversion".
History of copper currency in Sweden The Swedish Empire had the greatest and most numerous copper mines in Europe as it entered into its pre-eminance in the early 17th century as an emerging Great Power. Through poor fiscal policies and in part the Treaty of Ă„lvsborg, Sweden lost control of its reserves of precious metals, primarily silver, of which most had fled to the burgeoning trade economy of Amsterdam.
History of copyright law Copyright was not invented until after the advent of the printing press and with wider public literacy. As a legal concept, its origins in Britain were from a reaction to printers' monopolies at the beginning of the eighteenth century.
History of corsets The corset, from the French 'corps' for body, is a garment that girds the torso and shapes it according to the fashionable silhouette of the day. Most often it was/is a method of cinching the waist and supporting the breasts.
History of creationism The history of creationism is tied to the history of religions. In the 18th and 19th centuries, Christians found their accounts of creation to be in conflict with empirical observations of natural history from scientific inquiry.
History of cricket The game of cricket has a known history spanning from the 16th century to the present day, with international matches played since 1844, although the official history of international Test cricket began in 1877. During this time, the game developed from its origins in England into a game which is now played professionally in most of the Commonwealth of Nations.
History of cricket in Rhodesia and Zimbabwe to 1992 This article is an introduction to the history of first-class cricket in Zimbabwe, formerly Rhodesia. The timespan of the article is from the formation of a first-class Rhodesian team in August 1890 until the inaugural Test appearance of Zimbabwe in October 1992.
History of criminal justice Throughout the history of criminal justice, evolving forms of punishment, added rights for offenders and victims, and policing reforms have reflected changing customs, political ideals, and economic conditions.
History of cryptography The history of cryptography dates back thousands of years. Until recent decades, it has been a history of classic cryptography — of methods of encryption that use pen and paper, or perhaps simple mechanical aids.
History of California to 1899 This article covers in brief the history of California until the year 1899; for later events, see History of California 1900 to present. For additional information and more notes and citations, see the Main article links at the top of most sections.
History of Canada Canada is a country of 32 million inhabitants that occupies the northern portion of the North American continent, and is the world's second largest country in area. Inhabited for millennia by First Nations (aboriginal), Canada has evolved from a group of European colonies into an officially bilingual (English and French), multicultural federation, having peacefully obtained sovereignty from its last colonial possessor, Great Britain.
History of Canberra The History of Canberra details the development of the city of Canberra from the time before white settlement to Canberra's planning by the Chicago architect Walter Burley Griffin and subsequent development to the present day.
History of Cape Colony History of Cape Colony via a written history of the area known as Cape Colony, and later Cape Province in South Africa began when Bartolomeu Dias, a Portuguese navigator, discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1488. Later, Vasco da Gama in 1497 sailed along the whole coast of South Africa on his way to India.
History of Cape Colony from 1806 to 1870 The history of Cape Colony from 1806 to 1870 spans the period of the history of Cape Colony during the Cape Frontier Wars, also called the Kaffir Wars, which lasted from 1811 to 1858. The wars were fought between the European colonists and the native Xhosa who rebelled against continuing European rule.
History of Cape Colony from 1870 to 1899 The year 1870 in the history of the Cape Colony marks the dawn of a new era in South Africa, and it can be said that the development of modern South Africa began on that date. Despite political complications that arose from time to time, progress in Cape Colony continued at a steady pace until the outbreak of the Anglo-Boer Wars in 1899.
History of Cape Colony from the Second Anglo-Boer War The Second Anglo-Boer War had no sooner commenced with the ultimatum of the Transvaal Republic on 9 October 1899, than Mr Schreiner found himself called upon to deal with the conduct of Cape rebels. The rebels joined the invading forces of President Steyn, whose false assurances Mr Schreiner had offered to an indignant House of Assembly only a few weeks before.
History of Cape Town The area known today as Cape Town has no written history before it was first mentioned by Portuguese explorer Bartholomeu Dias in 1486. Thus, all knowledge of the previous inhabitants of the region was derived from fossil evidence.
History of Cape Verde The history of Cape Verde (the Gorgades in ancient time) is dominated by three overriding facts: there were no people of any sort on the islands when the Portuguese first arrived; the environment has become increasingly fragile over the centuries, largely due to the impact of people and overgrazing; and it's farther from the African mainland and closer to the Americas than any other African country. It's hardly surprising, therefore, that Cape Verde developed along somewhat different lines from the rest of Africa.
History of Cape Verdean immigration in the United States Cape Verdean immigration to the United States began in the early 1800s. The first Cape Verdean immigrants arrived aboard New England whaling ships, which would often pick up crewmen off the coast of Cape Verde.
History of Capri The Island of Capri is situated in the Gulf of Naples, between Italian Peninsula and the islands of Procida and Ischia. Of limestone origin, its lower section is to the center, while its sides are high and encircle you for more from frightful precipices, where finds numerous coves.
History of Catalonia The territory that now constitutes the autonomous community of Catalonia in Spain, and the adjoining Catalan region of France, was first settled during the Middle Palaeolithic. Like the rest of the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula, it was colonized by Ancient Greeks and Carthaginians and participated in the pre-Roman Iberian culture.
History of Catholicism in Romania The earliest contacts of Roman Catholicism in Romania were during Vlach-Bulgarian Rebellion, when the Asens' correspondence with the Pope suggested that in addition to a military alliance against the Byzantines, there were talks about the Orthodox Christian Vlachs (Romanians) and Bulgarians conversion to Roman Catholicism. However, as the Byzantines were defeated and Second Bulgarian Empire consolidated, no such conversion was needed.
History of Cúcuta The history of Cúcuta dates back to a pre-Columbian establishment, where Pedro de Ursúa gave leadership to Sebastián Lorenzo in 1550. The hostile conduct of the Motilones Indians towards the white inhabitants of the valley was the determining factor so that a parish was constructed that would take the name of St.
History of CĂ´te d'Ivoire The early history of CĂ´te d'Ivoire is virtually unknown, although it is thought that a neolithic culture existed there. France made its initial contact with CĂ´te d'Ivoire in 1637, when missionaries landed at Assinie near the Gold Coast (now Ghana) border.
History of Celtic F.C. Celtic Football Club has a long and illustrious history. In 1967, Celtic became the first Northern European team to win to win the European Cup, which had previously been the preserve of Italian, Portuguese and Spanish clubs.
History of Cincinnati, Ohio Cincinnati was founded in 1788 by John Cleves Symmes and Colonel Robert Patterson. Surveyor John Filson (also the author of The Adventures of Colonel Daniel Boon (siq) Daniel Boone) named it "Losantiville"from four terms, each of different language; meaning "The city opposite the mouth of the (Licking) River," "ville" is French for "city," "anti" is Greek for "opposite," "os" is Latin for "mouth," and "L" was all that was included of "Licking River.
History of City of Monash The City of Monash was created on 15 December 1994 when the Kennett Liberal government amalgamated local councils all over Victoria, merging a substantial portion of the former City of Oakleigh with the whole of the former City of Waverley.
History of Colorado Prior to the Colorado Gold Rush and organization of Colorado Territory from the western portion of Kansas, the eastern portion of Utah Territory, the southwestern portion of Nebraska Territory and a small portion of northeastern New Mexico Territory on February 28, 1861, a number of French], [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Spanish and American explorers and military expeditions as well as fur traders and trappers and early settlers had penetrated the land that would later become the State of Colorado.
History of Communist Bulgaria The History of Communist Bulgaria encompasses the period of Bulgarian history between 1944 and 1989. During this time, the country was known as the People's Republic of Bulgaria (PRB) (Bulgarian: Народна република България) and was under the administration of the Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP).
History of Communist Czechoslovakia After World War II, pre-war Czechoslovakia was reestablished, all Germans were expelled from the country and Ruthenia was occupied by (and ultimately ceded to) the Soviet Union. During World War II, Stalin wanted Czechoslovakia in the Soviet sphere of influence.
History of Copenhagen The history of Copenhagen is mostly synonymous with the history of Denmark, for its growth as a major centre for trade runs concurrent with Denmark's growth as a world power. Ever since Bishop Absalon built his 'Castle at Havn' in 1167, the city has been a lynch-pin in the country's history: Not always as the country's capital, but always as one of the most important localities in the Kingdom.
History of Cornell University The history of Cornell University begins with the convergence of its two founders in the New York State Senate in January 1864. These two men, Andrew Dickson White of Syracuse and Ezra Cornell of Ithaca, would together establish Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, in 1865.
History of Cornwall The history of Cornwall begins with the pre-Roman inhabitants, including speakers of a Celtic language that would develop into Brythonic and Cornish. After a period of Roman rule, Cornwall reverted to independent Celtic chieftains.
History of County Kildare County Kildare was first defined as a diocese in 1111, shired in 1297 and assumed its present borders in 1832. Its location in the Liffey basin on the main routes to the south and west meant it was a valuable possession and important theatre of events throughout Irish history.
History of CP/CMS This lengthy article explores the History of CP/CMS – the historical context in which this important IBM time-sharing operating system was built. It provides details to support for the main CP/CMS and History of IBM articles, drawing on source material that is not readily available on-line.
History of Cuba Cuba, the largest of the Caribbean islands, was first inhabited by Amerindian peoples known as the TaĂ­no and Ciboney. On 27 October 1492, Christopher Columbus sighted the island during his first voyage of discovery and claimed it for Spain.
History of Cumbria The modern administrative county of Cumbria in England was created in 1974 from the ancient counties of Cumberland, Westmorland, Lancashire North of the Sands and a part of Yorkshire, but the human history of the area is ancient. The region is a country of contrasts, with its mountainous central region and famous lakes, its fertile coastal plains in the north and its gently undulating hills in the south.
History of dendrobatid frogkeeping Dendrobatid frogs have been maintained in captivity since the 1970s. The International Zoo Yearbook reported in 1977 that Stuttgart Zoo bred Phyllobates bicolor bicolor and Basel Zoo bred Dendrobates auratus that year.
History of Daegu Throughout and before recorded history, Daegu has served as a nexus of transportation, lying as it does at the junction of the Geumho and Nakdong rivers. During the Joseon Dynasty, the city was the administrative, economic and cultural centre of the entire Gyeongsang region, a role largely taken over now by Busan in South Gyeongsang.
History of Darien, Connecticut The history of Darien, Connecticut, USA has been shaped by its location on the shore of Long Island Sound, where the main route from Boston to New York City, first by sailing ships and dirt roads, then by locomotives and highways, continually influenced the nature of the town and its continued development.
History of Darjeeling History of Darjeeling, a town in the Indian state of West Bengal in the Shiwalik Hills on the lower range of the eastern Himalaya is intertwined with the history of Bengal, Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim and , of course, the British East India Company.
History of Delaware The History of Delaware is the story of a small American state, in the middle of the heart of the nation, and yet until recently often isolated and even invisible to outsiders. Still, because of its geographic location and settlement pattern it has been evenly divided on the key issues in American history and has often seemed like the United States in miniature.
History of Derbyshire Derbyshire was traditionally divided into six hundreds, namely Appletree, High Peak, Morleyston and Litchurch, Repton and Gresley, Scarsdale, Wirksworth. These were based on the seven earlier wapentakes recorded in the Domesday Book, with the merging of Repton and Gresley wapentakes.
History of Derry Derry is one of the longest continuously inhabited places in Ireland. The earliest historical references date to the sixth century when a monastery was founded there, but for thousands of years before that people had been living in the vicinity.
History of Detroit, Michigan The History of Detroit, Michigan, began when French officer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded a fort and settlement at a site, where the modern city currently stands, along the Detroit River in 1701. Originally the settlement was called Fort Pontchartrain du DĂ©troit after the Comte de Pontchartrain, minister of marine under Louis XIV of France, and for the river that connects Lakes St.
History of Dhaka The history of Dhaka begins with the existence of urbanised settlements in the area that is now Dhaka dating from the 7th century CE. The city area was ruled by the Buddhist kingdom of Kamarupa before passing to the control of the Sena dynasty in the 9th century CE.
History of Dharmasastra (book) History of Dharmasastra, with subtitle Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law in India, is a monumental five-volume work, consisting of around 6,500 pages, and was written by Dr. Pandurang Vaman Kane, an indologist.
History of Djibouti The Republic of Djibouti gained its independence on June 27, 1977. It is the successor to French Somaliland (later called the French Territory of the Afars and Issas), which was created in the first half of the 19th century as a result of French interest in the Horn of Africa.
History of Doctor Who Doctor Who is a British television science-fiction series, produced and screened by the British Broadcasting Corporation on their BBC One channel from 1963 to 1989 in its original form, with a new series launched in early 2005. In between the two, there was a one-off television movie co-produced with Universal Pictures and 20th Century Fox Television, screened on the Fox Network in the United States in 1996.
History of Dominica The island of Dominica's indigenous Arawak people were expelled or exterminated by Caribs in the 14th century. The Arawaks were guided to Dominica, and other islands of the Caribbean, by the South Equatorial current from the waters of the Orinoco River.
History of Dream Theater Dream Theater was formed in September of 1985 when guitarist John Petrucci and bassist John Myung decided to form a band in their spare time while studying at the Berklee College of Music in Boston. They came across a drummer by the name of Mike Portnoy in one of Berklee's rehearsal rooms, and after a two day courtship they managed to convince him to join their band.
History of Dublin: Earliest times to 795 Dublin is Ireland's oldest town. It is also the largest and most populous urban centre in the country, a position it has held continuously since first rising to prominence in the 10th century (with the exception of a brief period in the late 19th century when it was temporarily eclipsed by Belfast).
History of Duke University The history of Duke University began when Brown's Schoolhouse, a private subscription school in Randolph County, North Carolina (in the present-day town of Trinity), was founded in 1838.A Chronology of Significant Events in Duke University's History.
History of Dunedin The city of Dunedin, New Zealand has played an important role in the history of New Zealand. Archaeological evidence points to the area having been long inhabited by the Māori prior to European arrival and the establishment of a settlement in 1848 by the Free Church of Scotland.
History of Dutch Dutch is a West Germanic language, that originated from the Old Frankish dialects brought to the Low Countries by the Franks, a Germanic tribe originally from what is now northern Germany and extreme north-western Poland, during the migration period. Among the words with which Dutch has enriched the English vocabulary are: brandy, cole slaw, cookie, cruiser, dock, easel, freight, landscape, spook, stoop, and yacht.
History of early Ottoman Bulgaria After falling almost entirely under Ottoman rule in the end of the 14th century, the Bulgarian state ceased to exist as an independent entity and remained part of the Ottoman Empire for nearly five centuries until 1878. The period is widely regarded as a time of cultural and national decline as contrasted to the best years of the medieval Bulgarian Empire, mainly owing to the foreign character of the dominant empire, as well as its stagnation and decline in the later years.
History of ecology Ecology is generally spoken of as a new science, having only become prominent in the second half of the 20th Century. Nonetheless, ecological thinking at some level has been around for a long time, and the principles of ecology have developed gradually, closely intertwined with the development of other biological disciplines.
History of education in Japan The history of education in Japan dates back at least to the sixth century, when Chinese learning was introduced at the Yamato court. Foreign civilizations have often provided new ideas for the development of Japan's own culture.
History of electrochemistry Electrochemistry, a branch of chemistry, went through several changes during its evolution from early principles related to magnets in the early 16th and 17th centuries, to complex theories involving conductivity, electrical charge and mathematical methods. The term electrochemistry was used to describe electrical phenomena in the late 19th century and 20th century.
History of elephants in Europe The history of elephants in Europe dates back to the ice ages, when mammoths (various species of prehistoric elephant) roamed the northern parts of the Earth, from Europe to North America. There was also the dwarf elephant of Cyprus (Palaeoloxodon cypriotes), Sicily-Malta (Palaeoloxodon falconeri) and mainland (Palaeoloxodon antiquus).
History of erotic photography History of erotic photography refers to the history of the art and process of taking pictures of unclothed subjects. In the United States, all portraits from prior to January 1, 1923, have passed into the public domain.
History of Earth The history of Earth covers approximately 5 billion years (4,567,000,000 years), from Earth’s formation out of the solar nebula to the present. This article presents a broad overview, summarizing the leading scientific theories.
History of EastEnders EastEnders was launched at a critical moment in the BBC's history and was intended to demonstrate the BBC's ability to produce popular programming. It started airing on the night after a major identity change for the channel, with the show representing the "new face" of the BBC.
History of Egypt The history of Egypt is the longest continuous history, as a unified state, of any country in the world. The Nile valley forms a natural geographic and economic unit, bounded to the east and west by deserts, to the north by the sea and to the south by the Cataracts of the Nile.
History of El Salvador Before the Spanish conquest, the area that is now El Salvador was made up of two large indigenous states and several principalities. The indigenous inhabitants were the Pipils, a tribe of nomadic Nahua people long established in Central Mexico.
History of Eritrea Eritrea is an ancient name, associated in the past with its Greek form Erythraía (Greek alphabet Ερυθραία), and its derived Latin form Erythræa. In the past, Eritrea had given its name to the Red Sea, then called the Erythræan Sea.
History of Ethiopia Ethiopia is the oldest independent country in Africa, with one of the longest recorded histories in the world. It has long been an intersection between the civilizations of North Africa, the Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa.
History of Eurasia The history of Eurasia is the collective history of four distinct peripheral coastal regions, East Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, and Europe linked by the interior mass of the Eurasian steppe. While geographically on a separate continent North Africa has historically always been integrated into Eurasian history.
History of European research universities European research universities have a long history that arguably dates back to the founding of the University of Bologna in 1088, although the University of Paris and the University of Magnaura are other contenders for this position. In the 19th and 20th centuries, European universities focused on science and research, and their structures and philosophies have shaped the university as we now know it.
History of Everton F.C. Everton Football Club, as one of the most successful clubs in English football, have a long and detailed history. If conventions of awarding 3 points for a win were true throughout the history of the football league, then Everton are second only to Liverpool F.
History of fair trade The fair trade movement as we know today has undergone several important changes since its early days following World War II. Fair trade, first seen as a form of charity advocated by religious organizations, has radically changed in structure, philosophy and approach: the past fifty years have witnessed massive changes in the nature of fair trade proponents, the products traded themselves and their distribution networks.
History of fantasy Though the fantasy genre in its modern sense is less than two centuries old, its antecedents have a long and distinguished history. Elements of the supernatural and the fantastic were an element of literature from its beginning.
History of ferrous metallurgy The history of ferrous metallurgy began far back in prehistory with the use of iron from meteors. The smelting of iron in bloomeries probably began in Anatolia or the Caucasus in the second millennium BC or the latter part of the preceding one.
History of figure skating The history of figure skating stretches back to prehistoric times, when archaeological evidence of the activity has been found. Figure skating is one branch of ice skating, which has divided itself into several separate sports since its prehistoric beginnings, figure skating being one of them.
History of film The history of film or cinema has brought this mass media from its early stages as an obscure novelty to one of the most important tools of communication and entertainment in the modern world. Film has existed since the late 19th century, and in the time since has had a broad impact on the arts, technology, and even politics.
History of football (soccer) The history of association football, which is also known as soccer, can be traced to various traditional football games played in Europe in ancient times, but the modern game has its roots in the formation of the The Football Association (FA) in England in 1863. At the time, football clubs all played by their own, individual codes of rules, and game-day rules had to be agreed upon before they could play one another.
History of football (soccer) balls The history of association football balls is the history of the football (ball) in the game of association football. While football can be played with many makeshift balls, formalised balls are used in official matches and later used around the world.
History of forensic photography Forensic photography encompasses documenting both suspected and convicted criminals, and also the crime scenes, victims, and other evidence needed to make a conviction. Although photography was widely acknowledged as the most accurate way to depict and document people and objects, it was not until key developments in the late 19th century that it came to be widely accepted as a forensic means of identification.
History of Family Guy Family Guy's first and second seasons were made starting in 1999 after Larry shorts (its predecessor) caught the attention of the Fox Broadcasting Company. Its cancellation was announced, but then a shift in power at Fox and outcry from the fans led to a reversal of that decision and the making of a third season.
History of France The History of France has been divided into a series of separate historical articles navigable through the list to the right. The chronological era articles (highlighted in blue) address broad French historical, cultural and sociological developments.
History of Frankfurt am Main The history of the city of Frankfurt am Main is the story of a hill at a ford in the Main that developed into a European banking metropolis, becoming the smallest metropolis in the world. Its other monikers include "Bankfurt" and "Mainhattan".
History of Freemasonry The History of Freemasonry studies the development, evolution and events of the fraternal organization known as Freemasonry. This history is generally separated into two time periods: before and after the formation of the Grand Lodge of England in 1717.
History of Freemasons in Manitoba “The origin of Freemasonry is one of the most debated, and debatable, subjects in the whole realm of historical inquiry. One has to distinguish between the legendary history of Freemasonry and the problem of when it actually began as an organized institution.
History of French animation The first pictured movie was from Frenchman Émile Reynaud, who created praxynoscope, animation system of 12 pictures, and films of about 500~600 pictures, projected on its own théatre optique, system near from modern film projector, at Musée Grévin in Paris, France, the October 28, 1892.
History of geodesy Man has been concerned about the Earth on which he lives for many centuries. During very early times this concern was limited, naturally, to the immediate vicinity of his home; later it expanded to the distance of markets or exchange places; and finally, with the development of means of transportation man became interested in his whole world.
History of geometry Geometry (Greek γεωμετρία; geo = earth, metria = measure) arose as the field of knowledge dealing with spatial relationships. Geometry was one of the two fields of pre-modern mathematics, the other being the study of numbers.

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