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Independence Day of Finland Finland's Independence Day (Finnish itsenäisyyspäivä, Swedish självständighetsdag) is a national public holiday held on December 6 to celebrate Finland's declaration of independence from the Russian empire. The festivities usually commence with the raising of the flag on Tähtitorni hill, in Helsinki.
Independence Day UK Independence Day UK is a one-hour BBC Radio 1 science fiction special, first broadcast on August 4 1996. The show is a spin-off of the movie Independence Day and depicts the movie's alien invasion from a British perspective.
Independence First Independence First or Independence 1st is a political movement in Scotland, first formally constituted on 5 May 2005. It is an umbrella group for various supporters of Scottish self-government who support a referendum on Scottish independence.
Independence Hall Association The Independence Hall Association (IHA) was founded in 1942 to spearhead the creation of Independence National Historical Park, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In 1994, it created the website that today is called ushistory.
Independence High School (Diamond Springs, California) Independence High School (IHS) is a continuation school offered as an alternative option for students who are at risk of not graduating from their traditional comprehensive high school, utilizing greater flexibility in instruction and smaller class sizes.
Independence Intifada The Independence Intifada (intifada is Arabic for "uprising") is a Saharawi Polisario activist coinage for a series of disturbances, demonstrations and riots that broke out in May 2005 in the Moroccan-held parts of Western Sahara. This event has also been called "The El-Aaiun Intifada" by the same sources.
Independence Mall (Massachusetts) Independence Mall, also known as the Kingston Mall, is a one story enclosed shopping center with 100 stores and restaurants. Built in 1989, the mall serves the South Shore communities of Plymouth County, Massachusetts, in the United States.
Independence Middle School Independence Middle School is a public middle school (grades 6-8) located at 4001 Greenway Drive in the Abacoa area of Jupiter, Florida, USA. It was founded and constructed in 2001 and forms part of the Palm Beach County School District.
Independence Monument, Phnom Penh The Independence Monument in Phnom Penh, capital of Cambodia, was built in 1958 following the country's independence from France. It stands on the intersection of Norodom and Sihanouk Boulevards in the centre of the city.
Independence Mountains The Independence Mountains are a range of peaks and hills in northern Elko County, in northeastern Nevada in the western United States. The range extends northward approximately 70 miles (110 km) from a point near Carlin to the banks of the Owyhee River.
Independence National Historical Park Independence National Historical Park preseves several sites associated with the American Revolution in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It comprises much of the historic area of downtown (or "Center City") where Independence Hall, the Liberty Bell, and the National Constitution Center are located, along with dozens of other historic buildings and educational centers.
Independence of Bhutan In 1910, Bhutan became a suzerain of the British government in exchange for political autonomy. In August 1947, after India gained independence from Britain, kingdoms such as Bhutan were given the option to remain independent, or join the Indian Union.
Independence of irrelevant alternatives Independence of irrelevant alternatives (IIA) is a term for an axiom of decision theory and various social sciences. Although exact formulations of IIA differ, intentions of the usages are similar in attempting to provide a rational account of individual behavior or aggregation of individual preferences.
Independence of New Zealand The Independence of New Zealand occurred gradually over the 20th century by a series of Royal proclamations, Imperial Conferences and Acts of the British and New Zealand Parliaments. Thus, New Zealand has no single date of official independence.
Independence Party (Palestine) The Independence Party (Hizb al-Istiqlal) was a radical Arab nationalist party established on 13 August, 1932 in the British Mandate of Palestine. During the 1936-1939 Great Arab Revolt the party called for an Indian Congress Party-style boycott of the British.
Independence Party of Minnesota The Independence Party of Minnesota (often abbreviated MNIP, IP or IPM), formerly the Reform Party of Minnesota, is the third largest political party in Minnesota, behind the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (DFL) and Republican Party. It is the political party of former Minnesota governor Jesse Ventura (1999–2003), and endorsed former US Representative Tim Penny as a candidate for the 2002 gubernatorial election.
Independence River The Independence River is a small but beautiful mountain stream which originates in the Western edge of Adirondack State Park. It begins in Herkimer County and flows west into Lewis County, toward its confluence with the Black River in Watson, north of Lyons Falls and just south of Lowville.
Independence Rock (Wyoming) Independence Rock is a large granite rock, approximately 120 feet (36 m) high, in southwestern Natrona County, Wyoming, along Wyoming Highway 220. During the middle of the 19th century, the rock was a prominent and well-known landmark on the Oregon Trail and Mormon Trail.
Independence Square (Port of Spain) Independence Square lies near to southern end of Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago. Formerly named Marine Square, it was re-named in honour of Trinidad and Tobago's independence from the United Kingdom in 1962.
Independence Stadium Independence Stadium is located at the Fairgrounds in Shreveport, Louisiana. Formerly known as State Fair Stadium, it is the site of the annual Independence Bowl post-season college football game, initially (1976) the Bicentennial Bowl.
Independence Temple The Temple in Independence, Missouri, is a house of worship and education "dedicated to the pursuit of peace Doctrine and Covenants, Section 156:5". It dominates the skyline of Independence, Missouri, USA, and has become the focal point of the headquarters of the Community of Christ.
Independence Township, Appanoose County, Iowa In 1957 William Chadwick, Appanoose County justice of peace, plotted they village of Milledgeville along the east bank of the Chariton River. Also, located in the Independence Township are the following churches; North Bend Church and the Chariton River Church.
Independence War 2: Edge of Chaos Independence War 2: Edge of Chaos is a sequel to space simulation computer game Independence War (also known as I-War in Europe). Developed by Particle Systems Ltd - the developers of the first game - and published by Infogrames, the game was released in 2001.
Independence-friendly logic Independence-friendly logic (IF logic), proposed by Jaakko Hintikka and Gabriel Sandu, aims at being a more natural and intuitive alternative to classical first-order logic (FOL). IF logic is characterized by branching quantifiers.
Independent (politician) In politics, an independent is a politician who is not affiliated with any political party. In countries with a two-party system, independents may hold a centrist viewpoint between the two parties, or may feel that neither of the two parties adequately represents their viewpoint.
Independent (religion) In English church history, Independents advocated local congregational control of religious and church matters, without any wider geographical hierarchy, either ecclesiastical or political. Independents reached particular prominence between 1642 and 1660, in the period of the English Civil War and of the Commonwealth and Protectorate, wherein the Parliamentary Army became the champion of Independent religious views against the Anglicanism or the Catholicism of Royalists and the Presbyterianism favoured by Parliament itself.
Independent (voter) In United States politics, the term independent voter typically refers to a enrolled voter who is explicitly not a member of any political party, although the term is often used more broadly to include minor party voters as well. Independent voters are not permitted to vote in any party's primary presidential elections (these are federally funded, thus the requirement to publicly declare one's voting allegiance).
Independent Abolitionist candidates, 1995 Ontario provincial election A number of candidates affiliated with John Turmel's Abolitionist Party of Canada contested the 1995 Ontario provincial election. The party was not registered at the provincial level, and the candidates appeared on the ballot as independents.
Independent Administrative Institution An Independent Administrative Institution (独立行政法人, Dokuritsu gyōsei hōjin, IAI) is a newly designed type of legal body for Japanese governmental organizations regulated by the Basic Law on Reforming Government Ministries of 1998.
Independent Assemblies of God, International The Independent Assemblies of God, International (IAOGI) is a pentecostal Christian association with roots in a revival in 1890 decade among the Scandinavian Baptist and Pietist communities in the United States.
Independent Association of Continental Pilots The Independent Association of Continental Pilots (IACP) was a bargaining agent (union) certified by the National Mediation Board (NMB) in 1993. The IACP represented the pilots of Continental and Continental Express Airlines and was initially headquartered in Denver, CO near Stapleton International Airport.
Independent Association of Georgian Journalists The Independent Association of Georgian Journalists (IAGJ) was founded by the group of professional journalists in Georgia in 2000. It was created in order to solve the issues concerning journalists' professional activities, also to protect pluralistic democracy and internationally recognized human rights.
Independent bookstore Independent bookstore is a term used in to identify bookstores that are primarily owned and operated by local people. They tend to have strong ties to the community and are frequently involved in non-profit community events as well as in cultivating the work of young writers.
Independent business In business, an independent business as a term of distinction generally refers to privately-owned companies (as opposed to those companies owned publicly through a distribution of shares on the market). Independent businesses most commonly take the form of sole-proprietorships.
Independent Baptist Independent Baptist churches (which may be referred to as Independent Fundamental Baptist, or IFB) are Christian churches holding to generally Baptist beliefs. Like all Baptists they are characterized by being independent from the authority of denominations and church councils.
Independent Baptist Fellowship of North America The Independent Baptist Fellowship of North America (IBFNA) is a separatist fundamentalist independent Baptist fellowship for pastors and laymembers. Sometimes confused with the Independent Baptist Fellowship International (IBFI), the IBFNA is a northern-oriented fellowship formed by individuals who left the General Association of Regular Baptist Churches (GARBC) due to what they felt was a drift of the association away from their original separatist position.
Independent Baptist Church of America The Independent Baptist Church of America traces its foundation back to a church or churches organized at Dassel, Minnesota in 1893 by Swedish Free Baptist immigrants. In 1956, there were 2 churches with 106 members.
Independent Broadcasting Authority The Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA) was the regulatory body in the United Kingdom for commercial television (ITV and Channel 4 - cable and satellite television were the responsibility of the Cable Authority) and radio broadcasts.
Independent Business Alliance The term Independent Business Alliance refers to local affiliates of the American Independent Business Alliance (AMIBA). According to AMIBA's website, "An IBA is a coalition of locally-owned independent businesses, citizens and community organizations united to support home town businesses in a community or geographic region...
Independent candidates, 1993 Canadian federal election There were several independent candidates in the 1993 Canadian federal election, some of whom were associated with unregistered parties and some of whom were not. One independent candidate, Gilles Bernier of Beauce, was elected.
Independent candidates, 1999 Ontario provincial election There were a number of independent candidates in the 1999 Ontario provincial election, although none were elected. Some of these candidates have their own biography pages; information on others may be found here.
Independent candidates, 2003 Ontario provincial election Twenty-four candidates appeared on the ballot as independents in the 2003 provincial election in Ontario, Canada. Of these, ten were Independent Renewal candidates affiliated with the Communist Party of Canada - Marxist-Leninist, one was an Independent Reformer, and one a member of the Communist League.
Independent circuit In professional wrestling, the independent circuit or indy circuit refers to the many independent promotions which are much smaller than major televised promotions, particularly WWE and TNA. Specific promotions on the independent circuit are referred to as indy promotions or indies.
Independent clause In grammar, an independent clause (or main clause) is a clause that can stand by itself as a grammatically viable simple sentence. Independent clauses express a complete thought and contain a subject and a predicate.
Independent component analysis Independent component analysis (ICA) is a computational method for separating a multivariate signal into additive subcomponents supposing the mutual statistical independence of the non-Gaussian source signals. It is a special case of blind source separation.
Independent contractor An independent contractor is a natural person, business or corporation which provides goods or services to another entity under terms specified in a contract. Unlike an employee, an independent contractor does not work regularly for an employer but works as and when required during which time, he or she may be subject to the Law of Agency.
Independent Catholic Independent Catholic is a term used by many small groups which are not in communion with the Roman Catholic Church or other traditional and episcopally-governed churches such as the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox, Anglican, or Old Catholic churches. Most of them function as small episcopally-governed church bodies.
Independent Catholic Church USA The Independent Catholic Church USA is an Eastern rite Catholic Church based in Colorado Springs, Colorado. Unlike most Eastern rite churches it is not in communion with the Roman Catholic Church, and its members do not recognize the primacy of the Pope.
Independent Catholic Churches Independent Catholic Churches are, by and large, very small Churches that claim valid Apostolic Succession of their bishops, though these are often dismissed in mainstream Catholic, Orthodox and Anglican circles as episcopi vagantes ("wandering bishops").
Independent Catholic News Independent Catholic News (ICN) is a daily on-line Catholic news service based in the United Kingdom. The site is run by Catholic journalists based in London, and edited by broadcaster and journalist Josephine Siedlecka.
Independent Centre for Strategic Studies and Analysis The Independent Centre for Strategic Studies and Analysis (ICSSA) is a Canadian-based online conservative Muslim think tank and research organization headed by Pakistani author and Muslim activist Abid Ullah Jan.
Independent Citizen's Party The Independent Citizen's Party was a short-lived political organization in Manitoba, Canada. It held at least one public meeting before the provincial election of 1920, but does not appear to have sponsored any candidates in the election which followed.
Independent Civic Union Independent Civic Union (in Spanish: UniĂłn CĂvica Independiente), was a political party in Peru founded in 1988 by Francisco Diez Canseco Távara and CĂ©sar Larrabure. UCI contested the parliamentary elections of 1990.
Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong) The Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC; ; and before 1997) of Hong Kong was established by Governor Murray MacLehose on 15 February 1974, when Hong Kong was under British rule. Its main aim was to clean up endemic corruption in the Hong Kong Government and, in particular, the Royal Hong Kong Police Force (now Hong Kong Police Force).
Independent Commission Against Corruption (New South Wales) The Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) is an independent agency of the Government of New South Wales with responsibility for investigating corrupt practices by state and local officials in the state of New South Wales. The ICAC was established in 1988 by then premier Nick Greiner.
Independent Commission for the Location of Victims' Remains The Independent Commission for the Location of Victims' Remains (ICLVR) was established by treaty between between the United Kingdom Government and the Government of Ireland, made on 27th April 1999 in connection with the affairs of Northern Ireland Joint Statement by the British and Irish governments announcing the next steps on location of 'The Disappeared', (3 August 2006) Cain Web Service.
Independent Commission on Policing for Northern Ireland The Independent Commission on Policing for Northern Ireland was established in 1998 as part of the Belfast Agreement, intended as a major step in the Northern Ireland peace process. Chaired by Conservative politician Chris Patten, it was better known as the Patten Commission.
Independent Committee for the Supervision of Standards of Telephone Information Services The Independent Committee for the Supervision of Standards of Telephone Information Services (ICSTIS) is the regulatory body for all premium rate telephone services in the United Kingdom. It publishes a code of practice, guidelines for services, and has the power to impose sanctions on services that break the law.
Independent Communications Authority of South Africa The Independent Communications Authority of South Africa (ICASA) is the regulator of the telecommunications and the broadcasting sectors in South Africa. It was established in July 2000 and falls under the South African Ministry of Communications.
Independent Computing Architecture Independent Computing Architecture (ICA) is a proprietary protocol for an application server system, designed by Citrix Systems. The protocol lays down a specification for passing data between server and clients, but is not bound to any one platform.
Independent Content Provider ICPs, or Independent Content Providers work directly with artists and rightsholders to verify ownership of songs, test for audio quality, and submit the tracks to Weed™ for conversion to the Weed™ digital file format. Artists who wish to sell their songs via Weed™ must utilize an ICP to participate and cannot go through the Weedification process without one.
Independent Democratic Serbian Party The Independent Democratic Serbian Party (Samostalna demokratska srpska stranka, SDSS – Cyrillic: СамоŃтална демократŃка ŃрпŃка Ńтранка) is a political party of Serbs living in Croatia.
Independent Democratic Union of SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe The Independent Democratic Union of SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe (UDISTP) was a political party formed by SĂŁo TomĂ©an exiles based in Portugal who opposed the socialist policies of the single party Movement for the Liberation of SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe (MLSTP) government.
Independent Democrats The Independent Democrats are a South African political party, formed by former Pan Africanist Congress member Patricia de Lille in 2003. The party's platform is basically populist and anti-corruption, with a mixture of right-liberal proposals and left-wing sensibilities.
Independent Democrats (Czech Republic) Independent Democrats (Czech: NezávislĂ demokratĂ© or NEZDEM) is small populist political party in the Czech Republic. Its founder VladimĂr Ĺ˝eleznĂ˝, MEP, was elected its chairman during the party's convention on 6-7 August 2005.
Independent Domain Registries Over the years in various countries alternative domain registries have been established to allocate domains under domain hierarchies which gTLD or CcTLD hierarchies which compete with official gTLDs and ccTLDs.
Independent expenditure In elections in the United States, an independent expenditure is a political activity intended to assist or oppose a specific candidate for office which is made without their cooperation, approval, or direct knowledge. Most commonly, this takes the form of advertising.
Independent expert group In 1998, the EU Parliament refused discharge for the financial year 1996 as the EU accounts were unsatisfactory. Following the rejection, an independent expert group was set up in 1999 to evaluate the EU Commission.
Independent Education Union of Australia The Independent Education Union of Australia (IEU) with a current membership of 62,500, is the federally registered industry union representing all employees working in non-government schools and institutions across Australia. Included in its membership are principals, teachers and various categories of clerical, administrative, educational support staff and school services officers employed in primary and secondary schools; and teachers working in some private pre-school settings, Life Education Centres, business colleges and private English Language colleges.
Independent Electricity System Operator The Independent Electricity System Operator (IESO) is a Crown corporation responsible for operating the electricity market and directing the operation of the bulk electrical system in the province of Ontario, Canada.
Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church The Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church (German: Selbständige Evangelisch-Lutherische Kirche, or SELK) is a confessional Lutheran church body of Germany which is in fellowship with the Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod of North America, and a member of the International Lutheran Council (ILC). The seat of SELK is in Hanover.
Independent film An independent film, or indie film, is usually a low-budget film that is produced by a small movie studio. The term is also used to describe films produced by subsidiaries of larger studios, such as Sony Pictures Classics, as long as less than half of its budget comes from a major movie studio.
Independent Film Channel The Independent Film Channel (IFC), launched in September 1994, is a premium American digital cable channel dedicated to presenting independent films, unedited and commercial-free. It also features documentaries, award shows, and other programs related to independent film.
Independent Filmmakers Cooperative of Ottawa Independent Filmmakers Co-operative of Ottawa (IFCO) is a co-operative that supports independent filmmakers in Ottawa by providing low-cost equipment rentals, workshops, grants, and promotions. Membership fees are $75 ($25 for full-time students) and full membership privileges are granted to members who donate at least 20 volunteer hours in service to the co-operative.
Independent Financial Centre of the Americas The Independent Financial Centre of the Americas (IFCA) is the world’s first privately operated and independently regulated international financial centre. It was officially established on March 10, 2006 and is being built and operated in the city of Guayacanes in the Dominican Republic.
Independent Football Commission The Independent Football Commission (IFC) is an independent body established in 2002 to operate within football's regulatory framework. The IFC scrutinises and monitors the performance of the Football Association, the FA Premier League and the Football League and issues publicly-available reports on its findings.
Independent Foreign Fiction Prize The Independent Foreign Fiction Prize was inaugurated by British newspaper The Independent to honour fiction in translation in the United Kingdom. The award was first launched in 1990 and ran for five years before falling into abeyance.
Independent Free Area of Wanstonia As part of the M11 link road protest, on 13 January 1994, squatted houses at 2-12, Cambridge Park and 106, Eastern Avenue, in Wanstead declared themselves the Independent Free Area of Wanstonia as independent from the United Kingdom.
Independent Fundamental Baptist An Independent Fundamental Baptist church is a Bible-based Christian church that is locally organized and is not aligned with a denomination or convention. There are a substantial number of this type of church in the Bible belt with a lesser, but growing number elsewhere in the United States.
Independent Fundamental Churches of America The Independent Fundamental Churches of America (increasingly known only as IFCA International) is an association of independent Protestant churches located largely in the United States. Organised in June 1930 as a successor to the American Conference of Undenominational Churches, it sees its roots in the rejection of theological modernism and the reaffirmation of the traditional, fundamental doctrines that it believes to underlie Christianity.
Independent Games Festival The Game Developers Conference has annually hosted the Independent Games Festival (IGF) since 1999 to reward innovative games produced by independent video game developers as well as full-time college and high school students. The IGF was founded in 1998 by the Gama Network.
Independent Green Party of Virginia The Independent Green Party of Virginia is a political party in the Commonwealth of Virginia, United States, formed in early 2004. The party is completely independent of the national Green Party, which has an official affiliate in Virginia.
Independent Grouping for Reflection Independent Grouping for Reflection (in French: Groupement Indépendent de Reflexion), was a political party in the Central African Republic. GIR was led by François Pehoua, a former minister in the Bokassa cabinet.
Independent Christian Churches/Churches of Christ The Independent Christian Churches/Churches of Christ are a part of the Restoration Movement and are in the theological middle ground between the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) and the Church of Christ (non-instrumental).
Independent Irish Party The Independent Irish Party (1852-1858), colloquially known as the Pope’s Brass Band because of their stance on the Ecclesiastical Titles Act, was an Irish political party founded in July 1852 by 40 Irish MPs who had been elected to the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. It is sometimes mentioned as the Irish Independent Opposition Party.
Independent Kidderminster Hospital and Health Concern Independent Kidderminster Hospital and Health Concern (often known by the shorter name Health Concern) is a political party based in Kidderminster, England. It grew out of the campaign to restore the casualty unit at Kidderminster Hospital, and the National Health Service is still its primary focus, but the party has since diversified.
Independent living Independent Living, as seen by its advocates, is a philosophy, a way of looking at disability and society, and a worldwide movement of people with disabilities who proclaim to work for self-determination, self-respect and equal opportunities.
Independent Labour Party (in Manitoba) (I) Before World War I, there were at least two organizations in Winnipeg calling themselves the Independent Labour Party. The first of these was set up by British trade unionists in 1895, and collapsed soon thereafter.
Independent Labour Publications Independent Labour Publications is a left-wing pressure group inside the British Labour Party. It is the successor to the Independent Labour Party and is mostly known simply as "The ILP" in order to maintain that link with its predecessor organisation.
Independent Lens Independent Lens is a weekly television show which airs on PBS distributed by ITVS. Each episode introduces new documentaries and dramas made by film makers who are taking creative risks or finding unusual stories to tell on film.
Independent Liberal Party (Nicaragua) The Independent Liberal Party (Partido Liberal Independiente - PLI) is a Nicaraguan right-wing political party separated from Somoza's Nationalist Liberal Party (PLN) in 1944, and formed in 1947. PLI participated in 1984 election, winning 9.
Independent Liberal Party (UK, 1931) The Independent Liberal Party was the name somethimes used for a small group led by the former Liberal Party leader, David Lloyd George. It was formed in October 1931 when the Liberal Party split in three over its position on the continued existence of the National Government with some seeking to give the government full support (becoming the National Liberals), some seeking to stay in government but oppose any attempt to introduce protective tariffs (remaining as the official Liberals) and a small handful who withdrew all support for the National Government completely in defence of free trade.
Independent Liberal Party for National Unity The Independent Liberal Party for National Unity (Partido Liberal Independiente por la Unidad Nacional - PLIUN) is a Nicaraguan center-right party that split from the Independent Liberal Party in 1984 as a consequence of PLI's decision to participate in the 1984 elections. PLIUN received legal status in 1989.
Independent music ethos Alternative music is driven by the idea that the best, most exciting, original, or challenging music is not well-served by the rent-seeking economic behaviour of the largest record labels, but by creating genuinely alternative forms of music production has proven problematic, with many once promising labels either being taken over by big labels, or gradually assuming their habits. The independent music ethos refers to the distinctive business and creative ethics that characterise distinctively independent music production when contrasted to big label music production.
Independent Media Center The Independent Media Center (a/k/a Indymedia or IMC) is a global network of independent journalists and alternative media, which takes a generally left-wing perspective on political and social issues. It was and remains closely associated with the global justice movement, which criticizes neoliberalism, NAFTA, and the World Trade Organization.
Independent Members of Parliament Caucus Independent Members of Parliament Caucus (IMPC) was a group of members of the National Assembly of the Republika Srpska from 1992-1996, lead by Milorad Dodik, which later evolved into the Party of Independent Social Democrats.
Independent Methodist Connexion The Independent Methodist Connexion is a British group of Non-Conformist congregations that have their roots in the eighteenth century revival. Their first chapels came into being in the north-west of England and met together for the first time in 1806 at Manchester.
Independent Monitoring Board Independent Monitoring Boards (IMB) are statutory bodies whose purpose is to monitor the welfare of prisoners and immigration detainees in the UK and to ensure that they are properly cared for whilst in custody and detention. Every Immigration Removal Centre (IRC) and Prison in the UK is monitored by an IMB.
Independent Movement for National Reconciliation The Independent Movement for National Reconciliation (Mouvement Indépendant pour la Réconcilation Nationale)is a political party in Haiti. In the presidential elections of 7 February 2006, its candidate Luc Fleurinord won 1,9 % of the popular vote.
Independent Moving Pictures The Independent Motion Picture Company, was founded by Carl Laemmle in 1909, and was located in Manhattan at Eleventh Avenue and 53rd Street. In 1910 IMP began production in Los Angeles, and had a studio at Sunset Boulevard and Gower Street, which became known as "Gower Gulch" due to the actors dressed as cowboys and Indians waiting on that corner to be cast in western films.
Independence Day UK Independence Day UK is a one-hour BBC Radio 1 science fiction special, first broadcast on August 4 1996. The show is a spin-off of the movie Independence Day and depicts the movie's alien invasion from a British perspective.
Independence First Independence First or Independence 1st is a political movement in Scotland, first formally constituted on 5 May 2005. It is an umbrella group for various supporters of Scottish self-government who support a referendum on Scottish independence.
Independence Hall Association The Independence Hall Association (IHA) was founded in 1942 to spearhead the creation of Independence National Historical Park, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In 1994, it created the website that today is called ushistory.
Independence High School (Diamond Springs, California) Independence High School (IHS) is a continuation school offered as an alternative option for students who are at risk of not graduating from their traditional comprehensive high school, utilizing greater flexibility in instruction and smaller class sizes.
Independence Intifada The Independence Intifada (intifada is Arabic for "uprising") is a Saharawi Polisario activist coinage for a series of disturbances, demonstrations and riots that broke out in May 2005 in the Moroccan-held parts of Western Sahara. This event has also been called "The El-Aaiun Intifada" by the same sources.
Independence Mall (Massachusetts) Independence Mall, also known as the Kingston Mall, is a one story enclosed shopping center with 100 stores and restaurants. Built in 1989, the mall serves the South Shore communities of Plymouth County, Massachusetts, in the United States.
Independence Middle School Independence Middle School is a public middle school (grades 6-8) located at 4001 Greenway Drive in the Abacoa area of Jupiter, Florida, USA. It was founded and constructed in 2001 and forms part of the Palm Beach County School District.
Independence Monument, Phnom Penh The Independence Monument in Phnom Penh, capital of Cambodia, was built in 1958 following the country's independence from France. It stands on the intersection of Norodom and Sihanouk Boulevards in the centre of the city.
Independence Mountains The Independence Mountains are a range of peaks and hills in northern Elko County, in northeastern Nevada in the western United States. The range extends northward approximately 70 miles (110 km) from a point near Carlin to the banks of the Owyhee River.
Independence National Historical Park Independence National Historical Park preseves several sites associated with the American Revolution in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It comprises much of the historic area of downtown (or "Center City") where Independence Hall, the Liberty Bell, and the National Constitution Center are located, along with dozens of other historic buildings and educational centers.
Independence of Bhutan In 1910, Bhutan became a suzerain of the British government in exchange for political autonomy. In August 1947, after India gained independence from Britain, kingdoms such as Bhutan were given the option to remain independent, or join the Indian Union.
Independence of irrelevant alternatives Independence of irrelevant alternatives (IIA) is a term for an axiom of decision theory and various social sciences. Although exact formulations of IIA differ, intentions of the usages are similar in attempting to provide a rational account of individual behavior or aggregation of individual preferences.
Independence of New Zealand The Independence of New Zealand occurred gradually over the 20th century by a series of Royal proclamations, Imperial Conferences and Acts of the British and New Zealand Parliaments. Thus, New Zealand has no single date of official independence.
Independence Party (Palestine) The Independence Party (Hizb al-Istiqlal) was a radical Arab nationalist party established on 13 August, 1932 in the British Mandate of Palestine. During the 1936-1939 Great Arab Revolt the party called for an Indian Congress Party-style boycott of the British.
Independence Party of Minnesota The Independence Party of Minnesota (often abbreviated MNIP, IP or IPM), formerly the Reform Party of Minnesota, is the third largest political party in Minnesota, behind the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (DFL) and Republican Party. It is the political party of former Minnesota governor Jesse Ventura (1999–2003), and endorsed former US Representative Tim Penny as a candidate for the 2002 gubernatorial election.
Independence River The Independence River is a small but beautiful mountain stream which originates in the Western edge of Adirondack State Park. It begins in Herkimer County and flows west into Lewis County, toward its confluence with the Black River in Watson, north of Lyons Falls and just south of Lowville.
Independence Rock (Wyoming) Independence Rock is a large granite rock, approximately 120 feet (36 m) high, in southwestern Natrona County, Wyoming, along Wyoming Highway 220. During the middle of the 19th century, the rock was a prominent and well-known landmark on the Oregon Trail and Mormon Trail.
Independence Square (Port of Spain) Independence Square lies near to southern end of Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago. Formerly named Marine Square, it was re-named in honour of Trinidad and Tobago's independence from the United Kingdom in 1962.
Independence Stadium Independence Stadium is located at the Fairgrounds in Shreveport, Louisiana. Formerly known as State Fair Stadium, it is the site of the annual Independence Bowl post-season college football game, initially (1976) the Bicentennial Bowl.
Independence Temple The Temple in Independence, Missouri, is a house of worship and education "dedicated to the pursuit of peace Doctrine and Covenants, Section 156:5". It dominates the skyline of Independence, Missouri, USA, and has become the focal point of the headquarters of the Community of Christ.
Independence Township, Appanoose County, Iowa In 1957 William Chadwick, Appanoose County justice of peace, plotted they village of Milledgeville along the east bank of the Chariton River. Also, located in the Independence Township are the following churches; North Bend Church and the Chariton River Church.
Independence War 2: Edge of Chaos Independence War 2: Edge of Chaos is a sequel to space simulation computer game Independence War (also known as I-War in Europe). Developed by Particle Systems Ltd - the developers of the first game - and published by Infogrames, the game was released in 2001.
Independence-friendly logic Independence-friendly logic (IF logic), proposed by Jaakko Hintikka and Gabriel Sandu, aims at being a more natural and intuitive alternative to classical first-order logic (FOL). IF logic is characterized by branching quantifiers.
Independent (politician) In politics, an independent is a politician who is not affiliated with any political party. In countries with a two-party system, independents may hold a centrist viewpoint between the two parties, or may feel that neither of the two parties adequately represents their viewpoint.
Independent (religion) In English church history, Independents advocated local congregational control of religious and church matters, without any wider geographical hierarchy, either ecclesiastical or political. Independents reached particular prominence between 1642 and 1660, in the period of the English Civil War and of the Commonwealth and Protectorate, wherein the Parliamentary Army became the champion of Independent religious views against the Anglicanism or the Catholicism of Royalists and the Presbyterianism favoured by Parliament itself.
Independent (voter) In United States politics, the term independent voter typically refers to a enrolled voter who is explicitly not a member of any political party, although the term is often used more broadly to include minor party voters as well. Independent voters are not permitted to vote in any party's primary presidential elections (these are federally funded, thus the requirement to publicly declare one's voting allegiance).
Independent Abolitionist candidates, 1995 Ontario provincial election A number of candidates affiliated with John Turmel's Abolitionist Party of Canada contested the 1995 Ontario provincial election. The party was not registered at the provincial level, and the candidates appeared on the ballot as independents.
Independent Administrative Institution An Independent Administrative Institution (独立行政法人, Dokuritsu gyōsei hōjin, IAI) is a newly designed type of legal body for Japanese governmental organizations regulated by the Basic Law on Reforming Government Ministries of 1998.
Independent Assemblies of God, International The Independent Assemblies of God, International (IAOGI) is a pentecostal Christian association with roots in a revival in 1890 decade among the Scandinavian Baptist and Pietist communities in the United States.
Independent Association of Continental Pilots The Independent Association of Continental Pilots (IACP) was a bargaining agent (union) certified by the National Mediation Board (NMB) in 1993. The IACP represented the pilots of Continental and Continental Express Airlines and was initially headquartered in Denver, CO near Stapleton International Airport.
Independent Association of Georgian Journalists The Independent Association of Georgian Journalists (IAGJ) was founded by the group of professional journalists in Georgia in 2000. It was created in order to solve the issues concerning journalists' professional activities, also to protect pluralistic democracy and internationally recognized human rights.
Independent bookstore Independent bookstore is a term used in to identify bookstores that are primarily owned and operated by local people. They tend to have strong ties to the community and are frequently involved in non-profit community events as well as in cultivating the work of young writers.
Independent business In business, an independent business as a term of distinction generally refers to privately-owned companies (as opposed to those companies owned publicly through a distribution of shares on the market). Independent businesses most commonly take the form of sole-proprietorships.
Independent Baptist Independent Baptist churches (which may be referred to as Independent Fundamental Baptist, or IFB) are Christian churches holding to generally Baptist beliefs. Like all Baptists they are characterized by being independent from the authority of denominations and church councils.
Independent Baptist Fellowship of North America The Independent Baptist Fellowship of North America (IBFNA) is a separatist fundamentalist independent Baptist fellowship for pastors and laymembers. Sometimes confused with the Independent Baptist Fellowship International (IBFI), the IBFNA is a northern-oriented fellowship formed by individuals who left the General Association of Regular Baptist Churches (GARBC) due to what they felt was a drift of the association away from their original separatist position.
Independent Baptist Church of America The Independent Baptist Church of America traces its foundation back to a church or churches organized at Dassel, Minnesota in 1893 by Swedish Free Baptist immigrants. In 1956, there were 2 churches with 106 members.
Independent Broadcasting Authority The Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA) was the regulatory body in the United Kingdom for commercial television (ITV and Channel 4 - cable and satellite television were the responsibility of the Cable Authority) and radio broadcasts.
Independent Business Alliance The term Independent Business Alliance refers to local affiliates of the American Independent Business Alliance (AMIBA). According to AMIBA's website, "An IBA is a coalition of locally-owned independent businesses, citizens and community organizations united to support home town businesses in a community or geographic region...
Independent candidates, 1993 Canadian federal election There were several independent candidates in the 1993 Canadian federal election, some of whom were associated with unregistered parties and some of whom were not. One independent candidate, Gilles Bernier of Beauce, was elected.
Independent candidates, 1999 Ontario provincial election There were a number of independent candidates in the 1999 Ontario provincial election, although none were elected. Some of these candidates have their own biography pages; information on others may be found here.
Independent candidates, 2003 Ontario provincial election Twenty-four candidates appeared on the ballot as independents in the 2003 provincial election in Ontario, Canada. Of these, ten were Independent Renewal candidates affiliated with the Communist Party of Canada - Marxist-Leninist, one was an Independent Reformer, and one a member of the Communist League.
Independent circuit In professional wrestling, the independent circuit or indy circuit refers to the many independent promotions which are much smaller than major televised promotions, particularly WWE and TNA. Specific promotions on the independent circuit are referred to as indy promotions or indies.
Independent clause In grammar, an independent clause (or main clause) is a clause that can stand by itself as a grammatically viable simple sentence. Independent clauses express a complete thought and contain a subject and a predicate.
Independent component analysis Independent component analysis (ICA) is a computational method for separating a multivariate signal into additive subcomponents supposing the mutual statistical independence of the non-Gaussian source signals. It is a special case of blind source separation.
Independent contractor An independent contractor is a natural person, business or corporation which provides goods or services to another entity under terms specified in a contract. Unlike an employee, an independent contractor does not work regularly for an employer but works as and when required during which time, he or she may be subject to the Law of Agency.
Independent Catholic Independent Catholic is a term used by many small groups which are not in communion with the Roman Catholic Church or other traditional and episcopally-governed churches such as the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox, Anglican, or Old Catholic churches. Most of them function as small episcopally-governed church bodies.
Independent Catholic Church USA The Independent Catholic Church USA is an Eastern rite Catholic Church based in Colorado Springs, Colorado. Unlike most Eastern rite churches it is not in communion with the Roman Catholic Church, and its members do not recognize the primacy of the Pope.
Independent Catholic Churches Independent Catholic Churches are, by and large, very small Churches that claim valid Apostolic Succession of their bishops, though these are often dismissed in mainstream Catholic, Orthodox and Anglican circles as episcopi vagantes ("wandering bishops").
Independent Catholic News Independent Catholic News (ICN) is a daily on-line Catholic news service based in the United Kingdom. The site is run by Catholic journalists based in London, and edited by broadcaster and journalist Josephine Siedlecka.
Independent Centre for Strategic Studies and Analysis The Independent Centre for Strategic Studies and Analysis (ICSSA) is a Canadian-based online conservative Muslim think tank and research organization headed by Pakistani author and Muslim activist Abid Ullah Jan.
Independent Citizen's Party The Independent Citizen's Party was a short-lived political organization in Manitoba, Canada. It held at least one public meeting before the provincial election of 1920, but does not appear to have sponsored any candidates in the election which followed.
Independent Civic Union Independent Civic Union (in Spanish: UniĂłn CĂvica Independiente), was a political party in Peru founded in 1988 by Francisco Diez Canseco Távara and CĂ©sar Larrabure. UCI contested the parliamentary elections of 1990.
Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong) The Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC; ; and before 1997) of Hong Kong was established by Governor Murray MacLehose on 15 February 1974, when Hong Kong was under British rule. Its main aim was to clean up endemic corruption in the Hong Kong Government and, in particular, the Royal Hong Kong Police Force (now Hong Kong Police Force).
Independent Commission Against Corruption (New South Wales) The Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) is an independent agency of the Government of New South Wales with responsibility for investigating corrupt practices by state and local officials in the state of New South Wales. The ICAC was established in 1988 by then premier Nick Greiner.
Independent Commission for the Location of Victims' Remains The Independent Commission for the Location of Victims' Remains (ICLVR) was established by treaty between between the United Kingdom Government and the Government of Ireland, made on 27th April 1999 in connection with the affairs of Northern Ireland Joint Statement by the British and Irish governments announcing the next steps on location of 'The Disappeared', (3 August 2006) Cain Web Service.
Independent Commission on Policing for Northern Ireland The Independent Commission on Policing for Northern Ireland was established in 1998 as part of the Belfast Agreement, intended as a major step in the Northern Ireland peace process. Chaired by Conservative politician Chris Patten, it was better known as the Patten Commission.
Independent Committee for the Supervision of Standards of Telephone Information Services The Independent Committee for the Supervision of Standards of Telephone Information Services (ICSTIS) is the regulatory body for all premium rate telephone services in the United Kingdom. It publishes a code of practice, guidelines for services, and has the power to impose sanctions on services that break the law.
Independent Communications Authority of South Africa The Independent Communications Authority of South Africa (ICASA) is the regulator of the telecommunications and the broadcasting sectors in South Africa. It was established in July 2000 and falls under the South African Ministry of Communications.
Independent Computing Architecture Independent Computing Architecture (ICA) is a proprietary protocol for an application server system, designed by Citrix Systems. The protocol lays down a specification for passing data between server and clients, but is not bound to any one platform.
Independent Content Provider ICPs, or Independent Content Providers work directly with artists and rightsholders to verify ownership of songs, test for audio quality, and submit the tracks to Weed™ for conversion to the Weed™ digital file format. Artists who wish to sell their songs via Weed™ must utilize an ICP to participate and cannot go through the Weedification process without one.
Independent Democratic Serbian Party The Independent Democratic Serbian Party (Samostalna demokratska srpska stranka, SDSS – Cyrillic: СамоŃтална демократŃка ŃрпŃка Ńтранка) is a political party of Serbs living in Croatia.
Independent Democratic Union of SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe The Independent Democratic Union of SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe (UDISTP) was a political party formed by SĂŁo TomĂ©an exiles based in Portugal who opposed the socialist policies of the single party Movement for the Liberation of SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe (MLSTP) government.
Independent Democrats The Independent Democrats are a South African political party, formed by former Pan Africanist Congress member Patricia de Lille in 2003. The party's platform is basically populist and anti-corruption, with a mixture of right-liberal proposals and left-wing sensibilities.
Independent Democrats (Czech Republic) Independent Democrats (Czech: NezávislĂ demokratĂ© or NEZDEM) is small populist political party in the Czech Republic. Its founder VladimĂr Ĺ˝eleznĂ˝, MEP, was elected its chairman during the party's convention on 6-7 August 2005.
Independent Domain Registries Over the years in various countries alternative domain registries have been established to allocate domains under domain hierarchies which gTLD or CcTLD hierarchies which compete with official gTLDs and ccTLDs.
Independent expenditure In elections in the United States, an independent expenditure is a political activity intended to assist or oppose a specific candidate for office which is made without their cooperation, approval, or direct knowledge. Most commonly, this takes the form of advertising.
Independent expert group In 1998, the EU Parliament refused discharge for the financial year 1996 as the EU accounts were unsatisfactory. Following the rejection, an independent expert group was set up in 1999 to evaluate the EU Commission.
Independent Education Union of Australia The Independent Education Union of Australia (IEU) with a current membership of 62,500, is the federally registered industry union representing all employees working in non-government schools and institutions across Australia. Included in its membership are principals, teachers and various categories of clerical, administrative, educational support staff and school services officers employed in primary and secondary schools; and teachers working in some private pre-school settings, Life Education Centres, business colleges and private English Language colleges.
Independent Electricity System Operator The Independent Electricity System Operator (IESO) is a Crown corporation responsible for operating the electricity market and directing the operation of the bulk electrical system in the province of Ontario, Canada.
Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church The Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church (German: Selbständige Evangelisch-Lutherische Kirche, or SELK) is a confessional Lutheran church body of Germany which is in fellowship with the Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod of North America, and a member of the International Lutheran Council (ILC). The seat of SELK is in Hanover.
Independent film An independent film, or indie film, is usually a low-budget film that is produced by a small movie studio. The term is also used to describe films produced by subsidiaries of larger studios, such as Sony Pictures Classics, as long as less than half of its budget comes from a major movie studio.
Independent Film Channel The Independent Film Channel (IFC), launched in September 1994, is a premium American digital cable channel dedicated to presenting independent films, unedited and commercial-free. It also features documentaries, award shows, and other programs related to independent film.
Independent Filmmakers Cooperative of Ottawa Independent Filmmakers Co-operative of Ottawa (IFCO) is a co-operative that supports independent filmmakers in Ottawa by providing low-cost equipment rentals, workshops, grants, and promotions. Membership fees are $75 ($25 for full-time students) and full membership privileges are granted to members who donate at least 20 volunteer hours in service to the co-operative.
Independent Financial Centre of the Americas The Independent Financial Centre of the Americas (IFCA) is the world’s first privately operated and independently regulated international financial centre. It was officially established on March 10, 2006 and is being built and operated in the city of Guayacanes in the Dominican Republic.
Independent Football Commission The Independent Football Commission (IFC) is an independent body established in 2002 to operate within football's regulatory framework. The IFC scrutinises and monitors the performance of the Football Association, the FA Premier League and the Football League and issues publicly-available reports on its findings.
Independent Foreign Fiction Prize The Independent Foreign Fiction Prize was inaugurated by British newspaper The Independent to honour fiction in translation in the United Kingdom. The award was first launched in 1990 and ran for five years before falling into abeyance.
Independent Free Area of Wanstonia As part of the M11 link road protest, on 13 January 1994, squatted houses at 2-12, Cambridge Park and 106, Eastern Avenue, in Wanstead declared themselves the Independent Free Area of Wanstonia as independent from the United Kingdom.
Independent Fundamental Baptist An Independent Fundamental Baptist church is a Bible-based Christian church that is locally organized and is not aligned with a denomination or convention. There are a substantial number of this type of church in the Bible belt with a lesser, but growing number elsewhere in the United States.
Independent Fundamental Churches of America The Independent Fundamental Churches of America (increasingly known only as IFCA International) is an association of independent Protestant churches located largely in the United States. Organised in June 1930 as a successor to the American Conference of Undenominational Churches, it sees its roots in the rejection of theological modernism and the reaffirmation of the traditional, fundamental doctrines that it believes to underlie Christianity.
Independent Games Festival The Game Developers Conference has annually hosted the Independent Games Festival (IGF) since 1999 to reward innovative games produced by independent video game developers as well as full-time college and high school students. The IGF was founded in 1998 by the Gama Network.
Independent Green Party of Virginia The Independent Green Party of Virginia is a political party in the Commonwealth of Virginia, United States, formed in early 2004. The party is completely independent of the national Green Party, which has an official affiliate in Virginia.
Independent Grouping for Reflection Independent Grouping for Reflection (in French: Groupement Indépendent de Reflexion), was a political party in the Central African Republic. GIR was led by François Pehoua, a former minister in the Bokassa cabinet.
Independent Christian Churches/Churches of Christ The Independent Christian Churches/Churches of Christ are a part of the Restoration Movement and are in the theological middle ground between the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) and the Church of Christ (non-instrumental).
Independent Irish Party The Independent Irish Party (1852-1858), colloquially known as the Pope’s Brass Band because of their stance on the Ecclesiastical Titles Act, was an Irish political party founded in July 1852 by 40 Irish MPs who had been elected to the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. It is sometimes mentioned as the Irish Independent Opposition Party.
Independent Kidderminster Hospital and Health Concern Independent Kidderminster Hospital and Health Concern (often known by the shorter name Health Concern) is a political party based in Kidderminster, England. It grew out of the campaign to restore the casualty unit at Kidderminster Hospital, and the National Health Service is still its primary focus, but the party has since diversified.
Independent living Independent Living, as seen by its advocates, is a philosophy, a way of looking at disability and society, and a worldwide movement of people with disabilities who proclaim to work for self-determination, self-respect and equal opportunities.
Independent Labour Party (in Manitoba) (I) Before World War I, there were at least two organizations in Winnipeg calling themselves the Independent Labour Party. The first of these was set up by British trade unionists in 1895, and collapsed soon thereafter.
Independent Labour Publications Independent Labour Publications is a left-wing pressure group inside the British Labour Party. It is the successor to the Independent Labour Party and is mostly known simply as "The ILP" in order to maintain that link with its predecessor organisation.
Independent Lens Independent Lens is a weekly television show which airs on PBS distributed by ITVS. Each episode introduces new documentaries and dramas made by film makers who are taking creative risks or finding unusual stories to tell on film.
Independent Liberal Party (Nicaragua) The Independent Liberal Party (Partido Liberal Independiente - PLI) is a Nicaraguan right-wing political party separated from Somoza's Nationalist Liberal Party (PLN) in 1944, and formed in 1947. PLI participated in 1984 election, winning 9.
Independent Liberal Party (UK, 1931) The Independent Liberal Party was the name somethimes used for a small group led by the former Liberal Party leader, David Lloyd George. It was formed in October 1931 when the Liberal Party split in three over its position on the continued existence of the National Government with some seeking to give the government full support (becoming the National Liberals), some seeking to stay in government but oppose any attempt to introduce protective tariffs (remaining as the official Liberals) and a small handful who withdrew all support for the National Government completely in defence of free trade.
Independent Liberal Party for National Unity The Independent Liberal Party for National Unity (Partido Liberal Independiente por la Unidad Nacional - PLIUN) is a Nicaraguan center-right party that split from the Independent Liberal Party in 1984 as a consequence of PLI's decision to participate in the 1984 elections. PLIUN received legal status in 1989.
Independent music ethos Alternative music is driven by the idea that the best, most exciting, original, or challenging music is not well-served by the rent-seeking economic behaviour of the largest record labels, but by creating genuinely alternative forms of music production has proven problematic, with many once promising labels either being taken over by big labels, or gradually assuming their habits. The independent music ethos refers to the distinctive business and creative ethics that characterise distinctively independent music production when contrasted to big label music production.
Independent Media Center The Independent Media Center (a/k/a Indymedia or IMC) is a global network of independent journalists and alternative media, which takes a generally left-wing perspective on political and social issues. It was and remains closely associated with the global justice movement, which criticizes neoliberalism, NAFTA, and the World Trade Organization.
Independent Members of Parliament Caucus Independent Members of Parliament Caucus (IMPC) was a group of members of the National Assembly of the Republika Srpska from 1992-1996, lead by Milorad Dodik, which later evolved into the Party of Independent Social Democrats.
Independent Methodist Connexion The Independent Methodist Connexion is a British group of Non-Conformist congregations that have their roots in the eighteenth century revival. Their first chapels came into being in the north-west of England and met together for the first time in 1806 at Manchester.
Independent Monitoring Board Independent Monitoring Boards (IMB) are statutory bodies whose purpose is to monitor the welfare of prisoners and immigration detainees in the UK and to ensure that they are properly cared for whilst in custody and detention. Every Immigration Removal Centre (IRC) and Prison in the UK is monitored by an IMB.
Independent Movement for National Reconciliation The Independent Movement for National Reconciliation (Mouvement Indépendant pour la Réconcilation Nationale)is a political party in Haiti. In the presidential elections of 7 February 2006, its candidate Luc Fleurinord won 1,9 % of the popular vote.
Independent Moving Pictures The Independent Motion Picture Company, was founded by Carl Laemmle in 1909, and was located in Manhattan at Eleventh Avenue and 53rd Street. In 1910 IMP began production in Los Angeles, and had a studio at Sunset Boulevard and Gower Street, which became known as "Gower Gulch" due to the actors dressed as cowboys and Indians waiting on that corner to be cast in western films.
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