Encyclopedia

History of Oxfordshire Historically, Oxfordshire has always had some importance, it has been valuable agricultural land resting between the main southern cities and containing the prestigious settlement at Oxford (from the Old English Oxenaforda). Ignored by the Romans it was not until the formation of a settlement at Oxford that the area grew in importance.
History of paleontology The history of paleontology has been an ongoing effort to understand the history of life on Earth by understanding the fossil record left behind by living organisms. Inevitably it has been closely tied to geology and the effort to understand the history of the Earth itself.
History of patent law The history of patents and patent laws is generally considered to have started in Italy with a Venetian Statute of 1474 which was issued by the Republic of Florence. They issued a decree by which new and inventive devices, once they had been put into practice, had to be communicated to the Republic in order to obtain legal protection against potential infringers.
History of perpetual motion machines The history of perpetual motion machines (also known as the history of free energy and history of over unity machines) dates as far back as the 8th century, and probably further. For millennia it was not clear whether such devices were possible, but the development of modern thermodynamics has led virtually all engineers and scientists to agree that they are impossible.
History of philosophy The history of philosophy is the study of philosophical ideas and concepts through time. Issues specifically related to history of philosophy might include (but are not limited to): How can changes in philosophy be accounted for historically?
History of physics The known history of physics is thought to have begun around 2400 BC, when members of the Harappan civilization used shell objects to serve as compasses for measuring the angles of the sky. Physics has since progressed to the levels we have today.
History of plant systematics The history of plant systematics—the biological classification of plants—stretches from the work of ancient Greek to modern evolutionary biologists. As a field of science, plant systematics came into being only slowly, early plant lore usually being treated as part of the study of medicine.
History of political science While the study of politics is first found in ancient Greece and ancient India, political science is a late arrival in terms of social sciences.However, the discipline has a clear set of antecedents such as moral philosophy, political philosophy, political economy, history, and other fields concerned with normative determinations of what ought to be and with deducing the characteristics and functions of the ideal state.
History of post-Soviet Russia With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991, the Russian Federation became an independent country. Russia was the largest of the fifteen republics that made up the Soviet Union, accounting for over 60% of the GDP and over half of the Soviet population.
History of pottery in the Southern Levant The history of pottery in the Southern Levant describes the discovery and cultural development of pottery in the archaeological area of the Southern Levant, which includes the modern day polities of Israel, Jordan, and the Palestinian Authority administered areas of the West Bank of the Jordan and the Gaza strip.
History of professional wrestling The history of professional wrestling spans well over 100 years and has had many significant moments during that period of time. From humble beginnings in the late 1880s, the sport boomed throughout the 1970s and peaked during the 1980s when the World Wrestling Federation became an international wrestling giant.
History of pseudoscience A pseudoscience is any body of knowledge purported to be scientific or supported by science but which fails to comply with the scientific method. For more information about the complexities of drawing the boundaries of pseudoscience, see the articles Pseudoscience.
History of psychology The history of psychology as a scholarly study of the mind and behavior dates, in Europe, back to the Late Middle Ages. It was widely regarded to a branch of philosophy until the middle of the 19th-century when a scientific and eventually experimental form of the discipline emerged in Germany.
History of Palau Palau was initially settled over 4,000 years ago, probably by migrants from what today is Indonesia. British traders became prominent visitors in the 18th century, followed by expanding Spanish influence in the 19th century.
History of Palestine The History of Palestine is the account of events in the geographic area called Palestine, from ancient times to the present. For the history of the use of the term "Palestine", see Boundaries and name of the region of Palestine.
History of Parliamentarism The origins of the modern concept of prime ministerial government go back to the Kingdom of Great Britain (1707 - 1800). (The Parliamentary System in Sweden 1721 - 1772 has had a lesser impact, primarily due to Sweden being a smaller country of less influence.
History of Parliamentary life in Egypt Parliamentary life in Egypt has been a mark of Egyptian civilizations along its history. In modern history, parliamentary life started as early as 1824 while representative parliamentary life didn't start until 1866.
History of Pathology in Iran We will try to develop perfectly in the students the sense of devotion, patriotism, discipline, and reverence to science, teacher, and colleague as well as the sense of helping poor people and patients. (Quoted from the inaugural address of Prof.
History of Patna Patna (पटना), the capital of Bihar state, India, is one of the oldest continuously inhabited places in the world and the History of Patna spans at least three millennia. Patna has the distinction of being associated with the two most ancient religions of the world, namely, Buddhism and Jainism, and has seen the rise and fall of might empires of the Mauryas and the Guptas.
History of Pawtucket Baseball Professional baseball has been played in Pawtucket, Rhode Island since 1892 and continually since 1970. The first team to call Pawtucket home, the Secrets of the New England League, disbanded on July 26 1892 with a dismal 17-43 record.
History of Penang This article concerns the history of Penang. Penang, now a state of Malaysia, was part of the sultanate of Kedah until it became a British possession in 1786, gaining independence as part of the Federation of Malaya in 1957.
History of Perfume The History of Perfume is thought to have begun in antiquity and it's origins may likely never be confirmed. The word perfume used today to describe scented mixtures, derives from the Latin "per fume", meaning through smoke.
History of Peshawar The known history of Peshawar, a region of modern-day Pakistan, covers thousands of years. The region was dominated by various tribal groups of Indo-Iranian origin and a variety of other groups, possibly of Elamo-Dravidian origin, maybe prior to invasion of Aryan tribes and their settlement.
History of Pittsburgh The history of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, began with a struggle between Native Americans, the French and the British over the strategic juncture where the Allegheny River meets the Monongahela River to form the Ohio."Pittsburgh," Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, 1911.
History of Pocklington The town of Pocklington in East Yorkshire, England has a recorded written history that goes back around 1,500 years, and archeological evidence shows settlement at the site as long as 2,500 years ago. This gives it a longer history of settlement than larger contemporary settlements int he region and country such as York and even London.
History of Poland In the period following its emergence in the 10th century, the Polish nation was led by a series of strong rulers who converted the Poles to Christianity, created a strong Central European state and integrated Poland into European culture. Formidable foreign enemies and internal fragmentation eroded this initial structure in the thirteenth century, but consolidation in the 1300s laid the base for the dominant Polish Kingdom that was to follow.
History of Poland (1385–1569) The Jagiellon Era 1385-1569, was dominated by the union of Poland with Lithuania under the Jagiellon Dynasty, founded by the Lithuanian grand duke Jogaila. The partnership proved profitable for the Poles and Lithuanians, who played a dominant role in one of the most powerful empires in Europe for the next three centuries.
History of Poland (1569–1795) The Nihil novi act adopted by the Polish Diet in 1505 transferred all legislative power from the king to the Diet. This event marked the beginning of the period known as "Nobles' Democracy" or "Nobles' Commonwealth" (Rzeczpospolita szlachecka) when the state was ruled by the "free and equal" Polish nobility (szlachta).
History of Poland (1795–1918) Although the majority of the szlachta was reconciled to the end of the Commonwealth in 1795, the possibility of Polish independence was kept alive by events within and without Poland throughout the nineteenth century. Poland's location on the Northern European Lowlands became especially significant in a period when its neighbours, the Kingdom of Prussia and Russia were intensely involved in European rivalries and alliances and modern nation states took form over the entire continent.
History of Poland (1945–1989) The history of Poland from 1945 to 1989 spans the period of Soviet Communist dominance over the People's Republic of Poland following World War II. These years, while featuring many improvements in the standards of living in Poland, were marred by social unrest and economic depression.
History of Poland (1989–present) In the 1970s and 1980s the whole system in Poland was deeper and deeper in the crisis and was beginning to crumble as was the whole Eastern bloc with the USSR as the fading superpower. With the advent of "perestroika" in the Soviet Union under Mikhail Gorbachev the change of the political system that had been unimaginable was becoming reality.
History of Poland (966–1385) In the first centuries of its existence, the Polish nation was led by a series of strong rulers who converted the Poles to Christendom, created a strong Central European state, and integrated Poland into European culture. Formidable foreign enemies and internal fragmentation eroded this initial structure in the thirteenth century, but consolidation in the 1300s laid the base for the dominant Polish Kingdom that was to follow.
History of Political Philosophy History of Political Philosophy is a philosophy and political sciences text book published by the University of Chicago Press, edited by American philosophers Leo Strauss and Joseph Cropsey. The volume is currently in its third edition.
History of Portland, Oregon The city of Portland, Oregon began as a spot known as "The Clearing," which was on the banks of the Willamette River about halfway between Oregon City and Fort Vancouver. In 1843, William Overton saw great commercial potential for this land, but lacked the funds required to file a land claim.
History of Portugal The History of Portugal is that of an ancient European nation, whose present origins go back to the Early Middle Ages, that ascended to a great world power in the Age of Discoveries with its vast Empire. Following its heyday as a world power during the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal lost much of its wealth and status first through the loss of its military and naval power due to the military disaster of Alcacer-Kibir, and shortly thereafter its fleet, which had been incorporated into the Spanish Armada so the country was unable to defend its interests overseas.
History of Portugal (1112-1279) The origin of Portugal, as a separate state, lay in the Christian reconquest of the Iberian peninsula. Towards the close of the 11th century crusading knights came from every part of Europe to aid the kings of LeĂłn, Castile and Aragon in combatting the Moors.
History of Portugal (1578-1777) The history of Portugal from the dynastic crisis in 1578 to the end of the reign of the Marquis of Pombal in 1777 is a period of transition. The Portuguese Empire was near its height at the start of this 200 year period and continued to enjoy the widespread influence in the world that had characterized the two previous centuries.
History of Portugal (1777–1834) The history of Portugal from the beginning of Maria I's reign in 1777 to the end of the Liberal Wars in 1834 spans a complex historic period in which several important political and military events led to the end of the absolutist regime and to the installment of a constitutional monarchy in the country.
History of Portugal (711-1112) The History of Portugal from the Muslim invasion of the Iberian Peninsula in 711 to the death of Henry of Burgundy, first count of the Second County of Portugal in 1112 is a 400-year period in which the national identity of the Portuguese people was formed and the basis for the Portuguese independence was created. This period starts with the fall of the Visigothic kingdom after Tariq ibn-Ziyad's invasion of Iberia and the establishment of the Umayyad control in the territory.
History of Poznań Poznań plays an important role as one of Poland's oldest cities, making it a significant historical center. It was the capital of Greater Poland, the cradle of the Polish state and was also Poland's capital in the mid-10th century during the early Piast dynasty.
History of Presque Isle The first known people to inhabit Presque Isle are the Eriez Native Americans, which is where the city of Erie, Pennsylvania, get its name. They hunted a wide variedly of game on the land, collected plants, and fished the in lake Erie.
History of Protestantism The history of Protestantism began on October 31, 1517, when Martin Luther tacked up his 95 theses on the door of the Roman Catholic Castle Church in Wittenberg. It started as a Christian movement within the Roman Catholic Church.
History of Providence The city of Providence, Rhode Island has a long (by North American standards) and nationally significant history, including the first bloodshed of the American Revolution, economic shifts from trading to manufacturing, the decline of which contemporaneous to the Great Depression devastated the city, and eventual economic recovery through investment of public funds.
History of Puerto Rico The history of Puerto Rico began with the settlement of the archipielago of Puerto Rico by the Ortoiroid culture, sometime between 3000–2000 BC. Other tribes, such as the Igneri and Arawak Indians, populated the island between 120 and 1000 AD.
History of quantum mechanics The history of quantum mechanics as this interlaces with history of quantum chemistry began essentially with the 1838 discovery of cathode rays by Michael Faraday, the 1859 statement of the black body radiation problem by Gustav Kirchhoff, the 1877 suggestion by Ludwig Boltzmann that the energy states of a physical system could be discrete, and the 1900 quantum hypothesis by Max Planck that any energy radiating atomic system can theoretically be divided into a number of discrete ‘energy elements’ ε such that each of these energy elements is proportional to the frequency ν with which they each individually radiate energy, as defined by the following formula:
History of Quaker Oats Quaker Oats, with its trademark "Quaker Man", is among the more recognized brands in the world. The brand was first trademarked on 4 September 1877 by Henry Seymour, owner of the Quaker Mill Company of Ravenna, Ohio.
History of Queensland The history of Queensland spans thousands of years, encompassing both a lengthy indigenous presence in the state, as well as the eventful times of post-European settlement. Estimated to have been settled by Indigenous Australians approximately 40 000 years ago, the north-eastern Australian region was explored by Dutch, Portuguese and French navigators before being encountered by Captain James Cook in 1770.
History of Quetta Quetta (the word derives from kwatta, fort in Pushtu) no doubt is a natural fort, surrounded as it is by imposing hills on all sides. The encircling hills have the resounding names of Chiltan, Takatoo, Mordar and Zarghun.
History of radio The pre-history and early history of radio is the history of technology that produced instruments that use radio waves. Later in the timeline of radio, the history is dominated by programming and contents, which is closer to general history.
History of rail transport in Australia Following the British model, Australians generally assumed in the 1850s that railways would be built by the private sector. Private companies attempted to build railways in the colonies (states after Federation in 1901) of New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia.
History of rail transport in Denmark The history of rail transport in Denmark is commonly considered to have begun in 1847 with the opening of the railway line between Copenhagen and Roskilde; the Kiel-Altona line in Holstein had been completed three years earlier, but the region was since lost to the German Confederation in the Second War of Schleswig.
History of rail transport in Philadelphia Philadelphia was an early railroad hub, with lines from all over meeting in Philadelphia. The first railroad in Philadelphia was the Philadelphia, Germantown and Norristown Railroad, opened in 1832 north to Germantown.
History of rail transport in Poland The history of rail transport in Poland dates back to the first half of the 19th century when railways were built under Prussian, Russian, and Austrian rule. After Polish independence on November 11, 1918, the independent Polish state administered its own railways until control was surrendered to German and Soviet occupiers during World War II.
History of rapid transit The history of rapid transit is generally considered to begin with the opening in 1863 of the Metropolitan Railway, now part of the London Underground. However, the smoke-caused discomfort for passengers in operating steam trains through tunnels limited the appeal of this mode of transport.
History of religions The History of religions refers to the Religiongeschichteschule, a 19th century German school of thought which was the first to systematically study religion as a socio-cultural phenomenon. The academic study of religion in general is known as Religious studies.
History of role-playing games The history of role-playing games begins with an earlier tradition of role-playing, which combined with the rulesets of fantasy wargames in the 1970s to give rise to the modern role-playing game. A role-playing game (RPG) is a type of game in which the participants assume the roles of characters and collaboratively create stories.
History of rowing The History of rowing is the tale of one of the oldest sports in the world. What began as a method of transport and warfare, eventually became a sport with a wide following, and a part of the cultural identity of the English speaking world.
History of rugby league in South Africa Rugby league in South Africa has a long and turbulent history, consisting of no less than three and possibly four different administrative boards, committee or interests over 40 odd years that attempted to establish the game of rugby league in South Africa. Neither, certainly the earlier attempts where very successful.
History of rugby union Football games of various types were played long before the 19th century but it was not until the middle of that century that rules were formulated and codified. The history of the game known as rugby football can be traced to three documented events: the publishing of the first set of written rules in 1845; the Blackheath Club decision to leave the FA in 1863 over the rejection by the FA of the rules of running with the ball in hand and hacking; and the formation of the Rugby Football Union in 1871.
History of Raëlism The history of the Raelian Movement began in 1973 when purportedly Raël conversed with a humanoid extraterrestrial, Elohim, about the purportedly true origins of humanity. According to the Raelian Messages, in six meetings over six consecutive days from December 13, 1973 to December 18, 1973, the details of the messages were given.
History of Rajputs The Rajputs (from the Sanskrit tatpurusha compound rājaputra, "son of a king") are a social group of northern India and Gujarat. In the Hindi and Gujarati languages, those belonging to the Kshatriya caste of Hindus are generally referred to as "Rajputs".
History of Regina Regina is the capital of the Canadian province of Saskatchewan and prior to the province's founding was the territorial headquarters of the then-North-West Territories and district headquarters of the territorial district of Assiniboia.
History of RECs During the second five year plan (1956-60) in India, a number of industrial projects were contemplated. To ensure enough supply of trained personnel to meet the demand for these projects, the decision was taken to start Regional Engineering Colleges (RECs), at the rate of one per each major state, which can churn out graduates with good engineering merit.
History of Richmond, Virginia The history of Richmond, Virginia as a modern city dates back to the early seventeenth century, and crucial to the development of the colony of Virginia, the United States Revolutionary War, and the Civil War. After Reconstruction, Richmond's location helped it develop a diversified economy and as a land transportation hub.
History of Rock In 2000, Kid Rock released The History Of Rock as the follow up to Devil Without A Cause. The basis for the album was he had acquired the rights to his Indie-label recordings and remixed or re-recorded the best material for the album.
History of Romanian education Mainly, the article is concerned about how social aspects influence the behavior of Romanian students and teachers and what are the changes in the education. History Of Romanian education can be grouped in five periods:
History of Rome The History of Rome spans 2,800 years of the existence of a city that grew from a small Italian village in the 9th century BC into the center of a vast civilization that dominated the Mediterranean region for centuries, but was eventually overrun by Germanic tribes, marking the beginning of the Middle Ages, and that eventually became the seat of the Roman Catholic Church and the home of a sovereign state within its walls, Vatican City. It has continued to play a major role in global politics, just as it has enormously influenced the history and culture of European peoples for millennia.
History of Rosario This article is about the history of Rosario, the third most populated city in Argentina and the largest in the province of Santa Fe. Rosario lies by the Paraná River, about 300 km upstream from the Argentine capital Buenos Aires; it is a major port and an industrial, commercial and cultural center.
History of Rush The history of Rush spans over thirty-five years, from the original lineup (of Geddy Lee, Alex Lifeson, and John Rutsey), to the modern era, after the replacement of Rutsey with Neil Peart. Over this time span, Rush has changed their style of music dramatically, changing from a sound very derivative of Led Zeppelin on their eponymous debut to styles encompassing hard rock, progressive rock, and a period dominated by synthesizers.
History of Russia The history of Russia begins with that of the East Slavs, the ethnic group that eventually split into the Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians. The first East Slavic state, Kievan Rus', adopted Christianity from the Byzantine Empire in 988, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next seven centuries.
History of Russian animation The history of Russian animation is a very rich, but so far nearly unexplored field for Western film theory and history. As most of Russia's production of animation for cinema and television was created during Soviet times, it may also be referred to as the History of Soviet animation.
History of Russian military ranks Modern Russian military ranks trace their roots to Table of Ranks established by Peter the Great. Most of the rank names were borrowed from existing German/Prussian, French, English, Dutch and Polish ranks upon the formation of Russian regular army in late 1600s.
History of Russians in Estonia The beginning of continuous Russian settlement in what is now Estonia dates back to the late 17th century when several thousand Russian Old Believers, escaping religious persecution in Russia, settled in areas then controlled by Sweden near the western coast of Lake Peipus. The history of intermittent presence of Early East Slavs, or "proto-Russians", in Estonia is longer by several centuries.
History of Russians in Lithuania First small early East Slavic settlements in what is now Lithuania date back to late medieval ages when the first proto-Russian merchants and craftsmen began to permanently reside in several Lithuanian towns. In the late 17th century they were joined by many Russian Old Believers who settled in eastern Lithuania, escaping religious persecution in Russia.
History of Rutgers University Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (also known as Rutgers University) is an institution of higher learning with campuses across the State of New Jersey its main flagship campus in New Brunswick and Piscataway, and two other campuses in the cities of Newark and Camden, New Jersey.
History of Rutland The north-western part of the county of Rutland was recorded as Rutland, a detached part of Nottinghamshire, in the Domesday Book; the south-eastern part as the wapentake of Wicelsea in Northamptonshire. It was first mentioned as a separate county in 1159, but as late as the 14th century it was referred to as the 'Soke of Rutland'.
History of same-sex unions Although state-recognized same-sex marriage is a relatively new phenomenon in Western society, there is a long history of same-sex unions around the world. Various types of same-sex unions have existed, ranging from informal, unsanctioned relationships to highly ritualized unions.
History of science Science is a body of empirical and theoretical knowledge, produced by a global community of researchers, making use of specific techniques for the observation and explanation of real phenomena, this techne summed up under the banner of scientific method. As such, the history of science draws on the historical methods of both intellectual history and social history.
History of science and technology The history of science and technology (HST) is a field of history which examines how humanity's understanding of science and technology has changed over the millennia. This field of history also studies the cultural, economic, and political impacts of scientific innovation.
History of science fiction The literary genre of science fiction is diverse and since there is little consensus of definition among scholars or devotees, its origin is an open question. Some offer works like the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh as the primal texts of science fiction.
History of science fiction films The history of science fiction films parallels that of the motion picture industry as a whole, although it took several decades before the genre was taken seriously. Since the 1960s, major science fiction films have succeeded in pulling in large audience shares, and films of this genre have become a regular staple of the film industry.
History of science in Classical Antiquity In Antiquity, the inquiry into the workings of the universe took place both in investigations aimed at such practical goals as establishing a reliable calendar or determining how to cure a variety of illnesses and in those abstract investigations known as natural philosophy. The ancient peoples who are considered the first scientists may have thought of themselves as natural philosophers, as practitioners of a skilled profession (for example, physicians), or as followers of a religious tradition (for example, temple healers).
History of science in early cultures In prehistoric times, advice and knowledge was passed from generation to generation in an oral tradition. The development of writing enabled knowledge to be stored and communicated across generations with much greater fidelity.
History of science in the Islamic World The history of science in the Islamic World examines the full range of scientific investigation in the Islamic World, whether performed within a religious or secular context, or for religious or secular motives. From this perspective it doesn't matter whether the particular scientist was Muslim (e.
History of science in the Middle Ages The history of science in the Middle Ages is concerned with the study of nature, including practical disciplines, the mathematical sciences, and natural philosophy, throughout the Middle Ages - the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history. According to Pierre Duhem, who founded the academic subject 'history of medieval science' as a critique of the Enlightenment-positivist theory of a 17th century anti-Aristotelian and anti-clerical scientific revolution, the various conceptual origins of that alleged revolution lay in the 12th to 14th centuries in the works of churchmen such as Aquinas and Buridan.
History of science in the Renaissance During the Renaissance, the rediscovery of ancient scientific texts was accelerated after the Fall of Constantinople, in 1453, and the invention of printing would democratize learning and allow a faster propagation of new ideas. But, at least in its initial period, the Renaissance is usually seen as one of scientific backwardness.
History of sign language The recorded history of sign language in Western society extends from the 16th century, as a visual language or method of communication. Sign language is a system of conventional gestures, mimic, hand signs and finger spelling, the use of hand positions to represent the letters of the alphabet.
History of slavery The history of slavery covers many different forms of human exploitation across many cultures and throughout human history. Slavery, generally defined, refers to the systematic exploitation of labor for work and services without compensation and the possession of other persons as property.
History of slavery in New Jersey Slavery in New Jersey was instituted in the Seventeenth Century (1600–1700) shortly after Europeans first settled in the colony. Slavery effected several ethnic and racial groups, including Africans, Native Americans, and Whites (through indentured servitude), however, after the early colonial period, much of New Jersey's legacy in slavery involved African labour.
History of slavery in the United States The history of slavery in the United States began soon after Europeans first settled in what in 1776 became the United States. Most slaves were freed by the Emancipation Proclamation during the American Civil War (with the remaining 1% freed and the entire system legally ended with the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in December 1865.
History of socialism in Great Britain The History of socialism in Great Britain is generally thought to stretch back to the 19th century. Starting to arise in the aftermath of the English Civil War notions of socialism in Great Britain have taken many different forms from the utopian philanthropism of Robert Owen through to the reformist electoral project enshrined in the birth of the Labour Party.
History of sociology Sociology is a relatively new academic discipline among other social sciences including economics, political science, anthropology, and psychology. The ideas behind it, however, have a long history and can trace their origins to a mixture of common human knowledge, works of art and philosophy.
History of software configuration management In computing, software configuration management (SCM) can be approached from a historical perspective, in which CM (for Configuration Management) was used earlier, originally for hardware development and production control. History records tend to be based on tools and companies, and let concepts to a secondary plane.
History of state highways in Virginia Virginia's State Highway Commission was formed by the General Assembly in 1906, and in 1918 the General Assembly designated a 4002-mile (6441 km) state highway system to be maintained by the Commission. Beginning in 1922, the Commission was authorized to add annually mileage equal to 2.
History of steamship lines The shipping company is an outcome of the development of the steamship. In former days, when the packet ship was the mode of conveyance, combinations, such as the well-known Dramatic and Black Ball lines, existed but the ships which they ran were not necessarily owned by the organizers of the services.
History of street lighting in the United States The use of street lighting was first recorded in London in 1417 when Sir Henry Barton, the mayor, ordered lanterns with lights to be hanged out on the winter evenings between Hallowtide and Candlemasse. However it was introduced to the United States by famed inventor Benjamin Franklin, who was the postmaster of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
History of strength training The history of strength training started with the ancient Greeks. Hippocrates eloquently explained the principle behind weight training when he wrote "that which is used develops, and that which is not used wastes away.
History of string theory String theory was originally invented to explain some peculiarities of the behavior of hadrons (subatomic particles which experience the strong nuclear force). In particle-accelerator experiments, physicists observed that the spin of a hadron is never larger than a certain multiple of the square of its energy.
History of suicide Suicide has been part of the history of the world - people of all walks of life had committed suicide over the years. Among the famous people who have died by suicide are Boudicca, Cleopatra VII of Egypt, Judas Iscariot, Hannibal, Nero, Virginia Woolf, Adolf Hitler, Mark Antony, Ernest Hemingway, Alan Turing, Sylvia Plath, Marina Tsvetaeva, Yukio Mishima, Hunter S.
History of superconductivity The history of superconductivity, the property exhibited by certain substances of lacking electrical resistance at temperatures close to absolute zero, began at the end of the 19th century and culminated in Heike Kamerlingh Onnes's 1911 discovery. The theory surrounding the property of superconductivity was further developed over the course of the 20th century.

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