Encyclopedia

Ilya Pyatetskii-Shapiro Ilya Pyatetskii-Shapiro (born 1929) is a mathematician, well known for contributions to the theory of Fourier series, bounded homogeneous domains and associated discrete groups, automorphic forms, and algebraic geometry. Born into a Jewish family in the USSR, he emigrated to Israel.
Ilya Ulyanov Ilya Nikolayevich Ulyanov (Илья Николаевич Ульянов in Russian) (—, Simbirsk) was a Russian public figure in the field of public education and a teacher. He was the father of Aleksandr Ulyanov and Vladimir Lenin, the Bolshevik revolutionary leader and founder of the Soviet Union.
Ilya Yefimovich Repin Ilyá Yefímovich Répin (Илья́ Ефи́мович Ре́пин) (August 5 1844, Ukraine (Julian calendar: July 24) – September 29 1930, Kuokkala, Finland) was a leading Russian painter and sculptor of the Peredvizhniki artistic school. His realistic works often expressed great psychological depth and exposed the contradictions of the existing social order.
Ilyas Akhmadov Ilyas Khamzatovich Akhmadov (Ильяс Хамзатович Ахмадов) served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs from the Chechen rebel government. He currently resides in the United States, where he was granted asylum.
Ilyich Mariupol steel and iron works JSC "Ilyich Mariupol steel and iron works" (Ukrainian: Маріу́польський металургі́йний комбіна́т і́мені Ілліча́") - the second largest (after Krivorizhstal) metallurgical enterprise of Ukraine, in Mariupol' City.
Ilyo Voyvoda Iliya/Ilija Markov Popgeorgiev, better known as Ilyo Voyvoda/Iljo Vojvodata, is a Bulgarian revolutionary, who is considered a national hero in both the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria. He was born on 28 May 1805 in Berovo, today in the Republic of Macedonia, in the poor farmer family of Marko Popgeorgiev.
Ilyushin Ilyushin (Russian: Илью́шин) is a Russian (formerly Soviet) design bureau and aircraft manufacturer (design office prefix Il), founded by Sergey Vladimirovich Ilyushin. It began operations on January 13, 1933, by order of the People's Commissar of the Heavy Industry of the USSR and the Head of the Main Department of Aviation Industry, P.
Ilyushin DB-3 The Ilyushin DB-3 (for Дальний бомбардировщик - Dalniy Bombardirovschik - "long-range bomber") was a Soviet bomber aircraft of World War II. It was a twin-engined, low-wing monoplane that first flew in 1935.
Ilyushin Il-102 Il-102 was an experimental aircraft designed by Ilyushin to be a jet version of the famous Second World War ground attack fighter Il2. This aircraft was never chosen for production and only few development prototypes exist.
Ilyushin Il-14 The Ilyushin Il-14 (NATO reporting name Crate) was a Soviet twin-engine commercial and military personnel and cargo transport aircraft that first flew in 1950 and entered service in 1954. Il-14 was also manufactured in East Germany by VEB, in Czechoslovakia as the Avia 14, and in China under the Chinese designation Y-6.
Ilyushin Il-2 The Ilyushin Il-2 Shturmovik () was a ground attack aircraft in the Second World War, and was produced by the Soviet Union in huge numbers; in combination with its successor, the Ilyushin Il-10, a total of 36,163 were built, making it the single most produced military aircraft design in all of aviation history as well as the second most produced aircraft in history behind the Polikarpov Po-2.
Ilyushin Il-28 The Ilyushin Il-28 is a jet bomber aircraft that was originally manufactured for the Soviet Air Force and was the USSR's first such aircraft to enter large-scale production. It was also licence-built in China as the Hong H-5.
Ilyushin Il-62 The Ilyushin Il-62 is a Soviet long range airliner. Conceived in 1960 by Ilyushin, it first flew in 1963 and entered Aeroflot service in 1967: the inaugural passenger flight was a service from Moscow to Montreal on September 15.
Ilyushin Il-96 The Ilyushin Il-96 is a four-engined long-range widebody airliner, which incorporates advanced achievements in Russian and foreign aerospace technology,. The IL-96-300 aircraft is designed by Ilyushin Aviation Complex in the city of Moscow, Russia, and it's manufactured by Voronezh Aircraft Manufacturing Company in Voronezh, Russia.
Ilz (town) The town Ilz is located at 47° 05' N, 15° 56' O and approx. 300 m above sea level, at the Left Bank of the river Ilz, in the 1 km wide and fruitful Ilztal, 43 km to the east of Graz, 19 km to the east of Gleisdorf, and 13 km to the west of Fürstenfeld.
IL Protocol The Internet Link protocol or (IL) is a connection-based transport layer protocol designed at Bell Labs originally as part of the Plan 9 operating system and is used to carry 9P. It is assigned the Internet Protocol number of 40.
IL-2 receptor The Interleukin-2 Receptor (IL-2R) is heterotrimeric protein expressed on the surface of certain immune cells, such as lymphocytes, that binds and responds to a cytokine called interleukin 2. Three protein chains (α, β and γ) are non-covelently associated to form the IL-2R.
IL-2 Sturmovik (computer game) IL-2 Sturmovik is a combat flight simulation video game, focused on the air battles of the Eastern Front during World War II. It is named for the Soviet Ilyushin Il-2 ground-attack fighter, which played a prominent role in the theater.
IL2RG IL2RG (interleukin 2 receptor, gamma (severe combined immunodeficiency)) is a human gene that provides instructions for making a protein called the common gamma chain. This protein is located on the surface of immature blood-forming cells in bone marrow.
ILCP The International League of Conservation Photographers (ILCP), an inititative of the WILD Foundation, a non-profit organization based in Boulder, Colorado, is a consortium of professional photographers,editors, scientists, publishers, conservationists and writers state as their mission, to further environmental and cultural conservation through the use of etchical photography.
ILife iLife is a collection of software products created by Apple, designed for Mac OS X, used to create, organize, view and manipulate digital content. As of iLife '06, iLife consists of six components: iTunes, iPhoto, iMovie, iDVD, GarageBand, and iWeb.
IListen iListen, developed by MacSpeech, is a speech recognition program for the Apple Macintosh. As of 2006, iListen is currently the only program that allows inputting text using one's voice that works on newer Macintosh models.
ILIAS ILIAS is a powerful web-based learning management system that allows users to create, edit and publish learning and teaching material in an integrated system with their normal web browsers. Tools for cooperative working and communication among students and lecturers are included as well as those for assessment and evaluation.
ILL Clan The ILL Clan is a machinima production team based in Brooklyn, New York City. The clan has produced a number of machinima shorts, as well as several live performances at film festivals, often interacting with the audience.
ILL Harmonics ILL Harmonics was an underground hip hop group comprised of Blake Knight and Harry "Playdough" Krum. Playdough is also a member of Deepspace5 and is known for his work in the alternative subgenre of hip hop, which includes a guest appearance on Christian rapper KJ-52's breakthrough album, Collaborations (which included beats programmed by Knight).
ILLIAC IV The ILLIAC IV was one of the most infamous supercomputers ever, destined to be the last in a series of research machines from the University of Illinois. Key to the ILLIAC IV design was fairly high parallelism with up to 256 processors, used to allow the machine to work on large data sets in what would later be known as vector processing.
ILo iLo (Integrated Lights-Out) is an embedded server management technology exclusive to Hewlett-Packard Corporation, HP. Usually considered an Out-of-band technology, recently being referred to as component part of these OOBI structures.
ILoo The iLoo was either a short-lived Microsoft project to develop a Wi-Fi-enabled Internet water closet (toilet) or a hoax perpetuated by a British division within Microsoft. News of the iLoo was widely reported, including by the Associated Press and the Wall Street Journal.
ILounge iLounge (formerly iPodlounge) is an independent website covering all things related to Apple's iPod digital audio player (DAP) and the related iTunes software. Founded by Dennis Lloyd in the days after Apple released their first generation iPod on October 23, 2001, iLounge has become the leading source of iPod information, assistance, news, and discussion.
ILP Contingent The British Independent Labour Party sent a small contingent to fight in the Spanish Civil War. The contingent fought with the POUM and included George Orwell, who subsequently wrote about his experiences in his widely-read account Homage to Catalonia.
ILR scale The Interagency Language Roundtable (ILR) scale is a set of descriptions of abilities to communicate in a language. It was originally developed by the United States Foreign Service Institute, the predecessor of the National Foreign Affairs Training Center (NFATC).
ILYA Ed Hillyer, better known as ILYA is a British comics writer/artist. His work has appeared in publications from all the major US and UK comics companies, from Fleetway Editions' Crisis (comic), Dark Horse's Manga Mania, Deadline magazine to work for DC comics' vertigo comics imprint.
Iša Krejčí Iša Krejčí (July 10 1904 - March 6 1968) was a Czech Neoclassicist composer and conductor. He studied composition at the Prague Conservatory with Karel Boleslav Jirák and Vitezslav Novák and conducting with Vaclav Talich.
Ištaran Ištaran was the local deity of the city of Der, a Sumerian city state positioned east of the Tigris River on the border between Sumer and Elam. His cult flourished from the Early Dynastic III Period until the Middle Babylonian Period, after which his name is no longer attested in the personal names of individuals.
Im Krapfenwald'l Im Krapfenwald'l (In Krapfen's Woods) op. 336 is a polka by Johann Strauss II written in 1869 and was originally titled 'Im Pawlowsk Walde' (In the Pavlovsk Woods) when first performed in Pavlovsk on 6 September (= 25 August Russian calendar) 1869.
Im Kwon-taek Im Kwon-taek (born May 2 1936) is one of South Korea's most renowned film directors. In an active and prolific career, his films have won many domestic and international film festival awards as well as considerable box-office success, and helped bring international attention to the Korean film industry.
Im Wartesaal Zum GroĂźen GlĂĽck Im Wartesaal Zum GroĂźen GlĂĽck (English translation: "In The Waiting Room Of Great Happiness") was the first German entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1956 (the rules at this Contest allowing two songs per country for the only time in history), performed in German by Walter Andreas Schwarz.
Ima Hogg Ima Hogg (July 10, 1882 – August 19, 1975) was one of the most respected Texas women of the 20th century. Born in the small town of Mineola, Texas, the daughter of a one-time Texas governor, James Stephen Hogg (Big Jim Hogg), her roots were deeply embedded in the state’s welfare.
Imaad Wasif Imaad Wasif was one of the guitar players and founding members of the 1990's alternative group Folk Implosion and all forms of the band, which included New Folk Implosion and Deluxe Folk Implosion. During the later half of the 1990s, Imaad formed another indie rock/alternative band by the name of Alaska!.
Imaan Imaan is an advocacy group for LGBT Muslims mainly of the Pakistani community in the UK. The group was founded in September 1998 after members responded to a newspaper ad by the founder of the Al-Fatiha Foundation, a similar group operating in the United States.
Imad Abbas Imad Abbas (Arabic: عماد عباس) was a senior member of the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, the military wing of Palestinian Islamist movement Hamas, until his assassination by the Israeli Defense Forces on October 21 2004, in Gaza City.
Imad Khalili Imad Khalili (born April 3, 1987) is a Swedish soccer player of Palestinian descent, currently playing for Helsingborgs IF in Allsvenskan. He joined the club before the 2005 season from fellow Helsingborg club Högaborgs BK.
Imad Moustapha Imad Moustapha is the current Syrian Ambassador to the United States. His position has become particularly salient since the beginning of the Israel-Lebanon conflict, and he can be seen on American television discussing the subject.
Imad Mugniyah Imad Fayez Mugniyah (, born December 7, 1962) is a senior member of the Lebanese group Hezbollah. He is alternatively described as the head of its security section, a senior intelligence official and as a founder of the organization.
Imad Sarsam Dr. Imad Matti Sarsam (also transliterated: Emad) was a highly reputed Iraqi orthopaedic surgeon, teaching at the Department of Orthopedics in Baghdad University and as assistant professor at the Baghdad Medical College, who was assassinated on August 31, 2004, just three months after his participation in an international conference of shoulder and elbow surgeons in Washington, D.
Imad Yassin Imad Yassin is the leader of Jund Ash Sham military wing and a droup out of Abu Mohjen's Osbat al-Ansar which has long been considered a terrorist organization connected to Osama bin Laden's al-Qaida network by the United States.[http://www.
Imagawa Norinobu Imagawa Norinobu (今川範叙), (1829-November 3, 1887) was a Japanese samurai of the late Edo period. Born the 3rd son of Imagawa Yoshiyori, he was a hatamoto who headed one of the families holding the position of kōke (master of ceremonies), a position whose most famous holder was Kira Yoshinaka of Chushingura fame.
Imagawa Sadayo , 1326-1420 CE, was a renowned Japanese poet and military commander who served as tandai ("constable") of Kyūshū under the Ashikaga Bakufu from 1371 to 1395. His father, Imagawa Norikuni, had been a supporter of the first Ashikaga Shogun, Ashikaga Takauji, and for his services had been granted the position of constable of Suruga province (modern-day Shizuoka prefecture).
Imagawa Yoshitada (1436-1476) Imagawa Yoshitada, the father of the famed Imagawa Ujichika and the 9th head of the Imagawa clan. Yoshitada spent most of his time invading the Totomi province, attacking the Katsumada and Yokota clans.
Image analysis Image analysis is the extraction of meaningful information from images; mainly from digital images by means of digital image processing techniques. Image analysis tasks can be as simple as reading bar coded tags or as sophisticated as identifying a person from their face.
Image antenna In telecommunication, an image antenna is a hypothetical mirror-image, that is, a virtual-image, of an antenna, that is, antenna element, considered to extend as far below ground, that is, the ground plane, as the actual antenna is above the ground plane.
Image based lighting Image based lighting is a global illumination method used in 3D photo realistic rendering in which an image is used to light the scene in conjunction with traditional light models. Image based lighting, or IBL, generally uses High dynamic range (HDR) images, although LDR can be used, and provides a larger range of light sampling then can be obtained through traditional light models.
Image club An , or , are a type of brothel in Japan similar to fashion health parlors. They differ in that image clubs are themed along popular sexual fantasies such as an office, a doctor's surgery, a classroom, or a train carriage.
Image compression Image compression is the application of data compression on digital images. In effect, the objective is to reduce redundancy of the image data in order to be able to store or transmit data in an efficient form.
Image copyright (Germany) In Germany, picture rights or "Bildrechte" are the copyrights attached to the author of photography and are specified in the "Law for Copyright and similar Protection" ("Gesetz ĂĽber Urheberrecht und verwandte Schutzrechte"). These rights deal with rights of reproduction, distribution and adjustment and copyrights, the right of acknowledge the name of the author and prohibitions against distortion.
Image Comics Image Comics is an American comic book publisher. It was founded in 1992 by seven high-profile illustrators as a venue where creators could publish their material without giving up the copyrights to the characters they created, as creator-owned properties.
Image Constraint Token Image Constraint Token or ICT is a protocol flag that causes downsampling of high-definition video content on Blu-ray and HD DVD to slightly-better-than-DVD quality video. It is part of the Advanced Access Content System, the Digital Rights Management system used in the next-generation of optical discs.
Image Cytometry Standard The Image Cytometry Standard (ICS) is a digital multidimensional image file format used in life sciences microscopy. It stores not only the image data, but also the microscopic parameters describing the optics during the acquisition.
Image differencing Image differencing is an image processing technique used to determine changes between images. The difference between two images is calculated by finding the difference between each pixel in each image, and generating an image based on the result.
Image Diffusion International Image Diffusion International (IDI) is a Quebec production company founded by Anne-Marie Losique and Marc Trudeau in 1995. Based in Montreal, it specializes in producing entertainment and lifestyle television magazines.
Image Entertainment Image Entertainment is a major home video and television distribution company that has handled digital media distribution of television programs, public domain and copyrighted feature films, and music concerts.
Image frequency Image frequency: In radio reception using heterodyning in the tuning process, an undesired input frequency that is capable of producing the same intermediate frequency (IF) that the desired input frequency produces.
Image hosting service An image hosting service allows individuals to upload images to an Internet website. The image host will then store the image onto its server, and show the individual different types of code to allow others to view that image.
Image Channel The Image Channel is a privately owned television channel in Nepal. Other important TV channels in Nepal include Nepal Television which is the main national channel for the country, NTV 2 Metro which owned by the Nepalese government and another private channel, the Kantipur Television.
Image intensifier An image intensifier is a device that amplifies visible and near-infrared light from an image so that a dimly lit scene can be viewed by a camera or by eye. Unlike a thermographic camera, an image intensifier does not work in the total absence of visible (or near infra-red) light.
Image Is Everything Image Is Everything was the first 7" vinyl release by the band 3-Ply and featured their very first recorded songs from early 1995. The band gained some criticism from the release of the record, due to the picture used for the cover, however 3-ply stated that "if you are racist you're probably too stupid to understand the cover is just a picture we found funny".
Image map In HTML, an image map is a list of coordinates relating to a specific image, created in order to hyperlink areas of the image to various destinations (as opposed to a normal image link, in which the entire area of the image links to a single destination). For example, a map of the world may have each country hyperlinked to further information about that country.
Image moments Used in image processing, computer vision and related fields, image moments are certain particular weighted averages (moments) of the image pixels' intensities, or functions of those moments, usually chosen to have some attractive property or interpretation.
Image noise Image noise is a random, usually unwanted, fluctuation of pixel values in an image. Image noise can originate in film grain or in electronic noise in the input device (scanner or digital camera) sensor and circuitry.
Image News Image News is a television news music package composed by American musician Frank Gari. Composed in 1995, the package features up to 800 cuts of opens, closes, stingers, bumpers and promo beds in a hard news format, with most of the music featuring a xylophone ticker sound.
Image of Edessa According to Christian legend, the Image of Edessa, (known to Orthodox Christians as the Mandylion, a Byzantine Greek word not applied in any other context), was a holy relic consisting of a square or rectangle of cloth upon which a miraculous image of the face of Jesus was imprinted — the first icon ("image").
Image organizer An image organizer or image management application is application software focused on organizing digital images.Cynthia Baron and Daniel Peck, The Little Digital Camera Book, July 1, 2002 pp:93 Julie Adair King, Shoot Like a Pro!
Image plane In 3D computer graphics, the image plane is that plane in the world which is identified with the plane of the monitor. If one makes the analogy of taking a photograph to rendering a 3D image, the surface of the film is the image plane.
Image processing In the broadest sense, image processing is any form of information processing for which both the input and output are images, such as photographs or frames of video. Most image processing techniques involve treating the image as a two-dimensional signal and applying standard signal processing techniques to it.
Image registration In computer vision, sets of data acquired by sampling the same scene or object at different times, or from different perspectives, will be in different coordinate systems. Image registration is the process of transforming the different sets of data into one coordinate system.
Image rejection ratio In reception using heterodyning in the tuning process, the image rejection ratio, or image frequency rejection ratio, is the ratio of (a) the intermediate-frequency (IF) signal level produced by the desired input frequency to (b) that produced by the image frequency. The image rejection ratio is usually expressed in dB.
Image retrieval An image retrieval system is a computer system for browsing, searching and retrieving images from a large database of digital images. Most traditional and common methods of image retrieval utilize some method of adding metadata such as captioning, keywords, or descriptions to the images so that retrieval can be performed over the annotation words.
Image scanning Document Scanning or Image Scanning is the action or process of converting text and graphic paper documents, photographic film, photographic paper or other files to digital images. This "analog" to "digital" conversion process (A<D) is required for computer users to be able to view electronic files.
Image segment In computer vision segmentation of an image is the division of a given (digital) image into contiguous regions. In current computer vision algorithms the similarity of image parts is usually defined in terms of color and texture.
Image schema An image schema is a recurring structure of, or within, our cognitive processes, which establishes patterns of understanding and reasoning. Image schemas emerge from our bodily interactions, linguistic experience and historical context.
Image stitching Image stitching or photo stitching is the process of combining multiple images to produce a panorama or larger image. Computer software is often used to interpolate the final image where the component images are not in precise alignment.
Image stone An image stone is an ornate slab of stone, usually limestone, which was raised in Germanic Iron Age or Viking Age Scandinavia, and in the greatest number on Gotland.The article Bildstenar in Nationalencyklopedin (1990).
Image Sports Network The Image Sports Network proivided the Erie, Pennsylvania region with quality sports programming from their facilities in Cochranton, Pennsylvania. Being aired in the regional area on channel 20 by Time Warner Cable and on channel 12 by Adelphia Communications Corporation for customer viewership, a vast majority of programming originated from the America One Television Network and a decent amount of local sports programming is produced and aired live or after being tape-delayed.
Image viewer An image viewer or image browser is a computer program that displays a stored graphical image; it can often handle various graphics file formats. Such software usually renders the image according to properties of the display such as color depth and display resolution.
Image Viewer III Image Viewer III was the first photo viewer for the PalmPilot. Art Dahm wrote it in 1997 as a personal project with two goals: first, to learn 68000 assembly language, and second, to store and view photos of his dog Harley on his new PalmPilot.
Image-based modeling and rendering In computer graphics and computer vision, image-based modeling and rendering (IBMR) methods rely on a set of two-dimensional images of a scene to generate a three-dimensional model and then render some novel views of this scene.
Imageapp ImageApp is a vision image processing library, providing multiple functions to help process and obtain information from images. ImageApp is developed by Sun systems and is an open source java IDE designed for machine vision and image processing.
Imagem Imagem is a data and technology company which manufactures diamond grading equipment which aims to aid in automating laboratory grading of gem quality diamonds. Up to now, the grading of diamonds has been always performed by trained gemologists.
ImageMagick ImageMagick is a free software image manipulation and display software suite supporting a wide variety of formats, released under the GNU General Public License. ImageMagick includes an X Window Graphical user interface for rendering images, command line utilities for image processing, and API libraries for many programming languages.
ImageMovers ImageMovers is a production company created in 1997 by producer-writer-director Robert Zemeckis, along with partners Jack Rapke and Steve Starkey. Among ImageMovers' productions are What Lies Beneath (with Harrison Ford and Michelle Pfeiffer), Cast Away, and The Polar Express.
Imagery analysis Imagery analysis is the extraction of useful information from bi-dimensional graphic formats, including screen shots. This includes color and black & white photographs, infra-red photographs and video, radar screens and synthetic aperture radar formats, ultrasound, EKG, EEG, MRI, echo cardiograms, seismographs and others.
Images and Words: Live in Tokyo Images and Words: Live in Tokyo is the first home video release from American progressive metal band Dream Theater. It contains most of the band's performance from their August 26, 1993 show at Nakano Sun Plaza in Tokyo, Japan.
Images of Singapore The Images of Singapore is a wax museum in Imbiah Lookout, Sentosa, Singapore near the Singapore Cable Car stop at Sentosa and the Merlion. The museum has an exhibition of the History of Singapore from the earliest days of Singapore to the present day with wax figures and furnishing.
Images of the future Images of the future are one of the main resources used in the field of Futures Studies, as a subject of analysis, as well as a site for the active development and pursuit of preferred future scenarios. For example, according to Jim Dator, a futurist and Professor of Political Science at the University of Hawaii at Manoa: "one of the things futures studies tries to do is to help people examine and clarify their images of the future--their ideas, fears, hopes, beliefs, concerns about the future--so that they might improve the quality of their decisions which impact it.
ImageStation ImageStation is Sony's official online photo sharing and photo print service. ImageStation generates revenue by selling high quality digital prints, as well as photo-related gifts such as photo books, mugs, calendars, greeting cards, and T-shirts.
ImageWriter ImageWriter were a series of dot matrix printers sold between 1982 and 1996 by Apple Computer. Although supplanted in the high-end by the famous LaserWriter and on the low-end by the StyleWriter, the ImageWriter remained a popular printer for roles like forms printing or producing banners.
Imagi Animation Studios Imagi Animation Studios is a Hong Kong animation studio, specializing in computer animation, with affiliated offices in Los Angeles and Tokyo. In 2004, they provided the animation for the Dreamworks TV show Father of the Pride.
Imagic Imagic was a third-party maker of games for the Atari 2600 and other early video game consoles in the early 1980s. It was co-founded in 1981 by former Atari programmer Rob Fulop, the author of Night Driver and Missile Command, and its best-selling titles included Atlantis, Cosmic Ark, Demon Attack, and billiards game Trick Shot.
Imagication Imagication, a term coined by Brad Marshland in the fantasy novel "The Imagicators", refers to the application of imagination as a form of magic. One of the characters in The Imagicators says, "If you can imagine it fully, completely, down to the last grain of sand, then it will become.
Imaginal disc An imaginal disc is one of the parts of a holometabolous insect larva that will become a portion of the outside of the adult insect during the pupal transformation. Contained within the body of the larva, there are pairs of discs that will form, for instance, the wings or legs or antennas or other structures in the adult.

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