Encyclopedia

History of the People's Republic of China From a China political point of view, the People's Republic of China had, for several decades, been known as the political entity that is often synonymous with Mainland China. Historically, the same name (Chinese: 共和国史) but implies the most recent of historical eras in Chinese history that was preceded by thousands of years of imperial dynasties and the Republic.
History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976) From a political point of view, the People's Republic of China had, for several decades, been known as the political entity that is often synonymous with Mainland China. Historically, the same name but implies the most recent of historical eras in Chinese history that was preceded by thousands of years of imperial dynasties and the Republic.
History of the Philippines The history of the Philippines begins with the arrival of the first humans in the Philippines by land bridges at least 30,000 years ago. The first recorded visit from the West is the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan on Homonhon Island, southeast of Samar on March 16, 1521.
History of the Portuguese Communist Party The History of the Portuguese Communist Party (Portuguese: Partido Comunista PortuguĂŞs, pron. or PCP), spans a period of more than 85 years, since its foundation in 1921 as the Portuguese section of the Communist International (Comintern) to the present.
History of the Portuguese language The Portuguese language developed in the Western Iberian Peninsula from Latin brought there by Roman soldiers and colonists starting in the 3rd century BC. It began to diverge from other Romance languages after the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the barbarian invasions in the 5th century, and started to be used in written documents around the 9th century.
History of the Precinct of Amun-Re The history of the Karnak complex is largely the history of Thebes. The city does not appear to of been of any significance before the Eleventh Dynasty, and any temple building here would have been small and unimportant.
History of the Prophets and Kings The History of the Prophets and Kings (Arabic: تاريخ الرسل والملوك Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk, popularly Tarikh al-Tabari) is a history by Persian author and historian Ibn Jarir al-Tabari (838–923) from the Creation to AD 915, and is renowned for its detail and accuracy concerning Arab and Muslim history.
History of the Punjab The first known use of the word Punjab is in the book Tarikh-e-Sher Shah (1580), which mentions the construction of a fort by "Sher Khan of Punjab". The name is mentioned again in Ain-e-Akbari (part 1), written by Abul Fazal, who also mentions that the territory of Punjab was divided into two provinces, Lahore and Multan.
History of the rupee India has been one of the earliest issuers of coins in the world (circa 6th Century BC). The origin of the word "rupee" is found in the word rūp or rūpā, which means "silver" in many Indo-Aryan languages such as Hindi.
History of the Republic of China The Republic of China () succeeded the Qing Dynasty in 1912, ending 2,000 years of imperial rule. Since its founding, the republic experienced many tribulations as it was dominated by numerous warlords and fragmented by foreign powers.
History of the Republic of Ireland The state known today as the Republic of Ireland came into being when twenty-six of the counties of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom (UK) in 1922. The remaining six counties remained within the UK as Northern Ireland.
History of the Republic of Macedonia This article is about the history of the Southeast European country whose contitutional name is "Republic of Macedonia", however it is also known under the temporary reference "Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia". For history of the wider Macedonian region, roughly 36% of which is in the present day Republic of Macedonia, about 52% in Greece, with some 10% in Bulgaria, see Macedonia, other small areas of the historical region are currently in Albania (1,5%) and Serbia (0,5%) .
History of the Republic of Singapore The history of the Republic of Singapore began when Singapore gained its independence and became a republic following a secession from the Federation of Malaysia on 9 August 1965. After the separation, the fledgling nation had to become self-sufficient, and faced problems including mass unemployment, housing shortages and lack of land and natural resources such as petroleum.
History of the Republic of Turkey The Republic of Turkey was the successor state of the Ottoman Empire, following the overthrow of Sultan Mehmet VI Vahdettin by the new Republican assembly of Turkey in 1922. This new regime delivered the 'coup de grâce' to the Ottoman state which had been practically wiped away from the world stage following the First World War.
History of the Republic of Venice The history of the Republic of Venice began with the city of Venice, which originated as a collection of lagoon communities banded together for mutual defence from the Lombards as the power of the Byzantine Empire dwindled in northern Italy in the late seventh century. Sometime in the first decades of the eighth century, the people of the lagoon elected their first leader Ursus, who was confirmed by Byzantium and given the titles of hypatus and dux.
History of the Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America A History of the Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America is a historically significant work of historiography of the American Civil War by Vice President Henry Wilson, who had been a Senator from Massachusetts during the war.
History of the Roman Catholic Church The History of the Roman Catholic Church covers a period of just under two thousand years, making the Church one of the oldest religious institutions in history. As one of the oldest branches of Christianity (the Eastern Orthodox and some other churches are also "apostolic" in origin -- i.
History of the Romanians in Ukraine This article is about the history of Romanians in what is now southwestern Ukraine, roughly between the Dniester River and the Bug River, who traditionally have not belonged to any Romanian statal entity (nor to Transnistria), but have been an integral part of the history of modern Ukraine, and are considered natives to the area. It does no refer to the Romanians of Northern Bukovina or Bessarabia, areas that were, between the World Wars, part of Romania.
History of the Royal Australian Air Force The Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) was first established at the Imperial Conference held in London in 1911, it was there that it was decided aviation should be developed within the Armed Forces of the British empire. Australia implemented this decision, the only country to do so, by approving the establishment of the Central Flying School at Point Cook, Victoria in 1912.
History of the Royal Australian Navy The History of the Royal Australian Navy can be traced back to 1788 and the colonisation of Australia by the British. During the period until 1859, vessels of the Royal Navy made frequent trips to the new colonies.
History of the Royal Navy The British Royal Navy does not have a well-defined moment of formation; it started out as a motley assortment of "King's ships" during the Middle Ages, assembled only as needed and then dispersed, began to take shape as a standing navy during the 16th century, and became a regular establishment during the tumults of the 17th century. The Navy grew considerably during the global struggle with France that started in 1690 and culminated in the Napoleonic Wars, a time when the practice of fighting under sail was developed to its highest point.
History of the Rugby World Cup The history of the Rugby World Cup dates as far back as the 1950s, where various individuals and bodies would suggest the idea in the years leading up to the 1980s when the idea finally caught momentum. The first Rugby World Cup was held in 1987 - hosted by both Australia and New Zealand who pushed for the tournament to be approved.
History of the Russo-Turkish wars The Russo–Turkish wars were a series of wars fought between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire during the 17th, 18th, and 19th and 20th centuries. It was one of the longest conflicts in European history.
History of the single-lens reflex camera The history of the single-lens reflex camera began in the early 20th century, but it was not until the 1960s that the format became popular. It remains the camera design of choice for most professional and ambitious amateur photographers.
History of the social sciences In ancient philosophy, there was no difference between the liberal arts of mathematics and the study of history, poetry or politics—only with the development of mathematical proof did there gradually arise a perceived difference between "scientific" disciplines and others, the "humanities" or "liberal arts". Thus, Aristotle studies planetary motion and poetry with the same methods, and Plato mixes geometrical proofs with his demonstration on the state of intrinsic knowledge.
History of the Scottish National Party In Scotland, the Scottish National Party (SNP) is a centre-left political party who favours Scottish independence. It currently regularly polls the second highest number of votes for a political party in Scotland.
History of the Second World War History of the Second World War is an extensive set of volumes publised by HMSO about the British contribution to the Second World War. This immense project was sub-divided into a number of areas to ease publication.
History of the Singapore Police Force The History of the Singapore Police Force is a long one, and in many ways, has paralleled the astronomical economic growth of the country the force is tasked to protect. From a staff of eleven men based in a simple attap hut, the force has grown to over 36,000 men and women, basing their operations from thirty-two Neighbourhood Police Centres, sixty Neighbourhood Police Posts, and various other land and marine establishments spread across the country.
History of the Socialist Workers Party (Britain) The History of the Socialist Workers Party begins with the formation of the Socialist Review Group in 1950, followed by the creation of the International Socialists in 1962 and continues through to the present day with the formation of the Socialist Workers Party in 1977.
History of the Solomon Islands The human history of the Solomon Islands begins with the first settlement at least 30,000 years ago from New Guinea. They represented the furthest expansion of humans into the Pacific until the expansion of Austronesian-language speakers through the area around 4000 BC, bringing new agricultural and maritime technology.
History of the Southern United States The history of the Southern United States reaches back thousands of years and included the Mississippian peoples, well known for their mound building. European history in the region began in the very earliest days of the exploration and colonization of North America.
History of the Soviet Union The History of the Soviet Union begins with the Russian Revolution of 1917. The Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, emerged as the main political force in the capital, though they had to fight a long and bloody civil war against monarchist forces.
History of the Spanish language The Spanish language developed from vulgar Latin, with influence from Basque in the north and Arabic in the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula (see Iberian Romance languages). Typical features of Spanish diachronical phonology include lenition (Latin vita, Spanish vida; Latin lupus, Spanish lobo), palatalization (Latin annum, Spanish año) and diphthongation of breve E/O from vulgar Latin (Latin terra, Spanish tierra; Latin novus, Spanish nuevo; Latin tempus, Spanish tiempo; Latin ferrum, Spanish fierro and now hierro).
History of the Strathfield area The history of the Strathfield area, in New South Wales started with the Wangle Indigenous Australians but then involves the first disastrous white settlement at Liberty Plains. After this settlement failed the land became part of the Redmire estate and then was subdivided and sold into lots of land.
History of the Supreme Court of the United States The Supreme Court of the United States is the only court specifically established by the Constitution of the United States, implemented in 1789; under the Judiciary Act of 1789, the Court was to be composed of six members—though the number of justices has been nine for almost all of its history, this number is set by Congress, not the Constitution. The court convened for the first time on February 2, 1790.
History of the Time Lords The Time Lords are a fictional race of humanoids, originating on the planet Gallifrey, seen in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who. Time Lords are so called because they are able to travel in and manipulate time through technology to a far greater degree than any other civilisation.
History of the Transitional Federal Government of the Republic of Somalia The Transitional Federal Government (TFG) of the Republic of Somalia has had a tumultous history. It is the most recent attempt to restore national institutions to Somalia after the 1991 downfall of Siad Barre.
History of the Turkish people The Turks (Turkish people), whose name was first used in history in the 6th century AD by the Chinese Columbia EncyclopediaEncyclopædia Britannica, are a society whose language belongs to the Turkic language family (which in turn some classify as a subbranch of Altaic linguistic family.Linguistic Lineage for Turkish) They identify themselves as being descended of Oghuz Turks who migrated to Anatolia in 11th century.
History of the United Kingdom The United Kingdom is the sovereign state or realm that covers England, Scotland, Wales (the island of Great Britain) and Northern Ireland and which for over one hundred years included the whole of the island of Ireland.
History of the United States The American continent ranges from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean and includes outlying areas as well. The first inhabitants of the area now claimed by the United States arrived at least 12,000 years ago, probably by crossing the Bering land bridge into Alaska.
History of the United States (1776–1789) From 1776 through 1789, the history of the United States included the formation of the independent country of the United States and the drawing and ratification of its new government. In an attempt to gain autonomy and freedom from the Kingdom of Great Britain, the Americans started a revolution, which grew into a war.
History of the United States Coast Guard The History of the United States Coast Guard goes back to the Revenue Cutter Service, which was founded on August 4, 1790 as part of the Department of the Treasury. The Revenue Cutter Service and the United States Life-Saving Service were merged to become the Coast Guard per which states: "The Coast Guard as established January 28, 1915, shall be a military service and a branch of the armed forces of the United States at all times.
History of the United States Constitution The United States Constitution was created in 1787, four years after the United States secured its independence from Great Britain by treaty. The Constitution is the successor to the Articles of Confederation, passed in 1778, and was designed to create a national government strong enough to survive in a dangerous world, and yet protect the rights of states and citizens.
History of the United States House of Representatives The United States House of Representatives is one of two chambers of the United States Congress. The House, like its Senate counterpart, was created in the United States Constitution of 1787, but its origins lie in the years before the American Revolutionary War.
History of the United States National Security Council Since the end of World War II, each administration has sought to develop and perfect a reliable set of executive institutions to manage national security policy. Each President has tried to avoid the problems and deficiencies of his predecessors' efforts and install a policy-making and coordination system that reflected his personal management style.
History of the United States National Security Council 1961-1963 This article is about the history of the United States National Security Council during the Kennedy Administration, 1961-1963. The National Security Council is the principal forum used by the President of the United States for considering national security and foreign policy matters with his senior national security advisors and cabinet officials.
History of the United States National Security Council 1974-1977 President Ford assumed office at a very tense time for both American foreign relations and domestic politics. America's credibility in the world was imperilled by its humiliating withdrawal from Vietnam, and the war there was shortly to come to an end with the annexation of America's ally South Vietnam by the North.
History of the United States Navy The history of the United States Navy divides into two major periods: the "Old Navy", a small but respected force of sailing ships that was also notable for innovation in the use of ironclads during the American Civil War, and the "New Navy", the result of a modernization effort that began in the 1880s and eventually made the US Navy the most powerful in the world.
History of the University of Alabama The History of the University of Alabama begins with an act of Congress in 1818 authorizing the newly-formed Alabama Territory to set aside a township for the establishment of a "seminary of learning." Alabama was admitted to the Union on March 20, 1819 and a second township added to the land grant.
History of the University of Edinburgh The founding of the University of Edinburgh is attributed to Bishop Robert Reid of St Magnus Cathedral, Kirkwall, who left the funds on his death in 1558 that ultimately provided the endowment for the University of Edinburgh. The University was established by a Royal Charter granted by James VI in 1582.
History of the University of Michigan The history of the University of Michigan (U-M) began with its establishment in 1817 by the Michigan Territorial legislature. As one of the United States' first public universities, it was built on 1,920 acres (7.
History of the University of St Andrews The history of the University of St Andrews begins with its foundation in 1410 when a charter of incorporation was bestowed upon the Augustinian priory of St Andrews Cathedral. The University grew in size quite rapidly; St.
History of the victorian slide bracelet Before the creation of the wrist watch, Victorian women wore their time piece on a neck chain that stayed in place with a decorative station that supported the watch (just under it). With a variety of these "stations" to wear with different outfits, they needed some use for all that jewelry after the wrist watch came into fashion.
History of the violin The violin first emerged in northern macaroni town in the early 16th century. While no instruments from the first decades of the century survive, there are several representations in paintings; some of the early instruments have only three strings.
History of the Vatican City The Holy See's diplomatic history began in the fourth century, but the boundaries of the papacy's temporal power have shifted over the centuries. In their secular role the Popes ruled much of the Italian peninsula, including Rome, for more than a thousand years.
History of the world The history of the world, by convention, is human history, from the first appearance of Homo sapiens to the present. Human history is marked both by a gradual accretion of discoveries and inventions, as well as by quantum leaps — revolutions — that comprise epochs in the material and spiritual evolution of humankind.
History of the West Coast of North America The history of the west coast of North AmericaThe term North America has a variety of meanings, including just the United States and Canada, those two countries plus Mexico, or all of the continent from Panama north; this article uses this most expansive definition. stretches back to the arrival of the earliest people over the Bering Strait, through the development of significant pre-Columbian cultures and population densities, to the arrival of the European explorers and colonizers.
History of the West Indian cricket team The history of the West Indian cricket team begins in the 1890s, when the first representative sides were selected to play visiting English sides. Administered by the West Indies Cricket Board ("WICB"), and known colloquially as The Windies, the West Indies cricket team represents a sporting confederation of English-speaking Caribbean countries.
History of the World Wide Web The World Wide Web ("WWW" or simply the "Web") is a global information medium which users can read and write via computers connected to the Internet. The term is often mistakenly used as a synonym for the Internet itself, but the Web is a service that operates over the Internet, as e-mail does.
History of the World, Part I History of the World, Part I is a 1981 film written, produced and directed by Mel Brooks. As he does in many of his other films, Brooks also gives himself a great deal of time in front of the camera, this time playing five roles: Moses, Comicus the stand-up philosopher, Tomás de Torquemada, King Louis XVI, and Jacques le garçon de pisse (the "piss-boy").
History of the Yosemite area The known history of the Yosemite area started with Ahwahnechee and Paiute peoples who inhabited the central Sierra Nevada region of California that now includes Yosemite National Park. At the time when the first non-indigenous people entered the area, a band of Native Americans called the AhwahnecheeAbove California, Retrieved 4 January 2007 lived in Yosemite Valley.
History of thermodynamics The history of thermodynamics is a fundamental strand in the history of physics, the history of chemistry, and the history of science in general. To summarize thermodynamics and its relation to science, we quote from quantum thermodynamicists Elias Gyftopoulos and Gian Beretta:
History of transport in London (1933-2003) The public transport network in London, United Kingdom and its environs has been under the single control of various organisations commonly known as London Transport. That control, generally speaking, bears responsibility for its underground railways, buses, coaches and trams.
History of Tamil Nadu The region of Tamil Nadu has been under continuous human habitation since prehistoric times and the history of Tamil Nadu and the civilisation of the Tamil people are among the oldest in the world. Throughout its history, spanning from the early Palaeolithic age to the modern time, this region has coexisted with various external cultures.
History of Tampa, Florida The word "Tampa" is an American Indian word used to refer to the area when the first European explorers arrived in Florida. Its meaning, if any, has been lost to the ages, though it is sometimes claimed to mean "sticks of fire" in the language of the Calusa, a Native American tribe.
History of Tango History of Tango as a distinctive dance and the corresponding musical style of tango began in Buenos Aires, Argentina & Montevideo, Uruguay, with roots traced into the cultures of several peoples that came together in these melting pots of ethnicities.
History of Test cricket from 1890 to 1900 Test matches (matches of Test cricket) in the 19th century were somewhat different affairs than what they are today. Many of them were not designated as Test matches for many years afterwards, and it is possible that some Test players never knew they had played in a Test.
History of Texas The history of Texas (as part of the United States) began in 1845, but settlement of the region dates back to the end of the Upper Paleolithic Period, around 10,000 BC. Its history has been shaped by being part of six independent countries: Spain, France, Mexico, the Republic of Texas, the Confederacy, and the United States.
History of Thailand The history of Thailand begins with the migration of the Thais from their ancestoral home in southern China into mainland southeast asia around the 10th century AD. Prior to this Mon, Khmer and Malay kingdoms ruled the region.
History of Thailand (1768-1932) From 1768 to 1932 the area of modern Thailand was dominated by Siam, an absolute monarchy with capitals briefly at Thonburi and later at Rattanakosin, both in modern-day Bangkok. The first half of this period was a time of consolidation of the kingdom's power, and was punctuated by periodic conflicts with Burma, Vietnam and the Lao states.
History of Thailand (1932-1973) The history of Thailand from 1932 to 1973 was dominated by the military dictatorship which was in power for much of the period. The main personalities of the period were the dictator Pibulsonggram (better known as Phibun), who allied the country with Japan during the Second World War, and the civilian politician Pridi Phanomyong, who founded Thammasat University and was briefly prime minister after the war.
History of Thailand since 1973 The history of Thailand since 1973 has seen a difficult and sometimes bloody transition from military to civilian rule, with several reversals along the way, including the most recent military coup of September 2006. The revolution of 1973 inaugurated a brief, unstable period of democracy, with military rule being reimposed after a bloody coup in 1976.
History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints The early history of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is shared by the larger Latter Day Saint movement, which originated in upstate New York under the leadership of Joseph Smith, Jr.. With the important assistance of Oliver Cowdery and Sidney Rigdon, Smith dictated and published works of scripture, claimed to be visited by angels, and formed a new church.
History of The University of Texas at Austin The history of The University of Texas at Austin began in 1827 as a provision in the ConstitutciĂłn de Coahuila y Texas. However, delays, inaction, and war caused the construction of the university to be postponed until 1882.
History of Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram city and several other places in the district, occupy an important place in ancient tradition, folklores and literature of the State. South Kerala, particularly Thiruvananthapuram, had a political and cultural history in the early past, which was in some respect independent from that of the rest of Kerala.
History of Tibet Tibet is situated between the two ancient civilizations of China and India, but the tangled mountain ranges the Tibetan Plateau and the towering Himalayas serve to distance it from both. The Tibetan language is a member of the Tibeto-Burman branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family.
History of Timişoara This article is about the History of Timişoara, the largest and most important city in the Romanian Banat. Timişoara is also known by the following names: Hungarian: Temesvár, German: Temeswar / Temeschwar / Temeschburg, Serbian: Temišvar / Темишвар, Turkish: Tamışvar / Temeşvar.
History of Tlaxcala History of Tlaxcala is an illustrated codex written by and under the supervision of Diego Muñoz Camargo in the years leading up to 1585. Also known as Lienzo Tlaxcala ("Linen of Tlaxcala") and by its Spanish title, Historia de Tlaxcala, this manuscript highlights the religious, cultural, and military history of the Tlaxcalan people, in particular focusing on the post-conquest aspects.
History of Tokyo The mainland area now occupied by Tokyo was, together with modern-day Saitama Prefecture and the cities of Kawasaki and the eastern part of Yokohama, established in the 7th century as Musashi, one of the province under the ritsuryĹŤ system. Small parts were in Shimosa Province.
History of Transylvania This is an article about the history of Transylvania, a region of Central Europe. The region now known as Transylvania, was once part of Dacia and became part of the Roman Empire; later the Great Migrations out of Asia brought successive waves of peoples.
History of Tripura The State of Tripura has a long history. The Kingdom of Tripura in its peak included the whole eastern region of Bengal from the Brahmaputra river in the north and west, the Bay of Bengal in the south and Burma to the east during the 14th and 15th centuries AD.
History of Tristan da Cunha The islands of Tristan da Cunha were sighted in 1506 by the Portuguese admiral Tristan, or more correctly TristĂŁo da Cunha, after whom they are named, during a voyage to India. Thereafter the islands (which were uninhabited) were occasionally visited by outward bound ships to the Indies.
History of Turkey (disambiguation) The History of Turkey generally accepted term for the History of the Republic of Turkey; has been used prior to 1921, for the history of Thrace and Anatolia and its civilizations, or as the history of the Turkish people and their migration to Anatolia with their established states.
History of Turkmenistan While the ancient history of early Turkmenistan is largely shrouded in mystery, its past since the arrival of Indo-European Iranian tribes around 2000 BCE is often the starting point of the area's discernable history. Early tribes were nomadic or semi-nomadic due to the arid conditions of the region as the steppe culture in Central Asia was an extension of a larger Eurasian series of horse cultures which spanned the entire specturm of language families including the Proto-Indo-Europeans and Altaic groups.
History of Tuvalu The Spanish navigator Alvaro de Mendaña y Neyra spotted the small island of Nui in Tuvalu in 1568 while on an expedition to find the mythical land of Terra Australis. In 1819, Captain Arent de Peyster (or Peyter), while on a voyage from Valparaíso to India, discovered the atoll of Funafuti, where the capital is now located, a cluster of about fourteen low islands and sand keys.
History of Tyrone gaelic football Tyrone has been represented in Gaelic football for nearly a century, but until the mid eighties, the Senior team were considered among the weaker teams in Ulster. However, today, Tyrone are considered one of the strongest teams in Ireland, having won All-Irelands in 2003 and 2005.
History of unmanned aerial vehicles Unmanned aerial vehicles, known variously as UAVs, drones, and remotely piloted vehicles (RPVs), have been a feature of aviation for much of its history, though in limited or secondary roles, and often overlooked. For the purposes of this article, and to distinguish UAVs from missles, a UAV is defined as being capable of controlled, sustained level flight and powered by a jet or reciprocating engine.
History of Ukraine The territory of present-day Ukraine was a key centre of East Slavic culture in the Middle Ages, before being divided between a variety of powers. A brief period of independence (1917-1921) following the Russian Revolution of 1917 was ended by Ukraine's absorption into the Soviet Union in 1922 and the republic's present borders were only established in 1954.
History of United Nations Peacekeeping The history of peacekeeping started in the aftermath of World War II, with the formation of the United Nations. Peacekeeping, the use of neutral personnel in post-conflict areas to implement agreements between ex-combatants, was rarely even considered prior to 1945.
History of United States Naval Operations in World War II The History of United States Naval Operations in World War II is a 15-volume account of the United States Navy in World War II, written by eminent historian Samuel Eliot Morison and published by Little, Brown and Company between 1947 and 1962. It is considered one of the finest histories of US Navy operations ever produced.
History of Uzbekistan Located in the heart of Central Asia between the Amu Darya (Oxus) and Syr Darya (Jaxartes) Rivers, Uzbekistan has a long and interesting heritage. The leading cities of the Silk Road - Samarkand, Bukhara, and Khiva - are located in Uzbekistan.
History of variational principles in physics A variational principle in physics is an alternative method for determining the state or dynamics of a physical system, by identifying it as an extremum (minimum, maximum or saddle point) of a function or functional. This article describes the historical development of such principles.
History of victory disease In victory disease, the military commanders, armies, and sometimes whole nations, having experienced a series of previous military victories, become weak and susceptible to defeat due to groupthink. See victory disease.
History of video game consoles (fifth generation) In the history of computer and video games, the 32-bit / 64-bit era was the fifth generation of video game consoles. It featured both 32-bit and 64-bit consoles, and the market was dominated by three consoles, the Sega Saturn (1994), the Sony PlayStation (1994) and the Nintendo 64 (1996), with the PlayStation eventually ending up the most successful and ending Nintendo's longstanding domination over the market.
History of video game consoles (fourth generation) In the history of video games, the 16-bit era was the fourth generation of video game consoles. Starting in 1987 with the Japanese launch of the PC Engine, this era was dominated by commercial rivalry between Nintendo and Sega with their machines, the Super Nintendo Entertainment System and the Sega Mega Drive — the latter known as the Sega Genesis in North America.
History of video game consoles (seventh generation) The seventh generation is the era in the history of computer and video games that began on November 21, 2004 with the release of the Nintendo DS. The console portion of the generation began with the release of Microsoft's Xbox 360 on November 22, 2005 and continued a year later with the releases of Sony's PlayStation 3 on November 17, 2006 and Nintendo's Wii on November 19 2006 in North America.
History of video game consoles (sixth generation) The sixth-generation era (sometimes referred to as the 128-bit era; see "Number of bits" below) refers to the computer and video games, video game consoles, and video game handhelds available at the turn of the 21st century. Platforms of the sixth generation include the Sega Dreamcast, Sony PlayStation 2, Nintendo GameCube, and the Microsoft Xbox.
History of video game consoles (third generation) In the history of video games, the 8-bit era was the third generation of video game consoles, but the first after the video game crash of 1983 and considered by some to be the first "modern" era of console gaming. It began in 1983 with the release of the Famicom in Japan and lasted until 1987.
History of virtual learning environments A Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) is a system that creates an environment designed to facilitate teachers in the management of educational courses for their students, especially a system using computer hardware and software, especially involving distance learning.
History of Vancouver Vancouver is a city in British Columbia, Canada. With its location near the mouth of the Fraser River and on the waterways of the Strait of Georgia, Howe Sound, Burrard Inlet, and their tributaries, Vancouver has, for thousands of years, been a place of meeting, trade and settlement.

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