Encyclopedia

History of surrealism In 1917, Guillaume Apollinaire coined the term "surrealism" in the program notes describing the ballet Parade which was a collaborative work by Jean Cocteau, Erik Satie, Pablo Picasso and Léonide Massine: 'From this new alliance, for until now stage sets and costumes on one side and choreography on the other had only a sham bond between them, there has come about, in 'Parade', a kind of super-realism ('sur-réalisme'), in which I see the starting point of a series of manifestations of this new spirit ('esprit nouveau').’
History of sushi The basic idea behind the preparation of sushi, a well-known Japanese dish, is the practice of preserving fish with salt and fermenting with rice, a process that can probably be traced back to seafood-preserving methods used in China and Southeast Asia, where countries have a long history of rice cultivation. It was origined during Tang Dynasty in China, though modern Japanese adopted sushi evolved to have little resemblance to this original Chinese food.
History of synesthesia research Synesthesia is a neurological condition in which two or more bodily senses are coupled. For example, in a form of synesthesia known as grapheme-color synesthesia, letters or numbers may be perceived as inherently colored.
History of Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis has one of the longest written histories in the Caribbean, both islands being amongst Europe's first colonies in the archipelago. Both islands, despite being only 2 miles apart and quite diminutive in size were widely recognized as being separate entities with separate identities, until they were forcefully unified in the late 19th century.
History of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon The History of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon is one of early settlement by Europeans taking advantage of the rich fishing grounds near Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, and is characterized by periods of conflict between the French and English.
History of Samoa The history of Samoa began when immigrants from South East Asia arrived in the Samoa islands approximately 3500 years ago and from there settled the rest of Polynesia. These immigrants settled in the Samoa's for many centuries until they moved on to settle eastern polynesia.
History of San Francisco, California The history of San Francisco, California has been greatly influenced by its coastal location, which has made it a natural center for maritime trade and military activity. Since its incorporation into the United States, where it is now the fourteenth largest city (2004 census), it has been characterized by rapid economic change and cultural diversity.
History of Santa Monica, California The History of Santa Monica, California, USA, covers the significant events and movements in Santa Monica's past. While intertwined with the history of its larger neighbor, Los Angeles, Santa Monica has led an independent existence in modern times.
History of Sarajevo in Yugoslavia After World War I Sarajevo became part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Though it held some political importance, as the center of first the Bosnian region and then the Drinska Banovina, it was not treated with the same attention or considered as significant as it was in the past.
History of Saudi Arabia People of various cultures have lived in the peninsula over a span of more than 5,000 years. The Dilmun culture, along the Persian Gulf coast, was contemporaneous with the Sumerians and ancient Egyptians, and most of the empires of the ancient world traded with the states of the peninsula.
History of São Tomé and Príncipe The islands of São Tomé and Príncipe were uninhabited before the arrival of the Portuguese sometime in 1469, 1470, or 1471. Over the three years, Portuguese navigators explored the islands and decided they would be a good location for bases to trade with the mainland.
History of Science Society The History of Science Society (HSS) is the primary professional society for the academic study of the history of science. It was founded in 1924 by George Sarton, primarily to support the publication of Isis, a journal of the history of science started by Sarton in 1912.
History of Scotland The history of Scotland begins around 10,000 years BP (Before Present), when modern humans first began to inhabit Scotland after the end of the Devensian glaciation, the last ice age. Of the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age civilization that existed in the country, many artifacts remain, but few written records were left behind.
History of Seattle before 1900 Two conflicting perspectives exist for the early history of Seattle. There is what one might call the "establishment" view, which favors the centrality of the Denny Party (generally the Denny, Mercer, Terry, and Boren families), and Henry Yesler.
History of Senegal Archaeological findings throughout the area indicate that Senegal was inhabited in prehistoric times. Islam established itself in the Senegal River valley in the 11th century; 95% of Senegalese today are Muslims.
History of Serbia The first Serbian state, Raška, was founded in 800s by the House of Vlastimirović; it evolved into the Serbian Kingdom and the Empire under the House of Nemanjić. In the modern era Serbia has been an autonomous principality (1817–1878), an independent principality and kingdom (1878–1918), part of the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918–1941) (renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929), a Nazi-occupied puppet state (1941–1944), a socialist republic within the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992), a republic within the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992-2003), and a republic within the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (2003-2006), before proclaiming independence as the Republic of Serbia on June 5, 2006.
History of Seychelles The Seychelles islands remained uninhabited for more than 150 years after they became known to Western explorers. The islands appeared on Portuguese charts as early 1505, although Austronesians or Arabs may have visited them much earlier.
History of Sheffield United F.C. The section History section of the main SUFC page will form the majority of this article, and following that, that section in the main page will be slimmed down. Prior to any of this, the History section section needs referencing.
History of Shinto Muso-ryu Jodo Shintō Musō-ryū, or Shindō Musō-ryū,(神道夢想流) most commonly known as Jodo (杖道), is a koryu (old school) of jojutsu, teaching the art of handling the Japanese quarterstaff jo. The purpose of the art on a purely technical level is to teach how to defeat a swordsman in combat using the jo and a vareity of weapons with emphasize on the proper distance, timing and concentration.
History of Shrewsbury Shrewsbury may have been founded by the Romans who had the town of Viroconium Cornoviorum (Wroxeter) nearby, but the Saxons are more likely to have founded the town, roughly in the 8th Century (there are unfortunately no records of when exactly it was founded). The earliest written mention of it existing is from the year 901, when it was described as being a city.
History of Siberia The history of Siberia may be traced to the sophisticated nomadic civilizations of the Scythians (Pazyryk) and the Xiongnu, both flourishing before the Christian era. The steppes of South Siberia saw a succession of nomadic empires, including the Turkic Empire and the Mongol Empire.
History of Sicily The rich and varied history of Sicily has seen it in the orbit of many greater powers — Greek, Punic, Roman, Gothic, Arab, Norman, Spanish, and Italian — and fashioning an orbit of its own — especially under the Normans. Although today part of the Republic of Italy, historically, it must be treated as its own nation.
History of Simon Fraser University Simon Fraser University (SFU) was created in March 1963 following a provincial government report recommending a new university be opened in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia. Construction began in spring 1964 and was completed for the fall 1965 semester.
History of Sofia The history of Sofia, Bulgaria's capital and largest city, spans thousands of years from Antiquity to modern times, in which the city has always been a commercial, industrial, cultural and economic centre of its region and the Balkans.
History of Solidarity The history of Solidarity, a Polish non-governmental trade union, began in August 1980 at the Gdańsk Shipyards where Lech Wałęsa and others formed Solidarity (Polish: ). In the early 1980s, it became the first independent labor union in a Soviet-bloc country.
History of Somaliland The History of Somaliland encompasses a wide range of historical Somali issues and archaeological sources which date back to Prehistoric times. It is widely regarded in Somaliland as an important factor and a key signifigance in the Culture of Somaliland.
History of South Africa The history of South Africa is viewed differently by various scholars and by its various population groups because South Africa is a multicultural country. The researchers' views heavily influence their perception of South African history.
History of South Africa in the apartheid era Apartheid (literally "apartness" in Afrikaans) was a system of racial segregation that was enforced in South Africa from 1948 to 1994. South Africa had long been ruled by whites and apartheid was designed to form a legal framework for continued economic and political dominance by people of European descent.
History of South African cricket to 1888 This article describes the history of South African cricket to 1888. First-class cricket was introduced to South Africa in the 1888-89 season with the arrival of the first English touring team and the presentation by Sir Donald Currie of the Currie Cup which was first contested in the 1889-90 season.
History of South America While perhaps the last continent--except Antarctica to be inhabited by humans, the history of South America spans the full range of human cultural and civilizational forms. While millennia of independent development were interrupted by the Spanish and Portuguese colonization drive of the 16th century and the demographic collapse that followed, the continent's mestizo and indigenous cultures remain quite distinct from those of their colonizers.
History of South Asia The term South Asia usually refers to the political entities of the geographical region now known as the Indian subcontinent (formerly known as India) - the Republic of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, and the island nations of Sri Lanka and the Maldives.
History of South Carolina South Carolina is one of the original states of the United States of America, and its history has been remarkable for an extraordinary commitment to political independence, whether from overseas or federal control. As a cornerstone of mercantilism and the slave trade, as the powder keg of the American Civil War, as the home of Jim Crow, and as the heart of the Dixiecrat movement, South Carolina's history has been the epitome of decentralization (federalism) in the U.
History of South India The history of South India covers a span of over two thousand years during which the region saw the rise and fall of a number of dynasties and empires. The period of known history of the region begins with the ancient period during which the great king Asoka ruled over most of the Indian subcontinent.
History of South Tyrol The History of South Tyrol begins in modern times with the creation of the Italian Province of South Tyrol in 1919. However, it is known that people have lived here since the stone age (see Ă–tzi), and the region was part of the Roman Empire from 59 BCE until the Migration Period.
History of Southeast Asia The history of Southeast Asia has been characterized as interaction between regional players and foreign powers. Though 11 countries currently make up the region, history of each country is intertwined with all the others.
History of Southern Dynasties The History of Southern Dynasties () is one of the official Chinese historical works in the Twenty-Four Histories canon. It contain 80 volumes and covering the period from 420 to 589, the histories of Liu Song, Southern Qi, Liang Dynasty, and Chen Dynasty.
History of Soviet espionage Coming to power as a clandestine organization, having been schooled in the secret police tactics of the Czarist Okhranka the new Soviet government of the Soviet Union tended to overestimate the degree to which the other European powers of the day, especially the United Kingdom, were plotting its destruction. With that mindset Lenin and his colleagues through the precursor agencies of the KGB, beginning with the Cheka, made serious efforts to obtain information regarding the activities and plans of the European powers, the United Kingdom, Germany, France and Italy.
History of Soviet espionage in the United States Since the late 1920s, the Soviet Union, through its OGPU and NKVD intelligence services, used Russian and foreign-born nationals as well as Communist and left-leaning Americans to perform espionage activities in the United States.Haynes, John Earl, and Klehr, Harvey, Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America, Yale University Press (2000)Weinstein, Allen, and Vassiliev, Alexander, The Haunted Wood: Soviet Espionage in America--the Stalin Era (New York: Random House, 1999)Retrieved Papers Shed Light On Communist Activities In U.
History of Spain (1975–present) For all intents and purposes, the history of Modern Spain began with the death of Franco on the 20 November, 1975, the accession of King Juan Carlos I to the throne and the establishment of the parliamentary monarchy. In 1978, the current Spanish Constitution of 1978 was signed and the status of Spain's Autonomous Regions was defined.
History of Spiritism Spiritism was founded by Allan Kardec in France in the middle of the XIX century, influenced by Franz Mesmer, the Fox sisters and the popularity of table-turning séances in his time. He did not claim that his doctrine was entirely new, but conceded that it was based on notions known to mankind since the greatest antiquity.
History of St Neots St Neots is a town in Cambridgeshire, England, which originally developed next to a mediaeval priory in the form of market stalls. These were replaced over the years by permanent structures, which eventually defined the boundaries of today's Market Square.
History of Staffordshire The historic county of Staffordshire included Wolverhampton, Walsall, and West Bromwich, these three being removed in 1974 to the new county of West Midlands. The resulting administrative area of Staffordshire has a narrow southwards protrusion that runs west of West Midlands to the border of Worcestershire.
History of Standard Mandarin Standard Mandarin is the official Chinese spoken language used by the People's Republic of China, the Republic of China (Taiwan), Malaysia and Singapore. The history of Standard Mandarin as the standardized version of Chinese, however, is relatively recent.
History of Sudan (1884-1898) Developments in Sudan during the late 19th century cannot be understood without reference to the British position in Egypt. In 1869, the Suez Canal opened and quickly became Britain's economic lifeline to India and the Far East.
History of Sudan (Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah) In the history of Sudan, the coming of Islam eventually changed the nature of Sudanese society and facilitated the division of the country into north and south. Islam also fostered political unity, economic growth, and educational development among its adherents; however, these benefits were restricted largely to urban and commercial centers.
History of Sudan (Independent Sudan) This article details the period of Independent Sudan, January 1, 1956 to May 25, 1969, in the history of Sudan. The Azhari government temporarily halted progress toward self-determination for Sudan, hoping to promote unity with Egypt.
History of Sudan (Nimeiri Era, 1969-1985) On May 25, 1969, several young officers, calling themselves the Free Officers Movement, seized power in Sudan, thus bringing about the Nimeiri era in the history of Sudan. At the conspiracy's core were nine officers led by Colonel Jaafar an Nimeiri, who had been implicated in plots against the Abboud regime.
History of Sudan (Sadiq Al Mahdi and Coalition Governments) In June 1986, Sadiq al Mahdi formed a coalition government with the Umma Party, the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), the National Islamic Front (NIF), and four southern parties. Unfortunately, however, Sadiq proved to be a weak leader and incapable of governing Sudan.
History of Suffolk, Virginia The history of the English-speaking people of the Suffolk, Virginia area dates to the early 17th century and the Virginia Company of London's settlement of the Virginia Colony first established at Jamestown in May, 1607.
History of Sugar Land, Texas The History of Sugar Land, Texas documents the historical events starting with the land grant by Stephen F. Austin to what would later become a company town in the early 1900s and then the fastest growing city in the U.
History of Sumer The history of Sumer, taken to include the prehistoric Ubaid and Uruk periods, spans the 5th to 3rd millennia BC, ending with the downfall of the Third Dynasty of Ur around 2004 BC, followed by a transition period of Amorite states before the rise of Babylonia in the 18th century BC.
History of Swansea Swansea (Welsh: Abertawe) is a city and local government area in south Wales. The history of Swansea includes a continuous period of human occupation stretching back one thousand years, and there is evidence for consistent occupation of the surrounding area for thousands of years before that.
History of Swaziland According to tradition, the people of the present Swazi nation migrated south before the 16th century to what is now Mozambique. Following a series of conflicts with people living in the area of modern Maputo, the Swazis settled in northern Zululand in about 1750.
History of Swedish In the 9th century, Old Norse began to diverge into Old West Norse (Norway and Iceland) and Old East Norse (Sweden and Denmark). In the 12th century, the dialects of Denmark and Sweden began to diverge, becoming Old Danish and Old Swedish in the 13th century.
History of Swindon Swindon is a town in Wiltshire in the South West of England. People have lived in the town since the Bronze Age and the town's location, being approximately halfway between Bristol and London, made it an ideal location for the Locomotive Factories of the Great Western Railway in the 1800s.
History of Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg Settlments began to develop in the Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg area of north-east Hungary after the conquest of the Magyars, devastated by the Mongol invasion in 1241, and blocking their development for several decades. The history of Nyíregyháza provides an appropriate example for this process.
History of tea in Japan The history of tea in Japan has its earliest known references is in a text written by a Buddhist monk in the 9th century. Tea became a drink of the religious classes in Japan when Japanese priests and envoys sent to China to learn about its culture brought tea to Japan.
History of tea in Korea The history of tea in Korea was first historical documented as the offering of tea to an ancestral god describes a rite in the year 661 in which a tea offering was made to the spirit of King Suro, the founder of the Geumgwan Gaya Kingdom (42-562).
History of technology The history of technology is the history of the invention of tools and techniques for doing practical things. Its modern history is intimately related with the history of science, as the discovery of new background knowledge has enabled us to create new things, and conversely, many scientific endeavors have become possible through technologies which assist humans to travel to places we could not otherwise go, and probe the nature of the universe in more detail than our natural senses allow.
History of telecommunication The history of telecommunication began with the use of smoke signals and drums in Africa, the Americas and parts of Asia. In the 1790s the first fixed semaphore systems emerged in Europe however it was not until the 1830s that electrical telecommunication systems started to appear.
History of telephone service in Catalonia The origins of telephone service in Catalonia date back to the end of the 19th century. At the beginning of the 20th, the Spanish Government had left it to private industry to create the infrastructure necessary for telephone communications.
History of telescopes The credit for the invention of the telescope has been a subject of discussion. In 385 BC, Democritus announced that the Milky Way is composed of vast multitudes of stars it has been maintained by some that he could only have been led to form such an opinion from actual examination with a telescope.
History of television The History of television technology can be divided along two lines: those developments that depended upon both mechanical and electronic principles, and those which are purely electronic. From the latter descended all modern televisions, but these would not have been possible without discoveries and insights from the mechanical systems.
History of the alphabet The history of the alphabet begins in Ancient Egypt, more than a millennium into the history of writing. The first pure alphabets emerged around 2000 BC in Egypt, as a representation developed by Semitic workers in Egypt of their own language (see Middle Bronze Age alphabets), deriving the system from the partly alphabetic principles (besides syllabic and logographic values) of the Egyptian hieroglyphs.
History of the Alps Little is known of the early dwellers in the Alps, save from the scanty accounts preserved by Roman and Greek historians and geographers. A few details have come down to us of the conquest of many of the Alpine tribes by Augustus, as well as Hannibal's battles across the Alps.
History of the Americas The history of the Americas is the collective history of North and South America, including Central America and the Caribbean. It begins with people migrating to these areas from Asia and possibly Oceania during the height of an Ice Age.
History of the Anglican Communion The History of the Anglican Communion may be attributed mainly to the worldwide spread of British culture associated with the British Empire. Among other things, the Church of England spread around the world, and, gradually developing autonomy in each region of the world, became the communion as it exists today.
History of the Anglo-Egyptian condominium This article discusses the Anglo-Egyptian rule during the history of Sudan from 1899 to 1955. In January 1899, an Anglo-Egyptian agreement restored Egyptian rule in Sudan but as part of a condominium, or joint authority, exercised by Britain and Egypt.
History of the Arab-Israeli conflict The Arab-Israeli conflict is a modern phenomenon, which dates back to the end of the 19th century. The conflict became a major international issue after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in 1917, and in various forms it continues to this day.
History of the Arabic alphabet The history of the Arabic alphabet shows that this abjad has changed since it arose. It is thought that the Arabic alphabet is a derivative of the Nabataean variation (or perhaps the Syriac variation) of the Aramaic alphabet, which itself descended from the Phoenician alphabet, which among others gave rise to the Hebrew alphabet and the Greek alphabet, (and therefore the Cyrillic and Roman alphabets, etc).
History of the Armée de l'Air (1909-1942) The Armée de l'Air (literally, "army of the air") is the name of the French Air Force in its native language. It has borne this name only from August 1933 when it was still under the jurisdiction of the army.
History of the Australian Capital Territory The history of the Australian Capital Territory as a Territory of Australia began after the Federation of Australia in 1901, when it was created in law as the site for Australia's capital city Canberra. The region has a long prior history of human habitation before the Territory's creation, however, with evidence of Indigenous Australian settlement dating back at least 21,000 years.
History of the battery The first battery was invented in 1800 by Alessandro Volta, but although it was a great sensation in scientific circles, it was too crude and underperforming for serious practical use. Later batteries, starting with John Frederic Daniell's wet cell in 1836, provided more reliable currents and were adopted by industry for use in stationary devices, particularly in telegraph networks where, in the days before electricital distribution networks, they were the only practical source of electricity.
History of the bicycle Two-wheeled devices for human transport that require balancing have a long history, with the earliest confirmed example dating to the early 19th century, although the term bicycle was coined in France in the 1860s.
History of the board game Monopoly The history of the board game Monopoly can be traced back to the early 1900s. Based on original designs by the American Elizabeth Magie, several board games were developed from 1903 through the 1930s that involved the buying and selling of land and the development of that land.
History of the book The history of the book is the story of a suite of technological innovations that improved the quality of text conservation, the access to information, portability, and the cost of production. This history is strongly linked to political and economical contingencies and the history of ideas and religions.
History of the Balkans The Balkans is an area of southeastern Europe situated at a major crossroads between mainland Europe and the Near East. The distinct identity and fragmentation of the Balkans owes much to its common and often violent history and to its very mountainous geography.
History of the Basque people The Basque people are an indigenous people inhabiting adjacent areas of Spain and France. Their history is therefore interconnected with Spanish and French history and also with the history of many other past and present countries, particularly in Europe and the Americas.
History of the Big Bang The history of the Big Bang theory begins with the Big Bang's development from observations and theoretical considerations. Much of the theoretical work in cosmology now involves extensions and refinements to the basic Big Bang theory.
History of the Boy Scouts of America The Boy Scouts of America (BSA) was inspired by and modeled on the Boy Scout Association, established by Robert Baden-Powell in Britain in 1907. In the early 1900s, several youth organizations were active, and many became part of the BSA.
History of the British Army The history of the British Army spans three and a half centuries and numerous European, colonial and world wars. From the early 19th century until 1914, the United Kingdom was the greatest economic and imperial power in the world, and although this dominance was principally achieved through the strength of the British Royal Navy, the British Army played a significant role.
History of the British constitution The constitution of the United Kingdom is said to be uncodified. That is, its constitution is not in a single, written document, but is drawn from legislation many hundreds of years old, judicial precedents, convention, and numerous other sources.
History of the British penny (1901-1970) The penny of King Edward VII (1901–1910) is of the same technical standards as the late Victorian issues. The head on the obverse is by George William de Saulles (1862–1903), facing right, with the inscription EDWARDVS VII DEI GRA BRITT OMN REX FID DEF IND IMP.
History of the British Virgin Islands The history of the British Virgin Islands begins with the settlement by Arawak Indians from South America around 100 BC (though there is some evidence of Amerindian presence on the islands as far back as 1500 BC The Arawaks inhabited the islands until the 15th century] when they were displaced by the more aggressive [[Caribs, a tribe from the Lesser Antilles islands, after whom the Caribbean Sea is named. (Some historians, however, believe that this popular account of warlike Caribs chasing peaceful Arawaks out of the Caribbean islands is rooted in simplistic European stereotypes, and that the true story is more complex.
History of the camera The first permanent photograph was made in 1826 or 1827 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce using a sliding wooden box camera made by Charles and Vincent Chevalier in Paris. Niépce built on a discovery by Johann Heinrich Schultz (1724): a silver and chalk mixture darkens under exposure to light.
History of the creation-evolution controversy * 1785 - James Hutton presented his theory of uniformitarianism, explaining that the Earth must be much older than previously supposed to allow time for mountains to be eroded and for sediment to form new rocks at the bottom of the sea, which in turn were raised up to become dry land.
History of the Canadian Army The Canadian Army as such only existed under that name from November 1940 to February 1968. However, the term has been traditionally applied to the ground forces of Canada's military from Confederation in 1867 to the present.
History of the Caribbean The History of the Caribbean reveals the significant role the region played in the colonial struggles of the European powers between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries. In the twentieth century the Caribbean was again important during World War II, in the decolonisation wave in the post-war period, and in the tension between Communist Cuba and the United States (US).
History of the Cayman Islands Christopher Columbus discovered the Cayman Islands on May 10, 1503 and named them Las Tortugas after the numerous sea turtles there. Columbus had found the two small islands (Cayman Brac and Little Cayman) and it was these 2 islands that he named "Las Tortugas".
History of the Central African Republic The Central African Republic is believed to have been settled from at least the 7th century on by overlapping empires, including the Kanem-Bornu, Ouaddai, Baguirmi, and Dafour groups based around Lake Chad region and along Upper Nile. Later, various sultanates claimed present-day C.
History of the Conservative Party The modern Conservative Party of the United Kingdom traces its origins back to the "Tory" supporters of Duke of York, later King James VII&II, during the 1678-1681 exclusion. The name was originally meant as a pejorative -- a 'Tory' was a type of Irish bandit.
History of the demographics of Bosnia and Herzegovina This article is about the Demographic history of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and deals with the country's documented demographics over time. For an overview of the various ethnic groups and their historical development, see Nations of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
History of the Daleks The Daleks (pronounced "DAH-lecks"; IPA: ) are a fictional extraterrestrial race of mutants from the British science fiction television series Doctor Who. The mutated remains of the Kaled people of the planet Skaro, they travel around in tank-like mechanical casings, and are a race bent on universal conquest and destruction.
History of the DC Universe History of the DC Universe is a two-issue comic book limited series published by DC Comics following the end of Crisis on Infinite Earths. It was an attempt to summarize the new history of the DC Universe to establish what was canonical after Crisis reformed the multiverse into a single universe.
History of the electric vehicle History of the electric vehicles began in the mid-1800s and held the vehicular land speed record until around 1900. The high cost and low top speed of electric vehicles compared to later internal combustion vehicles caused a worldwide decline in their use, and only relatively recently have they re-emerged into the public eye.
History of the Ecuadorian-Peruvian territorial dispute The territorial dispute between Ecuador and Peru was one of the most persistent and seemingly most resistant to resolution of any in the Western Hemisphere. The conflict arose virtually at the birth of these two nations from the Spanish Empire in the early 19th Century.
History of the Encyclopædia Britannica The Encyclopædia Britannica has been continuously published since 1768, and has appeared in 15 official editions. Several editions have been amended with multi-volume "supplements" (3rd-6th) or undergone drastic re-organizations (15th).
History of the England national football team The history of the England national football team dates back to the first ever international football match in 1872. They have won one World Cup, in 1966, and have been consistnetly amongs the top twenty teams in the world.
History of the English borough Borough is a term for a town, formerly denoting a unit of local government in England and Wales. Historically, boroughs were the second tier of local government, established by charters granted at different times by the monarchy.
History of the English fiscal system The history of the English fiscal system affords the best known example of continuous financial development, in terms of both institutions and methods. Although some periods of great upheaval did occur, from the time of the Norman Conquest to the beginning of the 20th century the line of connection is almost entirely unbroken.

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