Encyclopedia

History of Lindy Hop The History of Lindy Hop began in the African American communities of Harlem, New York during the late 1920s in conjunction with swing jazz. Lindy Hop is closely related to earlier African American vernacular dances but quickly gained its own fame through dancers in films, performances, competitions, and professional dance troupes.
History of Lingayatism The history of the Lingayat faith goes back to the Basavanna(1105 - 1167 AD) of the 12th century. It is said that Basavanna, though born a Brahmin rebelled against the rigid practices of the caste system then prevalent and eventually began expounding his own theosophy with a casteless society at its core.
History of Linux The Linux kernel has been marked by constant growth throughout its history. Since the initial release of its source code in 1991, it has grown from a small number of C files under a license prohibiting commercial distribution to its current state of about 40 megabytes of source under the GNU General Public License.
History of Liverpool The History of Liverpool can be traced back to 1190 when the place was known as 'Liuerpul', possibly meaning a pool or creek with muddy water. Other origins of the name have been suggested, including 'elverpool', a reference to the large number of eels in the Mersey, but the definitive origin is open to debate and is probably lost to history.
History of London London has a recorded history that goes back over 2,000 years. During this time, it has experienced plague, devastating fire, civil war, aerial bombardment and terrorist attacks, yet, it has still grown to become one of the financial and cultural capitals of the world.
History of Low German The history of Low German (or Low Saxon) as separate from common West Germanic is less clear than in the High German case. Low German does not participate in the High German consonant shift, but is, on the other hand, affected by the Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law.
History of LSD The psychedelic drug LSD was first synthesised by the Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann in the Sandoz (now Novartis) laboratories in Basel, Switzerland in 1938. It wasn't until 5 years later on April 16th, 1943, that the psychedelic properties were discovered.
History of Luxembourg The history of Luxembourg is inherently entwined with the histories of surrounding countries, peoples, and ruling dynasties. Over time, the territory of Luxembourg has been eroded, whilst its ownership has changed repeatedly, and its political independence has grown gradually.
History of Lviv Lviv (Ukrainian: Львів, L’viv ; ; ; ; , see also other names) is an administrative center in western Ukraine with more than a millennium of history as a settlement, and over seven centuries as a city. Prior to the creation of the modern state of Ukraine, Lviv had been part of numerous states and empires, including, under the name Lwów, Poland and later the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth; under the name Lemberg, the Austrian and later Austro-Hungarian Empires; the short-lived West Ukrainian People's Republic after World War I; Poland again; and the Soviet Union.
History of machine translation The history of machine translation generally starts in the 1950s, although work can be found from earlier periods. The Georgetown experiment in 1954 involved fully automatic translation of more than sixty Russian sentences into English.
History of male circumcision It has been variously proposed that male circumcision began as a religious sacrifice, as a rite of passage marking a boy's entrance into adulthood, as a form of sympathetic magic to ensure virility, as a means of suppressing sexual pleasure, as an aid to hygiene where regular bathing was impractical, as a means of marking those of lower (or higher) social status, as a means of differentiating a circumcising group from their non-circumcising neighbors, as a means of discouraging masturbation or other socially proscribed sexual behaviors, to increase a man's attractiveness to women, as a symbolic castration, as a demonstration of one's ability to endure pain, or as a male counterpart to menstruation or the breaking of the hymen.
History of mathematical notation Mathematic notation comprises the symbols used in expressing mathematical expressions, equations, and formulas. It is normally made up of Arabic numerals, Roman alphabet letters, and letters from the Greek alphabet.
History of mathematics The word "mathematics" comes from the Greek μάθημα (máthema) which means "science, knowledge, or learning"; μαθηματικός (mathematikós) means "fond of learning". Today, the term refers to a specific body of knowledge -- the deductive study of quantity, structure, space and change.
History of measurement Units of measurement were among the earliest tools invented by humans. Primitive societies needed rudimentary measures for many tasks: constructing dwellings of an appropriate size and shape, fashioning clothing, or bartering food or raw materials.
History of medicine All human societies have medical beliefs that provide explanations for, and responses to, birth, death, and disease. Throughout the world, illness has often been attributed to witchcraft, demons, averse astral influence, or the will of the gods, ideas that retain some power, with faith healing and shrines still common, although the rise of scientific medicine in the past two centuries has altered or replaced many historic health practices.
History of mental illness The History of mental illness has long been a process of trial and error guided by public attitudes and medical theory with each society developing its own responses. By tracking these developments, a deeper understanding of human interaction and acceptance of this disability can be gathered.
History of mentalities The term history of mentalities is a calque on the French histoire des mentalités (which might also be translated as 'history of attitudes', 'history of world-views'), a historical movement whose origins are associated with the Annales School.
History of military strikes against presumed terrorist targets This article documents military strikes by governments against presumed terrorist targets outside war zones. For an event to qualify, it must involve military weapons and the target must be thought by the government ordering the strike to be of terrorist nature.
History of mining in Sardinia The processing of minerals and therefore mining dates back in Sardinia to ancient times. Ancient traders and conquerors, attracted by the astonishing richness of the underground started going about the island coasts.
History of model organisms This history of model organisms began with the idea that certain organisms can be studied and used to gain knowledge of other organisms or as a control (ideal) for other organisms of the same species. Model organisms offer standards that serve as the authorized basis for comparison of other organisms.
History of modern Egypt The History of modern Egypt is generally accepted as beginning in 1882, when Egypt became a de facto British colony. This situation persisted until 1922 when Egypt was officially granted independence; British troops, however, remained in the country and true self-rule did not occur until 1952 with the rise to power of Colonel Gamal Abdul Nasser.
History of modern Greece The history of modern Greece began with the recognition of Greek independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1832 after the Greek War of Independence. The first leader of independent Greece, John Capodistria, was assassinated in 1831.
History of modern Penang The history of modern Penang began when Captain Francis Light, a Captain in the English East India Company Marine hoisted the Union Jack on 11 August 1786 on the island’s soil, which was later christened as George Town in honour of the British king, George III, and later the island itself came to be known as the Prince of Wales Island of which Light was made the superintendent. Penang is an island which lies off the northwestern coast of the Malay Peninsula, strategically located in the northern part of the Straits of Malacca, a busy trade route.
History of modern Sarajevo The history of modern Sarajevo begins with the declaration of independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina, from Yugoslavia The city becomes the capital of the new state, as the local division of the Yugoslav People's Army establishes itself on the surrounding mountains. That day, massive peace protests take place.
History of molecular biology The history of molecular biology begins in the 1930's with the convergence of various, previously distinct biological disciplines: biochemistry, genetics, microbiology, and virology. With the hope of understanding life at its most fundamental level, numerous physicists and chemists also took an interest in what would become molecular biology.
History of monopoly The history of monopoly pertains to the historical tendency of a successful commercial enterprise to dominate an industry. The practice started during Advanced Industrialization with such companies as Standard Oil and the Carnegie Steel Company.
History of Mac OS X Mac OS X is the newest of Apple Computer's Mac OS line of operating systems. Although it is officially designated as simply "version 10" of the Mac OS, it has a history largely independent of the earlier Mac OS releases.
History of Madrid Although the site of modern-day Madrid has been occupied since prehistoric times, the first historical data from the city comes from the 9th century, when Mehmed I ordered the construction of a small palace in the same place that is today occupied by the Palacio Real. Around this palace a small citadel, al-Mudaina, was built.
History of Malawi Hominid remains and stone implements have been identified in Malawi dating back more than one million years, and early humans inhabited the vicinity of Lake Malawi 50,000 to 60,000 years ago. Human remains at a site dated about 8000 BC show physical characteristics similar to peoples living today in the Horn of Africa.
History of Malaysia The history of Malaysia is a relatively recent offshoot of the history of the wider Malay-Indonesian world. Culturally and linguistically, there was until recent times little to distinguish the territories which now constitute Malaysia from the lands of the Malay Archipelago.
History of Malta Malta has been inhabited since around 5200 BC and a significant pre-historic civilisation existed on the islands before the arrival of the Phoenicians who named the main island Malat, meaning "safe haven".
History of Manchester Manchester developed over little more than a century from a minor town into the world's first industrial city. Its remarkable history embraces the world's first passenger railway station and first public library.
History of Manitoba The geographical area now named Manitoba was originally inhabited as soon as the last ice age glaciers retreated in the southwest. The first exposed land was the Turtle Mountain area, where large numbers of petroforms and medicine wheels can be found.
History of Mar del Plata The first European navigator to visit the beaches and cliffs of what one day would become Mar del Plata was Sir Francis Drake in his 1577 circumnavigation voyage. He introduced the name Cape Lobos in the cartography of his time, due to the large colony of sea lions (lobos de mar in Spanish) around the cape today known as Cabo Corrientes.
History of Markham, Ontario When Upper and Lower Canada were established in 1791, Colonel John Graves Simcoe was appointed the first Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada. Simcoe named the Township of Markham, Ontario, north of the Town of York (now Toronto), after his friend William Markham, the Archbishop of York.
History of Marshall, Texas The History of Marshall, Texas follows the city; from its founding as an administrative center of the Republic of Texas, through its rise to be one of the largest cities in the early State of Texas, to its emergence as a major Confederate city, to its establishment as a major railroad hub of the United States in the late 19th century, through its national influence on the American Civil Rights Movement, through its steady economic decline in the late 20th century, and to the reemergence of growth in the 1990s and early 21st century.
History of Martinique Christopher Columbus was the first European to discover Martinique in 1502, on his fourth and last New World voyage. The island was not actually colonised by Europeans until 1635, when Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc landed with a hundred French settlers from Saint Kitts.
History of Maryland The history of Maryland included only Native Americans until Europeans, starting with John Cabot in 1498, began exploring the area The first settlements came in 1645 when the English arrived in numbers and created a permanent colony. In 1776, during the American Revolution, Maryland became a state in the United States.
History of Massachusetts The history of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts has spanned several centuries since its creation in the late 1700s. Prior to the initiation of Massachusetts into the United States and English colonization of the area, it was inhabited by various indigenous tribes.
History of Mesoamerica (Paleo-Indian) In the History of Mesoamerica, the stage known as the Paleo-Indian period (or alternatively, the Lithic stage) is the era in the scheme of Mesoamerican chronology which begins with the very first indications of human habitation within the Mesoamerican region, and continues until the general onset of the development of agriculture and other proto-civilization traits. The conclusion of this stage may be assigned to approximately 9000 BP (there are differences in opinion between sources which recognize the classification), and the transition to the succeeding Archaic period is not a well-defined one.
History of Mexican-Americans The history of Mexican-Americans is wide-ranging, spanning more than four hundred years and varying from region to region within the United States. While Mexican-Americans were once concentrated in the states that formerly belonged to Mexico — principally, California, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado and Texas — they began creating communities in Chicago and other steel producing regions when they obtained employment there during World War I.
History of Mexico Although there are tantalizing fragments of evidence suggesting human habitation of Mexico more than 20,000 years ago (see Tlapacoya archaeological site), there is no uncontested evidence that humans arrived in Mexico earlier than ~15,000 BP.
History of Miami, Florida The area in which the city of Miami, Florida would later be founded by Europeans was inhabited for more than a thousand years by the Tequesta Indians. Pedro Menéndez de Avilés and his men first visited and claimed the area around Miami for Spain in 1566.
History of Microsoft Flight Simulator Microsoft Flight Simulator began life as a set of articles on computer graphics, written by Bruce Artwick throughout 1976, about flight simulation using 3-D graphics. When the editor of the magazine told Artwick that subscribers were interested in purchasing such a program, Artwick founded subLOGIC Corporation to commercialize his ideas.
History of Microsoft Windows In 1983 Microsoft announced its development of Windows, a graphical user interface (GUI) for its own operating system (MS-DOS) that had shipped for IBM PC and compatible computers since 1981. Microsoft modeled the GUI, which was first known as Interface Manager, after that of Apple's Mac OS.
History of Michigan State University The history of the Michigan State University (MSU) dates back to 1855, when the Michigan Legislature established the Agricultural College of the State of Michigan, with three buildings, five faculty members and 63 male students. As the first agricultural college in the United States, the school served as a prototype for future Land Grant institutions under the Morrill Act enacted during Abraham Lincoln's presidential administration.
History of Milton Keynes The History of Milton Keynes details the development of Milton Keynes, from the earliest human settlements, through the plans for a 'new city' in North Buckinghamshire and its subsequent urban design and development by the Milton Keynes Development Corporation, to its subsequent development to the present day.
History of Ming The History of Ming (明史) is one of the official Chinese historical works known as the Twenty-Four Histories of China. It consists of 332 volumes and covers the history of Ming Dynasty from 1368 to 1644, which was written by a number of officials commissioned by the court of Qing Dynasty, with the lead editor Zhang Tingyu.
History of Minnesota The history of Minnesota tells the story of a state that was originally inhabited by Native Americans after the last Ice Age, explored by Europeans during the 17th and 18th century, acquired by the United States in the late 18th century and early 19th century, and then became a part of the United States as Minnesota Territory in 1849 and the 32nd US state on May 11, 1858. Minnesota achieved prominence economically, through fur trading, logging, and farming early in the state's history, followed by the construction of railroads, flour milling and iron mining in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
History of Mizoram The origin of the Mizos, like those of many other tribes in the North Eastern India is shrouded in mystery. The generally accepted as part of a great Chinese' wave of migration from China and later moved out to India to their present habitat.
History of Modern Serbia Serbia gained its autonomy from the Ottoman Empire in two revolutions in 1804 and 1815, though Turkish troops continued to garrison the capital, Belgrade until 1867. Those revolutions revived the Serbian pride and gave them hope that their Empire might come into reality again.
History of Moldova Most of today's Republic of Moldova, formerly known as Bessarabia, was part of the Principality of Moldavia starting from the 14th century and until 1812, when it was ceded to the Russian Empire following one of the many Russian-Turkish wars. The cultural heritage of the Principality of Moldavia stands at the core of Moldovan identity and official state ideology of the Republic of Moldova.
History of Monaco The early history of Monaco is primarily concerned with the protective and strategic value of the Rock of Monaco, the area's chief geological landmark, which served first as a shelter for ancient peoples and later as a fortress. From the 1200s to the early 1400s, the area was contested for primarily political reasons; since that point, excepting a period of French occupation, it has remained steadily under the control of the House of Grimaldi.
History of Monotheism The religions that are monotheistic today are often thought of as having been of relatively recent historical origin — although efforts at comparison are usually beset by claims of most religions to being very ancient or eternal. Eastern religions, especially in China and India, that have concepts of panentheism, are notably difficult to classify along Western notions of monotheism vs.
History of Montenegro The History of Montenegro (Montenegrin: Istorija Crne Gore, Историја Црне Горе) begins in the early Middle Ages, after the arrival of the Slavs into that part of the former Roman province of Dalmatia that forms present-day Montenegro.
History of Montreal The human history of Montreal, located in Quebec, Canada, spans some 8,000 years and started with the Algonquin, Huron, and Iroquois tribes of North America. Jacques Cartier became the first European to reach the area now known as Montreal in 1535 when he entered the village of Hochelega on the Island of Montreal while in search for gold.
History of Morocco The Capsian culture brought Morocco into the Neolithic about 8000 BC, at a time when the Maghreb was less arid than it is today. The Berber language probably arrived at roughly the same time as agriculture (see Berber), and was adopted by the existing population as well as the immigrants that brought it.
History of Moscow The oldest evidence of humans on the territory of Moscow dates from the Stone Age (Schukinskaya Neolithic site on the Moscow River). Within the modern bounds of the city other late evidence was discovered (the burial ground of the Fatyanovskaya culture, the site of the early-Stone Age settlement of Dyakovskaya culture, on the territory of Kremlin, Sparrow Hills, Setun River, Kuntsevskiy forest park, etc.
History of Mozambique Mozambique's first inhabitants were the San hunter and gatherers, ancestors of the Khoisani peoples. Between the first and fourth centuries AD, waves of Bantu-speaking peoples migrated from the north through the Zambezi River valley and then gradually into the plateau and coastal areas.
History of Mozilla Thunderbird Originally launched as Minotaur shortly after Phoenix (the original name for Mozilla Firefox), the project failed to gain momentum. With the success of the latter, however, demand increased for a mail client to go with it, and the work on Minotaur was revived under the new name of Thunderbird, and migrated to the new toolkit developed by the Firefox team.
History of Mumbai The history of Mumbai recounts the growth of a collection of islands on the western coast of India becoming the commercial and cultural capital of the nation and one of the most populous cities in the world. Although the islands were inhabited by humans since the Stone Age, the city was founded by Portuguese and British colonists in the 17th century.
History of Munich Munich was founded in 1158 is assumed which is the earliest date the city is mentioned in a document. By that time the Guelph Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, had built a bridge over the river Isar next to a settlement of Benedictine monks.
History of nanotechnology In the history of nanotechnology, the first mention of some of the distinguishing concepts in nanotechnology (but predating use of that name) was in "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom," a talk given by physicist Richard Feynman at an American Physical Society meeting at Caltech on December 29, 1959. Feynman described a process by which the ability to manipulate individual atoms and molecules might be developed, using one set of precise tools to build and operate another proportionally smaller set, so on down to the needed scale.
History of neuro-linguistic programming Neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) was developed jointly by Richard Bandler and John Grinder under the tutelage of Gregory Bateson (a renowned anthropologist, social scientist, linguist and cyberneticist), at the University of California, during the 1960s and 1970s.
History of neuroimaging The history of neuroimaging, began in the early 1900s with a technique called pneumoencephalography. This process involved draining the cerebrospinal fluid from around the brain and replacing it with air, altering the relative density of the brain and its surroundings, to cause it to show up better on an x-ray.
History of neurology The study of neurology dates back to prehistoric times, but the academic discipline did not begin until the 16th century. From an observational science it developed a systematic way of approaching the nervous system and possible interventions in neurological disease.
History of nuclear weapons The history of nuclear weapons chronicles the development of nuclear weapons—devices of enormous destructive potential which derive their energy from nuclear fission or nuclear fusion reactions—starting with the scientific breakthroughs of the 1930s which made their development possible, continuing through the nuclear arms race and nuclear testing of the Cold War, and finally with the questions of proliferation and possible use for terrorism in the early 21st century.
History of nudity Anthropologists logically presume that humans originally lived naked, without clothing, as their natural state. They postulate the adaptation of animal skins and vegetation into coverings to protect the wearer from cold, heat and rain, especially as humans migrated to new climates; alternatively, covering may have been invented first for other purposes, such as magic, decoration, cult, or prestige, and later found to be practical as well.
History of Nagorno-Karabakh (1918-1923) The history of Nagorno-Karabakh (1915-1923) refers to the transitional period of the end of the First World War in the Russian Empire's Caucasian provinces of Armenia, Azerbaijan, the enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh to the Sovietization phase of the region that followed after the Bolsheviks took power in Russia.
History of Namibia The history of Namibia has passed through several distinct stages, and Namibia has really only existed as a modern state since South Africa relinquished control of the country in 1989. Early in the 20th century, Namibia was a German colony (German South West Africa).
History of Nauru The history of Nauru has been intrinsically linked with the extraction of phosphate. Initially inhabited by Micronesian and Polynesian peoples, Nauru was annexed by Germany in the late 19th century, and extraction of the island's phosphate began in 1906.
History of Nepal The History of Nepal is characterized by its isolated position in the Himalayas and its two dominant neighbors, India and China. Even though it was independent through most of its history, it was split in three from the 15th to 18th century.
History of New Brunswick New Brunswick (French: Nouveau-Brunswick), is one of the three Maritime provinces in Canada, and the only officially bilingual province (French and English) in the country. The history of New Brunswick can be viewed according to four periods: pre-European contact, French colonization, British colonization and finally, New Brunswick since confederation.
History of New Jersey The written history of New Jersey began with the exploration of the Jersey Coast by Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524, though the region had been settled for millennia by Native Americans. At the time of European contact, the area was populated by tribes of Lenape.
History of New Mexico The History of New Mexico was first recorded by the Spanish who encountered Native American Pueblos when they explored the area in the 1500s. Since that time, the area has been under the control of Spain, Mexico, and the United States, respectively.
History of New Orleans The history of New Orleans, Louisiana traces its development from its founding by the French, through its period under Spanish control, then back to French rule before being sold to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase. It has been one of the most important cities in the South for most of its history.
History of New York City (1665-1783) The history of New York City (1665-1783) began with the establishment of English rule over formerly Dutch New Amsterdam and New Netherland. As the newly renamed City of New York and surrounding areas developed, there was a growing independent feeling among some, but the area was decidedly split in its loyalties.
History of New York City (1784-1854) The history of New York City (1784-1854) started with the establishment of the city as the temporary capital of the new United States in 1785. The city grew as an economic center with the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825; the growth of its railroads would complete its dominance.
History of New York City (1855-1897) The history of New York City (1855-1897) started with the inauguration in 1855 of Fernando Wood as the first mayor from Tammany Hall, an institution that would dominate the city throughout this period. There was chaos during the American Civil War, with major rioting in the New York Draft Riots.
History of New York City (1898-1945) The history of New York City (1898-1945) began with the formation of the consolidated city of the five boroughs in 1898. A series of new transportation links, most notably the New York City Subway, first opened 1904, helped bind the new city together.
History of New York City (1946-1977) The history of New York City (1946–1977) saw the emergence of New York immediately after World War II as the unquestioned leading city of the world. However, after peaking in population in 1950, the city slowly declined with changes in industry and commerce, urban sprawl outside the city and crime, reaching something of a crisis period in the 1970s.
History of New York City (1978-present) The history of New York City (1978-present) has seen a modest boom and a bust in the 1980s, followed by a major boom in the 1990s, with mixed prospects since then. This period has seen serious racial tension with more calm in very recent years, the dramatic rise and fall of crime rates and a major reinvigoration of immigration and growth taking the city population for the first time past the eight million mark.
History of New York City (prehistory-1664) The history of New York City (prehistory-1664) began with the geological formation of the peculiar territory of what is today New York City. The area was long inhabited by the Lenape; after initial European exploration, the Dutch established New Amsterdam and New Netherland.
History of Newfoundland and Labrador The History of Newfoundland and Labrador starts with two separate regions, the Colony of Newfoundland and the region of Labrador, then converge after 1946, with the creation of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador.
History of NFL Championships Throughout its history, the National Football League and other leagues have used several different formats to determine their league champion, including a period of interleague match-ups determining a true world champion.
History of Niue Niue's remoteness, as well as cultural and linguistic differences between its Polynesian inhabitants and those of the rest of the Cook Islands, have caused it to be separately administered. The population of the island continues to drop (from a peak of 5,200 in 1966 to 2,100 in 2000) with substantial emigration to New Zealand.
History of Normandy Normandy was a province in the North-West of France under the Ancien RĂ©gime. Initially populated by Celtic and Belgian tribes in the East, and Ligures and Iberians in the West, it was conquered in 56 AD by the Romans and integrated into the province of Gallia Lugdunensis by Augustus.
History of North Carolina State University The North Carolina General Assembly founded North Carolina State University (NC State) in 1887 as a land-grant college under the name North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. As a land-grant college, NC State would provide a “liberal and practical education” while focusing on military tactics, agriculture and the mechanical arts without excluding classical studies.
History of Northamptonshire At some time in the 7th century the district which is now Northamptonshire suffered a simultaneous invasion by the West Saxons from the south and the Anglian tribes from the north, and relics discovered in the county testify to a mingling of races, at the same time showing that West Saxon influence never spread farther north than a line from Daventry to Warwick, and with the extension of the Mercian kingdom under Penda and the conversion of the midland districts ceased altogether. The abbey at Medehamstede (now Peterborough) was begun by Peada in 655, and about the same time foundations were established at Peakirk, Weedon Beck, Castor and Oundle.
History of Northern Dynasties The History of Northern Dynasties () is one of the official Chinese historical works in the Twenty-Four Histories canon. It contain 100 volumes and covering the period from 386 to 618, the histories of Northern Wei, Western Wei, Eastern Wei, Northern Zhou, Northern Qi, and Sui Dynasty.
History of Northern Ireland Northern Ireland was created as a political entity in 1921. Ironically once the bedrock of Irish resistance to the advance of the English state in Ireland, the Plantation of Ulster by Scottish and English colonists resulted in it following a different economic, religious and cultural trajectory to the rest of the island.
History of Northwest Territories capital cities The history of Northwest Territories capital cities begins with the purchase of the Territories by Canada from the Hudson's Bay Company in 1869 and includes a varied and often difficult evolution. Northwest Territories is unique amongst the Canadian province or territory in that it has had seven capital cities in its history.
History of Nuevo LeĂłn The Estado Libre y Soberano de Nuevo LeĂłn (Free and Sovereign State of Nuevo LeĂłn) was first colonized in the 16th century by immigrants from the Iberian Peninsula. The majority of these were conversos, ethnic Jews converted to Roman Catholicism.
History of Nunavut The region now known as Nunavut has supported a continuous population for approximately 4000 years. Most historians also identify the coast of Baffin Island with the Helluland described in Norse sagas, so it is possible that the inhabitants of the region had occasional contact with Norse sailors.
History of organic farming The history of organic farming is one of methods and markets. It is also largely the history of the organic movement, which began as an insiders group of agricultural scientists and farmers, and later expanded to become a grassroots consumer cause.
History of Ohio Wesleyan University The history of Ohio Wesleyan University began with discussions of a college in Ohio in 1821 when the Ohio Methodist Conference in connection with the Kentucky Conference had established Augusta, the first Methodist institution of higher learning in the United States. But Augusta was an obscure village, quite inaccessible and especially because it was on the “wrong” side of the Ohio River to suit the growing anti-slavery sentiments of the people of Ohio.
History of Oregon wine production The history of Oregon wine production stretches back to before the state was incorporated. Settlers to the Oregon Territory planted grapes as early as the 1840s, however the the production of wine has only been a significant industry in Oregon since the 1960s.
History of Ottoman Algeria At about the time Spain was establishing its presidios in the Maghreb, the Muslim privateer brothers Aruj and Khair ad Din -- the latter known to Europeans as Barbarossa, or Red Beard--were operating successfully off Tunisia under the Hafsids. In 1516, Aruj moved his base of operations to Algiers but was killed in 1518 during his invasion of Tlemcen.
History of Ottoman Libya By the beginning of the 15th century the Libyan coast had minimal central authority and its harbours were havens for unchecked bands of pirates. Hapsburg Spain occupied Tripoli in 1510, but the Spaniards were more concerned with controlling the port than with the inconveniences of administering a colony.
History of Ottoman Serbia Two powerful Serbian barons, the brothers Uglješa and Vukašin Mrnjavčević, gathered a great army to drive back the Turks from Europe. They marched into Turkish territory in 1371 to attack the enemy, but they were too confident in themselves.

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