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Immune Attack Immune Attack is an educational video game created by the Federation of American Scientists and Brown University, in collaboration with the University of Southern California, under a grant from the National Science Foundation. The game is designed to teach immunology to high school students, although later versions will cater to college aged students as well.
Immune complex An immune complex is the combination of an epitope with an antibody directed against that epitope. After an antigen-antibody reaction, the immune complexes are in turn processed by proteases or ingested by phagocytes.
Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) or immune reconstitution syndrome (IRS) is a condition seen in some cases of AIDS or immunosuppression, in which the immune system begins to recover, but then responds to a previously acquired opportunistic infection with an overwhelming inflammatory response that paradoxically makes the symptoms of infection worse.
Immune system The immune system is a set of mechanisms that protect an organism from infection by identifying and killing pathogens. This task is extremely difficult, since pathogens range from viruses to parasitic worms and these diverse threats must be detected with absolute specificity amongst normal cells and tissues.
Immune-mediated disease Immune-mediated diseases are conditions which result from abnormal activity of the body's immune system. The immune system may over-react (for example, immune-mediated contact dermatitis) or start attacking the body (for example, autoimmune hemolytic anemia).
Immunity (legal) Immunity confers a status on a person or body that places him/her/it above the law and makes that person or body free from otherwise legal obligations such as, for example, liability for torts or damages or prosecution under criminal law for criminal acts. There are various types of immunity, such as judicial immunity, prosecutorial immunity, parliamentary immunity, immunity from prosecution, diplomatic immunity and sovereign immunity.
Immunization (finance) In finance, interest rate immunization is a strategy that insures that a change in interest rates will not affect the value of a portfolio. Similarly, immunization can be used to insure that the value of a pension fund's or a firm's assets will increase or decrease in exactly the opposite amount of their liabilities, thus leaving the value of the pension fund's surplus or firm's equity unchanged, regardless of changes in the interest rate.
Immunoassay An immunoassay is a biochemical test that measures the level of a substance in a biological liquid, typically serum or urine, using the reaction of an antibody or antibodies to its antigen. The assay takes advantage of the specific binding of an antibody to its antigen.
Immunodeficiency, centromere instability and facial anomalies syndrome In medicine, immunodeficiency, centromere instability and facial anomalies syndrome (ICF syndrome) is a very rare recessive autosomal disorder. It is characterized by a mutation in the DNA-methyltransferase-3b (Dnmt3b) gene.
Immunodermatology Immunodermatology studies skin as an organ of immunity in health and disease. Several areas have special attention, such as photo-immunology (effects of UV on skin defense), inflammatory diseases such as allergic contact dermatitis and atopic eczema, presumably autoimmune skin diseases such as vitiligo and psoriasis, and finally the immunology of microbial skin diseases such as retrovirus infections and leprosy.
Immunodiagnostics Immunodiagnostics is a diagnostic methodology that uses an antigen-antibody reaction as their primary means of detection. The concept of using immunology as a diagnostic tool was introduced in 1960 as a test for serum insuline.
Immunoelectrophoresis Immunoelectrophoresis (IES) is the electrophoresis of a determined antigen mixture in an agarose gel that allows the separation of different proteins along the gel slide, and then the lateral diffusion in the gel of an immune serum or a monoclonal antibody. If some antibodies are specific to one of the antigens, the prepicitation of the antigen-antibody complexes revealed a precipitacion arc evidenciable by the eye over a dark background, or by Coomassie blue staining.
Immunoglobulin A Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the main immunoglobulin in mucous secretions, including tears, saliva, and colostrum as well as respiratory, intestinal, prostatic, and vaginal secretions. It is also found in small amounts in blood.
Immunoglobulin D IgD makes up about 1% of proteins in the plasma membranes of immature B-lymphocytes (coexpressed with IgM) and is also found in serum in very small amounts. It is monomeric and incorporates the δ heavy chain in its structure.
Immunoglobulin E In biology, Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is an antibody subclass (known as "isotypes"), found only in mammals. Although IgE is typically the least abundant isotype - blood serum IgE levels in a normal ("non-atopic") individual are ~150 ng/ml, compared to 10 mg/ml for the IgGs (the isotypes responsible for most of the classical adaptive immune response) - it is capable of triggering the most powerful immune reactions.
Immunoglobulin M IgM forms polymers where multiple immunoglobulins are covalently linked together with disulfide bonds, normally as a pentamer or occasionally as a hexamer. It has a large molecular mass of approximately 900 kD (in its pentamer form).
Immunoglobulin superfamily The immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) is a large group of cell surface and soluble proteins that are involved in the recognition, binding, or cell adhesion processes of the immune system. Molecules are categorized as members of this superfamily based on shared structural features with immunoglobulins (also known as antibodies).
Immunohistochemical staining Immunohistochemical staining is a common immunological technique used in the biological sciences for the detection of proteins within the context of the tissue in which the protein is found. It takes its name from the roots "immuno," in reference to antibodies used in the procedure, and "histo," meaning tissue.
Immunohistochemistry Immunohistochemistry or IHC refers to the process of localizing proteins in cells of a tissue section exploiting the principle of antibodies binding specifically to antigens in biological tissues. Immunohistochemical staining is widely used in the diagnosis of cancer.
Immunoisolate In general, immunoisolation is the process of protecting implanted material such as biopolymers, cells, or drug release carriers from an immune reaction. The most prominent means of accomplishing this is through the use of encapsulation.
Immunologically privileged site An immunologically privileged site is any of those locations in the body--the brain, anterior chamber of the eye, testis, renal tubule, uterus, and possibly joints and adrenal glands--where immune response to antigens are not destructive to tissue or is suppressed. It is necessary due to unique self-proteins that reside only in particular tissues and do not travel through the lymphatic system.
Immunology Immunology is a broad branch of biomedical science that covers the study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms. It deals with, among other things, the physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and disease; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, allograft rejection); the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system in vitro, in situ, and in vivo.
Immunomagnetic separation Immunomagnetic separation (IMS) is a laboratory tool that can efficiently isolate cells out of body fluid or cultured cells. It can also be used as a method of quantifying the pathogenicity of food, blood or feces.
Immunophilin In molecular biology, an immunophilin is a protein that binds to immunosuppressive drugs such as rapamycin, cyclosporin, and FK-506. For these drugs in particular, known immunophilins such as cyclophilin catalyze the cis-trans isomerization of peptide bonds, particularly X-Pro peptide bonds.
Immunoproteomics Immunoproteomics is a term used to describe the study of large sets of proteins (proteomics) involved in the immune response. Examples of common applications of immunoproteomics include; 1) the isolation and mass spectrometric identification of MHC (major histocompatibility complex) binding peptides 2) purification and identification of protein antigens binding specific antibodies (or other affinity reagents) 3) Comparative immunoproteomics to identify proteins/pathways modulated by a specific infectious organism/disease/toxin.
Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif An immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) is a conserved sequence of four amino acids that is repeated twice in the cytoplasmic tails of certain cell surface proteins of the immune system. The motif contains a tyrosine separated from a leucine by any two other amino acids, giving the signature YxxL.
Immunostaining Immunostaining is a general term in biochemistry that applies to any use of an antibody-based method to detect a specific protein in a sample. The term immunostaining was originally used to refer to the immunohistochemical staining of tissue sections, as first described by Albert Coons in 1941.
Immunosuppression Immunosuppression involves an act that reduces the activation or efficacy of the immune system. Some portions of the immune system itself have immuno-suppressive effects on other parts of the immune system, and immunosuppression may occur as an adverse reaction to treatment of other conditions.
Immunosuppressive agents Immunosuppressive agents are a class of drugs which act to suppress the normal activity of the immune system. They are frequently used to prevent rejection of organs after organ transplant and also in the treatment of autoimmune disorders.
Immunotoxicology Immunotoxicology (sometimes abbreviated as ITOX) is the study of immune dysfunction resulting from exposure of an organism to a xenobiotic. The immune dysfunction may take the form of immunosuppression or alternatively, allergy, autoimmunity or any number of inflammatory-based diseases or pathologies.
Immunotoxin An immunotoxin is a chemical that can cause immune system malfunction with exposure. When the immune system function is suppressed (immunosuppression) there is an increased susceptibility to infectious diseases and cancers.
Immunotronics Immunotronics, or "immunological electronics," is the design of electronic systems inspired by the natural immune system. Related areas include embryonics (embryological electronics), and evolvable hardware.
Immurement Immurement is a form of execution where a person is walled up within a building and left to die from starvation or dehydration. This is distinct from a premature burial, where the victim typically dies of asphyxiation.
Immutability (Theology) Immutability is the doctrine of classical Christian theism that God cannot change; this has been variously interpreted to mean either that God's nature cannot change but that God can, or that God himself cannot change at all.
Imo State Imo is in Southern Nigeria and was created on February 3, 1976. This area was part of the former East Central State which was one of the twelve states initially created by the Federal Military Government in 1967.
Imogen Bailey Imogen Bailey (born 7 July,1977 in Canberra Australia) is an Australian model, actress and singer. She is currently based in Sydney and is best known in her home country for her many appearances in the men's magazines Ralph and FHM.
Imogen Lloyd Webber Imogen Lloyd Webber (born 31 March, 1977) was educated at Girton College, Cambridge. She has her own production company with several theatre projects in development and is also writing a non-fiction, tongue-in-cheek, book, the Single Girl's Guide, slated for publication by Summersdale in May 2007.
Imogen Poots Imogen Poots is a young English actress who's first movie roll was as "Young Valerie" in V for Vendetta (film) (2005). Imogen's other film and TV credits include: 28 Weeks Later (2007) as Tammy and on TV's "Casualty" (2004), in the episode "Love Bites" as Alice Thornton.
Imogene Coca American comic actress Imogene Coca (November 18, 1908 – June 2, 2001) was born Imogene Fernandez de Coca in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Her parents were veterans of the entertainment industry; her father, José Fernandez de Coca, was a conductor.
Imogiri Imogiri (also Imagiri) is a royal graveyard complex in Yogyakarta, south-central Java, Indonesia, as well as a modern village located near the graveyard in Bantul regency. Imogiri is a traditional resting place for the royalty of central Java, including many rulers of the Sultanate of Mataram and of the current houses of Surakarta and Yogyakarta.
Imoni is a type of thick potato and meat soup eaten traditionally in the autumn in the TĹŤhoku region of Japan. Yamagata Prefecture in particular is famous for its imoni, but other prefectures in the region also have their own different varieties.
Imotski Imotski is a small town in the Dalmatian hinterland, Croatia, population 4,347, total municipality population 10,213 (2001). It is located near the border with Bosnia-Herzegovina and the mostly Croatian town of Posušje.
Impact (action entertainment magazine) Impact is a monthly magazine published in the United Kingdom. It covers the field of action entertainment: including Hong Kong action cinema, worldwide martial arts films, Hollywood productions, anime and manga, and Eastern cinema in general.
Impact (comic) Impact was a short-lived comic book published by EC Comics in 1955 as part of its New Direction line. The bi-monthly comic, published by Bill Gaines and edited by Al Feldstein, began with an issue cover-dated March-April, 1955.
Impact (student magazine) Impact is the official magazine for students at The University of Nottingham, and has been printed in numerous forms for longer than anyone on its staff can remember. At the moment it is a monthly, glossy magazine that can be picked up free from distribution boxes across Nottingham campuses.
Impact (typeface) Impact is a realist sans-serif typeface designed by Geoffrey Lee in 1965 and released by the Stephenson Blake foundry. Its ultra-thick strokes, compressed letterspacing, and minimal interior counterform are specifically aimed, as its name suggests, to "impact.
Impact attenuator An impact attenuator, also known as a crash cushion or crash attenuator, is a device intended to reduce the damage done to structures, vehicles, and motorists resulting from a motor vehicle collision. Impact attenuators are designed to absorb the errant vehicle's kinetic energy and/or redirect the vehicle away from the hazard.
Impact crater An impact crater (impact basin, astrobleme or sometimes crater) is a circular or oval depression on a surface, usually referring to a planet, moon, asteroid, or other celestial body, caused by a collision of a smaller body (meteor) with the surface. The Meteor Crater (Barringer Crater) is a prime example.
Impact Confections Impact Confections is a candy company originally founded in 1981. The company's main manufacturing facility is located in Roswell, New Mexico, and corporate headquarters are located in Colorado Springs, Colorado.
Impact driver An impact driver is a hand tool that delivers a strong, sudden torque after being struck by a hammer. In conjunction with toughened socket sets, they are often used by mechanics to loosen larger bolts and nuts that are frozen or over-torqued in place.
Impact event Impact events are caused by the collision of large meteoroids, asteroids or comets (generically: bolides) with Earth and may sometimes be followed by mass extinctions of life. For discussion of impacts in general, not just on Earth, see impact crater.
Impact fee An impact fee is a fee most commonly assessed on the construction of new buildings within a jurisdiction. The purpose is to pay for expansion of new government buildings such as fire stations, police stations, sewer and water supply systems, parks, libraries, and other government agencies and services.
Impact Finite Element Program Impact is an open source finite element program suite which can be used to predict most dynamic events such as car crashes or metal sheet punch operations. They usually involve large deformations and high velocities.
Impact ionization Impact ionization is the process in a material by which one energetic charge carrier can lose energy by the creation of other charge carriers. If this occurs in a region of high electrical field then it can result in avalanche breakdown, this process is exploited in avalanche type devices to provide gain.
Impact maximization Impact maximizing companies endeavor to make the greatest positive impact on society, much like profit maximizing companies, according to the economic theory that defines the term, theoretically work to maximize profit.
Impact play Impact play is a human sexual practice in which one person (the bottom) is struck (usually repeatedly) by another person (the top) for the sexual gratification of either or both parties. Impact play is sometimes referred to as percussion play, corporal punishment or CP.
Impact Pro Wrestling (New Zealand) Impact Pro Wresting (IPW) is a professional wrestling promotion based in Auckland, New Zealand. It is the oldest of the country's current professional promotions, and has visited Australia in recent times in conjunction with Gold Coast based MIW.
Impact structure The term impact structure is closely related to the terms impact crater or meteorite impact crater, and is used in cases where erosion or burial have destroyed or masked the original topographic feature with which we normally associate the term crater. This is the fate of almost all old impact craters on Earth, unlike the ancient pristine craters preserved on the moon and most other rocky bodies in the solar system.
Impact therapy Impact-Based Troubleshooting is an experimental form of troubleshooting, used for machinery ranging from computers to cars. When attempting impact therapy, an object other than the one in question is used to physically strike the troublesome gadget.
Impact winter An impact winter is a period of prolonged cold weather caused by the impact on the Earth of a large asteroid or comet. If such an impact occurred on land or the floor of a shallow sea, it could cause large amounts of dust or ash to be thrown into the Earth's atmosphere, blocking the Sun's light and dramatically lowering the amount of sunlight reaching the earth's surface.
Impact wrench An impact wrench (also knows as an air wrench, air gun, or just gun in some contexts, as well as rattle gun in some countries) is a socket wrench power tool designed to deliver high torque output with minimal exertion by the user, by storing energy in a rotating mass, then delivering it suddenly to the output shaft.
Impact: Stories Of Survival Impact: Stories of Survival is a television reality show based on life-threatening cases where the victim goes through a moment of impact. Video of the event, re-enactments, and interviews with surgeons, doctors, and the victims take the viewers through the full process of the victims impact, treatment and recovery.
Impaction Impaction is a medical condition that can occur mainly in reptiles when they consume something that they cannot digest. Common causes of impaction are rocks and sand which they might accidentally eat when attacking their prey.
Impactite Impactiteis an informal term describing a rock] created or modified by the impact of a [[meteorite. The term encompasses shock-metamorphosed target rocks, melts (suevites)and mixtures of the two, as well as sedimentary rocks with significant impact-derived components (shocked mineral grains, tektites], anomalous geochemical signatures, etc.
Impactor Impactor is the name of a character created by Simon Furman and Jeff Anderson for the Marvel UK Transformers comic book series. He was the leader of the Autobot commando squad known as the Wreckers, and was introduced in UK#78 - the prologue for the "epic" story Target: 2006, which ran until UK #88.
Impaired fasting glycaemia Impaired fasting glycaemia (IFG) is a pre-diabetic state of dysglycemia, associated with insulin resistance and increased risk cardiovascular pathology, although of lesser risk than Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). IFG may precede type 2 diabetes mellitus by many years.
Impaired glucose tolerance Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT) is a pre-diabetic state of dysglycemia, that is associated with insulin resistance and increased risk of cardiovascular pathology. IGT may precede type 2 diabetes mellitus by many years.
Impak Impak is an international nongovernmental organization whose stated mission is "to connect individuals to Pakistan through meaningful experiences and opportunities." It is independently operated as a service corps organization, similar to Peace Corps, Volunteers Serving Overseas, with offices in Washington DC, London, and Karachi.
Impala An impala (Aepyceros melampus Greek aipos "high" ceros "horn" + melas "black" pous "foot") is a medium-sized African antelope. The name impala comes from the Zulu language.
Impalement (magic trick) Impalement is a stage illusion, in which the subject, often the stage assistant or magician himself, is first balanced at the waist on the tip of a sword, then spun around on it. After several revolutions, the sword passes through the subject, which then sinks downwards, apparently dead.
Impanation Impanation is a name employed to denote the union of the body of Christ with the bread of the Eucharist. This view, patterned on the analogy of Christ's hypostatic union: God made flesh in the Person of Jesus Christ, asserts that "God is made bread" in the Eucharist.
Imparfait Imparfait (imperfect tense in English) is a commonly-used past tense in the French language. In contrast with Passé Composé which may express that an event occured at an unknown time in the past, Imparfait always needs a reference time (anything from an fleeting instant to a very long span), which is not always expressed in words but is known to all parties of the conversation.
Imparted righteousness Imparted righteousness, in Methodist theology, is that gracious gift of God given at the moment of the new birth which enables a Christian disciple to strive for holiness and sanctification. John Wesley believed that imparted righteousness worked in tandem with imputed righteousness.
Impartial game In combinatorial game theory, an impartial game is a game in which the allowable moves depend only on the position and not on which of the two players is currently moving, and where the payoffs are symmetric. In other words, the only difference between player 1 and player 2 is that player 1 goes first.
Impartial Reporter The Impartial Reporter is a newspaper based in Enniskillen, Co Fermanagh, Northern Ireland circulating in Co Fermanagh, South Tyrone and the border counties of the Republic of Ireland. It has been owned and published by the Trimble family since it was founded in the early 1800s.
Impartiality Impartiality is a principle of justice holding that decisions should be based on objective criteria, rather than on the basis of bias, prejudice, or preferring the benefit to one person over another for improper reasons.
Impasse Bargaining impasse occurs when the two sides negotiating an agreement are unable to reach agreement and become deadlocked. Impasse is almost invariably mutually harmful, either as a result of direct action which may be taken such as a strike in employment negotiation or sanctions/military action in international relations, or simply due to the resulting delay in negotiating a mutually beneficial agreement.
Impassibility Impassibility (from Latin in-, "not", passibilis, "able to suffer, experience emotion") describes the theological doctrine that God does not experience pain or pleasure from the actions of another being. Some theological systems portray God as a being subject to many (or all) emotions; in Christianity, Judaism, and Islam, however, it is understood that God is not subject to sin.
Impasto Impasto is a technique used in painting where paint is laid on an area of the surface (or the entire canvas) very thickly, usually thickly enough that the brush or painting-knife strokes are visible. Paint can also be mixed right on the canvas.
Impatiens Impatiens is a genus of about 900-1000 species of flowering plants in the family Balsaminaceae. The genus has a wide distribution throughout the northern hemisphere and tropics, although they are not found in South America.
Impatiens balsamina Impatiens balsamina (Balsamina hortensis) is the Latin name for garden balsam, also called spotted snapweed or touch-me-not. Native to southern Asia and south east Asia, it was introduced to America in the 19th century.
Impatiens capensis Impatiens capensis, the common jewelweed or touch-me-not, is an annual plant native to North America. It is quite common in bottomland soils, ditches, and along creeks, often growing side-by-side with its less common relative, Impatiens pallida.
Impavido class destroyer The Impavido class were the second group of destroyers built for the Italian Navy after World War 2 and the first Italian Guided Missile destroyers. These ships were essentially improved Impetouso class destroyers, with the after gun turret replaced by a Tartar Surface to Air Missile launcher and associated radar.
Impeachment In the constitutions of several countries, impeachment is the first of two stages in a specific process for a legislative body to remove a government official without that official's agreement. The second stage is called conviction.
Impeachment in New Hampshire Impeachment in New Hampshire is an expressed Constitutional power of the House of Representatives to bring formal charges against a state officer for "bribery, corruption, malpractice or maladministration, in office." Upon the impeachment of a state officer, the Senate acts as "a court, with full power and authority to hear, try, and determine, all impeachments made by the house of representatives.
Impeachment in the Philippines Impeachment in the Philippines is the power of the Congress of the Philippines to place formal charges against a government official who is impeachable, while in service. After being impeached by the House of Representatives, the official in question is then put on trial on the Senate, after which if convicted, the official is removed from office.
Impeachment in the United States Impeachment in the United States is an expressed power of the legislature which allows for formal charges to be brought against a high official of government for conduct committed in office. The trial or removal of an official is separate from the act of impeachment.
Impeachment of Bill Clinton President Bill Clinton was impeached as President of the United States on December 19, 1998, by the House of Representatives and subsequently acquitted by the Senate on February 12, 1999. The charges were perjury and obstruction of justice, arising from the Lewinsky scandal.
Impeccability Impeccability is the absence of sin. Christianity believes this to be an attribute of God (logically God cannot sin, it would mean that he would act against his own will and his nature) and therefore also an attribute of Christ.
Impedance bridging In electronics, especially audio and sound recording, a high impedance bridging or voltage bridging connection is one which maximizes voltage transfer to the load. The other typical configuration is an impedance matching connection, which maximizes power delivered to the load.
Impedance matching Impedance matching is the practice of attempting to make the output impedance of a source equal to the input impedance of the load to which it is ultimately connected, usually in order to maximise the power transfer and minimise reflections from the load. This only applies when both are linear devices.
Impedance mismatch Impedance mismatch is a term in systems analysis which describes an inadequate or excessive ability of one system to accommodate input from another. Although the term originated in the field of electrical engineering, it has been generalized and used as a term of art in systems analysis, electronics, computer science, informatics, and physics.
Impedance phlebography Impedance phlebography, or impedance plethysmography, is a non-invasive medical test that measures small changes in electrical resistance of the chest, calf or other regions of the body. These measurements reflect blood volume changes, and can indirectly indicate the presence or absence of venous thrombosis.
Impediment of Crime The Impediment of Crime or crimen is, in the canon law of the Roman Catholic Church, a diriment impediment to marriage arising from certain circumstance involving homicide and adultery — an impediment such that it prevents the marriage bond from being formed.
Impellitteri Impellitteri is a Christian heavy metal band from USA formed and led by guitarist Chris Impellitteri in 1987. Since then, the band has released numerous albums to critical praise, mainly due to Chris Impellitteri's speed/shred style of playing.
Impenetrability In metaphysics, impenetrability is the name given to that quality of matter whereby two bodies cannot occupy the same space at the same time. The philosopher John Toland argued that impenetrability and extension were sufficient to define matter, a contention strongly disputed by Gottfried Leibniz.
Imperative programming In computer science, imperative programming, as contrasted with declarative programming, is a programming paradigm that describes computation as statements that change a program state. In much the same way as the imperative mood in natural languages expresses commands to take action, imperative programs are a sequence of commands for the computer to perform.
Imperator The Latin word imperator was a title originally roughly equivalent to commander during the period of the Roman Republic. It later went on to become a part of the titulature of the Roman Emperors; after the fall of the Roman empire, in those situations where Latin was still used for formal or legal reasons, it meant "emperor.
Imperator Online Imperator Online is an Alternate Earth MMORPG by Mythic Entertainment, the makers of DAOC, one set in a future world where Ancient Rome never fell. Minor changes at important moments in Roman history create an extremely different timeline for Earth, leading to an interstellar Roman Respublica and thousands of years of galactic Pax Romana.
Imperator totius Hispaniae The title of Imperator (totius) Hispaniae (Latin for Emperor of [All] Spain) was borne, traditionally, by the monarchs of LeĂłn, from at least the tenth century. It was used, somewhat sporadically, in the following two centuries as the kings of the various kingdoms of Christian Iberia fought for supremacy and for the imperiale culmen, LeĂłn.
Immune complex An immune complex is the combination of an epitope with an antibody directed against that epitope. After an antigen-antibody reaction, the immune complexes are in turn processed by proteases or ingested by phagocytes.
Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) or immune reconstitution syndrome (IRS) is a condition seen in some cases of AIDS or immunosuppression, in which the immune system begins to recover, but then responds to a previously acquired opportunistic infection with an overwhelming inflammatory response that paradoxically makes the symptoms of infection worse.
Immune system The immune system is a set of mechanisms that protect an organism from infection by identifying and killing pathogens. This task is extremely difficult, since pathogens range from viruses to parasitic worms and these diverse threats must be detected with absolute specificity amongst normal cells and tissues.
Immune-mediated disease Immune-mediated diseases are conditions which result from abnormal activity of the body's immune system. The immune system may over-react (for example, immune-mediated contact dermatitis) or start attacking the body (for example, autoimmune hemolytic anemia).
Immunity (legal) Immunity confers a status on a person or body that places him/her/it above the law and makes that person or body free from otherwise legal obligations such as, for example, liability for torts or damages or prosecution under criminal law for criminal acts. There are various types of immunity, such as judicial immunity, prosecutorial immunity, parliamentary immunity, immunity from prosecution, diplomatic immunity and sovereign immunity.
Immunization (finance) In finance, interest rate immunization is a strategy that insures that a change in interest rates will not affect the value of a portfolio. Similarly, immunization can be used to insure that the value of a pension fund's or a firm's assets will increase or decrease in exactly the opposite amount of their liabilities, thus leaving the value of the pension fund's surplus or firm's equity unchanged, regardless of changes in the interest rate.
Immunoassay An immunoassay is a biochemical test that measures the level of a substance in a biological liquid, typically serum or urine, using the reaction of an antibody or antibodies to its antigen. The assay takes advantage of the specific binding of an antibody to its antigen.
Immunodeficiency, centromere instability and facial anomalies syndrome In medicine, immunodeficiency, centromere instability and facial anomalies syndrome (ICF syndrome) is a very rare recessive autosomal disorder. It is characterized by a mutation in the DNA-methyltransferase-3b (Dnmt3b) gene.
Immunodermatology Immunodermatology studies skin as an organ of immunity in health and disease. Several areas have special attention, such as photo-immunology (effects of UV on skin defense), inflammatory diseases such as allergic contact dermatitis and atopic eczema, presumably autoimmune skin diseases such as vitiligo and psoriasis, and finally the immunology of microbial skin diseases such as retrovirus infections and leprosy.
Immunodiagnostics Immunodiagnostics is a diagnostic methodology that uses an antigen-antibody reaction as their primary means of detection. The concept of using immunology as a diagnostic tool was introduced in 1960 as a test for serum insuline.
Immunoelectrophoresis Immunoelectrophoresis (IES) is the electrophoresis of a determined antigen mixture in an agarose gel that allows the separation of different proteins along the gel slide, and then the lateral diffusion in the gel of an immune serum or a monoclonal antibody. If some antibodies are specific to one of the antigens, the prepicitation of the antigen-antibody complexes revealed a precipitacion arc evidenciable by the eye over a dark background, or by Coomassie blue staining.
Immunoglobulin A Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the main immunoglobulin in mucous secretions, including tears, saliva, and colostrum as well as respiratory, intestinal, prostatic, and vaginal secretions. It is also found in small amounts in blood.
Immunoglobulin D IgD makes up about 1% of proteins in the plasma membranes of immature B-lymphocytes (coexpressed with IgM) and is also found in serum in very small amounts. It is monomeric and incorporates the δ heavy chain in its structure.
Immunoglobulin E In biology, Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is an antibody subclass (known as "isotypes"), found only in mammals. Although IgE is typically the least abundant isotype - blood serum IgE levels in a normal ("non-atopic") individual are ~150 ng/ml, compared to 10 mg/ml for the IgGs (the isotypes responsible for most of the classical adaptive immune response) - it is capable of triggering the most powerful immune reactions.
Immunoglobulin M IgM forms polymers where multiple immunoglobulins are covalently linked together with disulfide bonds, normally as a pentamer or occasionally as a hexamer. It has a large molecular mass of approximately 900 kD (in its pentamer form).
Immunoglobulin superfamily The immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) is a large group of cell surface and soluble proteins that are involved in the recognition, binding, or cell adhesion processes of the immune system. Molecules are categorized as members of this superfamily based on shared structural features with immunoglobulins (also known as antibodies).
Immunohistochemical staining Immunohistochemical staining is a common immunological technique used in the biological sciences for the detection of proteins within the context of the tissue in which the protein is found. It takes its name from the roots "immuno," in reference to antibodies used in the procedure, and "histo," meaning tissue.
Immunohistochemistry Immunohistochemistry or IHC refers to the process of localizing proteins in cells of a tissue section exploiting the principle of antibodies binding specifically to antigens in biological tissues. Immunohistochemical staining is widely used in the diagnosis of cancer.
Immunoisolate In general, immunoisolation is the process of protecting implanted material such as biopolymers, cells, or drug release carriers from an immune reaction. The most prominent means of accomplishing this is through the use of encapsulation.
Immunologically privileged site An immunologically privileged site is any of those locations in the body--the brain, anterior chamber of the eye, testis, renal tubule, uterus, and possibly joints and adrenal glands--where immune response to antigens are not destructive to tissue or is suppressed. It is necessary due to unique self-proteins that reside only in particular tissues and do not travel through the lymphatic system.
Immunology Immunology is a broad branch of biomedical science that covers the study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms. It deals with, among other things, the physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and disease; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, allograft rejection); the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system in vitro, in situ, and in vivo.
Immunomagnetic separation Immunomagnetic separation (IMS) is a laboratory tool that can efficiently isolate cells out of body fluid or cultured cells. It can also be used as a method of quantifying the pathogenicity of food, blood or feces.
Immunophilin In molecular biology, an immunophilin is a protein that binds to immunosuppressive drugs such as rapamycin, cyclosporin, and FK-506. For these drugs in particular, known immunophilins such as cyclophilin catalyze the cis-trans isomerization of peptide bonds, particularly X-Pro peptide bonds.
Immunoproteomics Immunoproteomics is a term used to describe the study of large sets of proteins (proteomics) involved in the immune response. Examples of common applications of immunoproteomics include; 1) the isolation and mass spectrometric identification of MHC (major histocompatibility complex) binding peptides 2) purification and identification of protein antigens binding specific antibodies (or other affinity reagents) 3) Comparative immunoproteomics to identify proteins/pathways modulated by a specific infectious organism/disease/toxin.
Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif An immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) is a conserved sequence of four amino acids that is repeated twice in the cytoplasmic tails of certain cell surface proteins of the immune system. The motif contains a tyrosine separated from a leucine by any two other amino acids, giving the signature YxxL.
Immunostaining Immunostaining is a general term in biochemistry that applies to any use of an antibody-based method to detect a specific protein in a sample. The term immunostaining was originally used to refer to the immunohistochemical staining of tissue sections, as first described by Albert Coons in 1941.
Immunosuppression Immunosuppression involves an act that reduces the activation or efficacy of the immune system. Some portions of the immune system itself have immuno-suppressive effects on other parts of the immune system, and immunosuppression may occur as an adverse reaction to treatment of other conditions.
Immunosuppressive agents Immunosuppressive agents are a class of drugs which act to suppress the normal activity of the immune system. They are frequently used to prevent rejection of organs after organ transplant and also in the treatment of autoimmune disorders.
Immunotoxicology Immunotoxicology (sometimes abbreviated as ITOX) is the study of immune dysfunction resulting from exposure of an organism to a xenobiotic. The immune dysfunction may take the form of immunosuppression or alternatively, allergy, autoimmunity or any number of inflammatory-based diseases or pathologies.
Immunotoxin An immunotoxin is a chemical that can cause immune system malfunction with exposure. When the immune system function is suppressed (immunosuppression) there is an increased susceptibility to infectious diseases and cancers.
Immunotronics Immunotronics, or "immunological electronics," is the design of electronic systems inspired by the natural immune system. Related areas include embryonics (embryological electronics), and evolvable hardware.
Immurement Immurement is a form of execution where a person is walled up within a building and left to die from starvation or dehydration. This is distinct from a premature burial, where the victim typically dies of asphyxiation.
Immutability (Theology) Immutability is the doctrine of classical Christian theism that God cannot change; this has been variously interpreted to mean either that God's nature cannot change but that God can, or that God himself cannot change at all.
Imo State Imo is in Southern Nigeria and was created on February 3, 1976. This area was part of the former East Central State which was one of the twelve states initially created by the Federal Military Government in 1967.
Imogen Bailey Imogen Bailey (born 7 July,1977 in Canberra Australia) is an Australian model, actress and singer. She is currently based in Sydney and is best known in her home country for her many appearances in the men's magazines Ralph and FHM.
Imogen Lloyd Webber Imogen Lloyd Webber (born 31 March, 1977) was educated at Girton College, Cambridge. She has her own production company with several theatre projects in development and is also writing a non-fiction, tongue-in-cheek, book, the Single Girl's Guide, slated for publication by Summersdale in May 2007.
Imogen Poots Imogen Poots is a young English actress who's first movie roll was as "Young Valerie" in V for Vendetta (film) (2005). Imogen's other film and TV credits include: 28 Weeks Later (2007) as Tammy and on TV's "Casualty" (2004), in the episode "Love Bites" as Alice Thornton.
Imogene Coca American comic actress Imogene Coca (November 18, 1908 – June 2, 2001) was born Imogene Fernandez de Coca in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Her parents were veterans of the entertainment industry; her father, José Fernandez de Coca, was a conductor.
Imogiri Imogiri (also Imagiri) is a royal graveyard complex in Yogyakarta, south-central Java, Indonesia, as well as a modern village located near the graveyard in Bantul regency. Imogiri is a traditional resting place for the royalty of central Java, including many rulers of the Sultanate of Mataram and of the current houses of Surakarta and Yogyakarta.
Imoni is a type of thick potato and meat soup eaten traditionally in the autumn in the TĹŤhoku region of Japan. Yamagata Prefecture in particular is famous for its imoni, but other prefectures in the region also have their own different varieties.
Imotski Imotski is a small town in the Dalmatian hinterland, Croatia, population 4,347, total municipality population 10,213 (2001). It is located near the border with Bosnia-Herzegovina and the mostly Croatian town of Posušje.
Impact (action entertainment magazine) Impact is a monthly magazine published in the United Kingdom. It covers the field of action entertainment: including Hong Kong action cinema, worldwide martial arts films, Hollywood productions, anime and manga, and Eastern cinema in general.
Impact (comic) Impact was a short-lived comic book published by EC Comics in 1955 as part of its New Direction line. The bi-monthly comic, published by Bill Gaines and edited by Al Feldstein, began with an issue cover-dated March-April, 1955.
Impact (student magazine) Impact is the official magazine for students at The University of Nottingham, and has been printed in numerous forms for longer than anyone on its staff can remember. At the moment it is a monthly, glossy magazine that can be picked up free from distribution boxes across Nottingham campuses.
Impact (typeface) Impact is a realist sans-serif typeface designed by Geoffrey Lee in 1965 and released by the Stephenson Blake foundry. Its ultra-thick strokes, compressed letterspacing, and minimal interior counterform are specifically aimed, as its name suggests, to "impact.
Impact attenuator An impact attenuator, also known as a crash cushion or crash attenuator, is a device intended to reduce the damage done to structures, vehicles, and motorists resulting from a motor vehicle collision. Impact attenuators are designed to absorb the errant vehicle's kinetic energy and/or redirect the vehicle away from the hazard.
Impact crater An impact crater (impact basin, astrobleme or sometimes crater) is a circular or oval depression on a surface, usually referring to a planet, moon, asteroid, or other celestial body, caused by a collision of a smaller body (meteor) with the surface. The Meteor Crater (Barringer Crater) is a prime example.
Impact Confections Impact Confections is a candy company originally founded in 1981. The company's main manufacturing facility is located in Roswell, New Mexico, and corporate headquarters are located in Colorado Springs, Colorado.
Impact driver An impact driver is a hand tool that delivers a strong, sudden torque after being struck by a hammer. In conjunction with toughened socket sets, they are often used by mechanics to loosen larger bolts and nuts that are frozen or over-torqued in place.
Impact event Impact events are caused by the collision of large meteoroids, asteroids or comets (generically: bolides) with Earth and may sometimes be followed by mass extinctions of life. For discussion of impacts in general, not just on Earth, see impact crater.
Impact fee An impact fee is a fee most commonly assessed on the construction of new buildings within a jurisdiction. The purpose is to pay for expansion of new government buildings such as fire stations, police stations, sewer and water supply systems, parks, libraries, and other government agencies and services.
Impact Finite Element Program Impact is an open source finite element program suite which can be used to predict most dynamic events such as car crashes or metal sheet punch operations. They usually involve large deformations and high velocities.
Impact ionization Impact ionization is the process in a material by which one energetic charge carrier can lose energy by the creation of other charge carriers. If this occurs in a region of high electrical field then it can result in avalanche breakdown, this process is exploited in avalanche type devices to provide gain.
Impact maximization Impact maximizing companies endeavor to make the greatest positive impact on society, much like profit maximizing companies, according to the economic theory that defines the term, theoretically work to maximize profit.
Impact play Impact play is a human sexual practice in which one person (the bottom) is struck (usually repeatedly) by another person (the top) for the sexual gratification of either or both parties. Impact play is sometimes referred to as percussion play, corporal punishment or CP.
Impact Pro Wrestling (New Zealand) Impact Pro Wresting (IPW) is a professional wrestling promotion based in Auckland, New Zealand. It is the oldest of the country's current professional promotions, and has visited Australia in recent times in conjunction with Gold Coast based MIW.
Impact structure The term impact structure is closely related to the terms impact crater or meteorite impact crater, and is used in cases where erosion or burial have destroyed or masked the original topographic feature with which we normally associate the term crater. This is the fate of almost all old impact craters on Earth, unlike the ancient pristine craters preserved on the moon and most other rocky bodies in the solar system.
Impact therapy Impact-Based Troubleshooting is an experimental form of troubleshooting, used for machinery ranging from computers to cars. When attempting impact therapy, an object other than the one in question is used to physically strike the troublesome gadget.
Impact winter An impact winter is a period of prolonged cold weather caused by the impact on the Earth of a large asteroid or comet. If such an impact occurred on land or the floor of a shallow sea, it could cause large amounts of dust or ash to be thrown into the Earth's atmosphere, blocking the Sun's light and dramatically lowering the amount of sunlight reaching the earth's surface.
Impact wrench An impact wrench (also knows as an air wrench, air gun, or just gun in some contexts, as well as rattle gun in some countries) is a socket wrench power tool designed to deliver high torque output with minimal exertion by the user, by storing energy in a rotating mass, then delivering it suddenly to the output shaft.
Impact: Stories Of Survival Impact: Stories of Survival is a television reality show based on life-threatening cases where the victim goes through a moment of impact. Video of the event, re-enactments, and interviews with surgeons, doctors, and the victims take the viewers through the full process of the victims impact, treatment and recovery.
Impaction Impaction is a medical condition that can occur mainly in reptiles when they consume something that they cannot digest. Common causes of impaction are rocks and sand which they might accidentally eat when attacking their prey.
Impactite Impactiteis an informal term describing a rock] created or modified by the impact of a [[meteorite. The term encompasses shock-metamorphosed target rocks, melts (suevites)and mixtures of the two, as well as sedimentary rocks with significant impact-derived components (shocked mineral grains, tektites], anomalous geochemical signatures, etc.
Impactor Impactor is the name of a character created by Simon Furman and Jeff Anderson for the Marvel UK Transformers comic book series. He was the leader of the Autobot commando squad known as the Wreckers, and was introduced in UK#78 - the prologue for the "epic" story Target: 2006, which ran until UK #88.
Impaired fasting glycaemia Impaired fasting glycaemia (IFG) is a pre-diabetic state of dysglycemia, associated with insulin resistance and increased risk cardiovascular pathology, although of lesser risk than Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). IFG may precede type 2 diabetes mellitus by many years.
Impaired glucose tolerance Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT) is a pre-diabetic state of dysglycemia, that is associated with insulin resistance and increased risk of cardiovascular pathology. IGT may precede type 2 diabetes mellitus by many years.
Impak Impak is an international nongovernmental organization whose stated mission is "to connect individuals to Pakistan through meaningful experiences and opportunities." It is independently operated as a service corps organization, similar to Peace Corps, Volunteers Serving Overseas, with offices in Washington DC, London, and Karachi.
Impala An impala (Aepyceros melampus Greek aipos "high" ceros "horn" + melas "black" pous "foot") is a medium-sized African antelope. The name impala comes from the Zulu language.
Impalement (magic trick) Impalement is a stage illusion, in which the subject, often the stage assistant or magician himself, is first balanced at the waist on the tip of a sword, then spun around on it. After several revolutions, the sword passes through the subject, which then sinks downwards, apparently dead.
Impanation Impanation is a name employed to denote the union of the body of Christ with the bread of the Eucharist. This view, patterned on the analogy of Christ's hypostatic union: God made flesh in the Person of Jesus Christ, asserts that "God is made bread" in the Eucharist.
Imparfait Imparfait (imperfect tense in English) is a commonly-used past tense in the French language. In contrast with Passé Composé which may express that an event occured at an unknown time in the past, Imparfait always needs a reference time (anything from an fleeting instant to a very long span), which is not always expressed in words but is known to all parties of the conversation.
Imparted righteousness Imparted righteousness, in Methodist theology, is that gracious gift of God given at the moment of the new birth which enables a Christian disciple to strive for holiness and sanctification. John Wesley believed that imparted righteousness worked in tandem with imputed righteousness.
Impartial game In combinatorial game theory, an impartial game is a game in which the allowable moves depend only on the position and not on which of the two players is currently moving, and where the payoffs are symmetric. In other words, the only difference between player 1 and player 2 is that player 1 goes first.
Impartial Reporter The Impartial Reporter is a newspaper based in Enniskillen, Co Fermanagh, Northern Ireland circulating in Co Fermanagh, South Tyrone and the border counties of the Republic of Ireland. It has been owned and published by the Trimble family since it was founded in the early 1800s.
Impartiality Impartiality is a principle of justice holding that decisions should be based on objective criteria, rather than on the basis of bias, prejudice, or preferring the benefit to one person over another for improper reasons.
Impasse Bargaining impasse occurs when the two sides negotiating an agreement are unable to reach agreement and become deadlocked. Impasse is almost invariably mutually harmful, either as a result of direct action which may be taken such as a strike in employment negotiation or sanctions/military action in international relations, or simply due to the resulting delay in negotiating a mutually beneficial agreement.
Impassibility Impassibility (from Latin in-, "not", passibilis, "able to suffer, experience emotion") describes the theological doctrine that God does not experience pain or pleasure from the actions of another being. Some theological systems portray God as a being subject to many (or all) emotions; in Christianity, Judaism, and Islam, however, it is understood that God is not subject to sin.
Impasto Impasto is a technique used in painting where paint is laid on an area of the surface (or the entire canvas) very thickly, usually thickly enough that the brush or painting-knife strokes are visible. Paint can also be mixed right on the canvas.
Impatiens Impatiens is a genus of about 900-1000 species of flowering plants in the family Balsaminaceae. The genus has a wide distribution throughout the northern hemisphere and tropics, although they are not found in South America.
Impatiens balsamina Impatiens balsamina (Balsamina hortensis) is the Latin name for garden balsam, also called spotted snapweed or touch-me-not. Native to southern Asia and south east Asia, it was introduced to America in the 19th century.
Impatiens capensis Impatiens capensis, the common jewelweed or touch-me-not, is an annual plant native to North America. It is quite common in bottomland soils, ditches, and along creeks, often growing side-by-side with its less common relative, Impatiens pallida.
Impavido class destroyer The Impavido class were the second group of destroyers built for the Italian Navy after World War 2 and the first Italian Guided Missile destroyers. These ships were essentially improved Impetouso class destroyers, with the after gun turret replaced by a Tartar Surface to Air Missile launcher and associated radar.
Impeachment In the constitutions of several countries, impeachment is the first of two stages in a specific process for a legislative body to remove a government official without that official's agreement. The second stage is called conviction.
Impeachment in New Hampshire Impeachment in New Hampshire is an expressed Constitutional power of the House of Representatives to bring formal charges against a state officer for "bribery, corruption, malpractice or maladministration, in office." Upon the impeachment of a state officer, the Senate acts as "a court, with full power and authority to hear, try, and determine, all impeachments made by the house of representatives.
Impeachment in the Philippines Impeachment in the Philippines is the power of the Congress of the Philippines to place formal charges against a government official who is impeachable, while in service. After being impeached by the House of Representatives, the official in question is then put on trial on the Senate, after which if convicted, the official is removed from office.
Impeachment in the United States Impeachment in the United States is an expressed power of the legislature which allows for formal charges to be brought against a high official of government for conduct committed in office. The trial or removal of an official is separate from the act of impeachment.
Impeachment of Bill Clinton President Bill Clinton was impeached as President of the United States on December 19, 1998, by the House of Representatives and subsequently acquitted by the Senate on February 12, 1999. The charges were perjury and obstruction of justice, arising from the Lewinsky scandal.
Impeccability Impeccability is the absence of sin. Christianity believes this to be an attribute of God (logically God cannot sin, it would mean that he would act against his own will and his nature) and therefore also an attribute of Christ.
Impedance bridging In electronics, especially audio and sound recording, a high impedance bridging or voltage bridging connection is one which maximizes voltage transfer to the load. The other typical configuration is an impedance matching connection, which maximizes power delivered to the load.
Impedance matching Impedance matching is the practice of attempting to make the output impedance of a source equal to the input impedance of the load to which it is ultimately connected, usually in order to maximise the power transfer and minimise reflections from the load. This only applies when both are linear devices.
Impedance mismatch Impedance mismatch is a term in systems analysis which describes an inadequate or excessive ability of one system to accommodate input from another. Although the term originated in the field of electrical engineering, it has been generalized and used as a term of art in systems analysis, electronics, computer science, informatics, and physics.
Impedance phlebography Impedance phlebography, or impedance plethysmography, is a non-invasive medical test that measures small changes in electrical resistance of the chest, calf or other regions of the body. These measurements reflect blood volume changes, and can indirectly indicate the presence or absence of venous thrombosis.
Impediment of Crime The Impediment of Crime or crimen is, in the canon law of the Roman Catholic Church, a diriment impediment to marriage arising from certain circumstance involving homicide and adultery — an impediment such that it prevents the marriage bond from being formed.
Impellitteri Impellitteri is a Christian heavy metal band from USA formed and led by guitarist Chris Impellitteri in 1987. Since then, the band has released numerous albums to critical praise, mainly due to Chris Impellitteri's speed/shred style of playing.
Impenetrability In metaphysics, impenetrability is the name given to that quality of matter whereby two bodies cannot occupy the same space at the same time. The philosopher John Toland argued that impenetrability and extension were sufficient to define matter, a contention strongly disputed by Gottfried Leibniz.
Imperative programming In computer science, imperative programming, as contrasted with declarative programming, is a programming paradigm that describes computation as statements that change a program state. In much the same way as the imperative mood in natural languages expresses commands to take action, imperative programs are a sequence of commands for the computer to perform.
Imperator The Latin word imperator was a title originally roughly equivalent to commander during the period of the Roman Republic. It later went on to become a part of the titulature of the Roman Emperors; after the fall of the Roman empire, in those situations where Latin was still used for formal or legal reasons, it meant "emperor.
Imperator Online Imperator Online is an Alternate Earth MMORPG by Mythic Entertainment, the makers of DAOC, one set in a future world where Ancient Rome never fell. Minor changes at important moments in Roman history create an extremely different timeline for Earth, leading to an interstellar Roman Respublica and thousands of years of galactic Pax Romana.
Imperator totius Hispaniae The title of Imperator (totius) Hispaniae (Latin for Emperor of [All] Spain) was borne, traditionally, by the monarchs of LeĂłn, from at least the tenth century. It was used, somewhat sporadically, in the following two centuries as the kings of the various kingdoms of Christian Iberia fought for supremacy and for the imperiale culmen, LeĂłn.
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