Encyclopedia

Inflation-indexed bond Inflation-indexed bonds (also known as linkers) are bonds whose principal are indexed to inflation, cutting out inflation risk*. The first known inflation-indexed bond was issued by the Massachusetts Bay Company in 1780.
Inflationary English Inflationary English is a language game, originally created by Victor Borge. Its basic rule is to increase any number or word with a pronunciation similar to a number (like "free", as opposed to "three") by one, so "Tennis is free for anyone" becomes "Elevennis is four five anytwo", and "Someone went to the tanner" becomes "Sometwo went three the elevenner".
Inflaton The inflaton is the generic name of the unidentified scalar field (and its associated particle) that may be responsible for an episode of inflation in the very early universe. According to inflation theory, the inflaton field provided the mechanism to drive a period of rapid expansion from 10−35 to 10−34 seconds after the initial expansion that formed the universe.
Inflected preposition In some languages, an inflected preposition, or conjugated preposition, is a word formed from the contraction of a preposition with a personal pronoun. For instance, in Scottish, to say "before him," one would not say ro e, but roimhe, an amalgamation of the two words.
Inflection In grammar, inflection or inflexion is the modification or marking of a word (or more precisely lexeme) to reflect grammatical (that is, relational) information, such as gender, tense, number or person. The concept of a "word" independent of the different inflections is called a lexeme, and the form of a word that is considered to have no or minimal inflection is called a lemma.
Inflight Inflight is a Melbourne-based Australian Christian band, established in 1999 in Warrnambool, Victoria. Band members O'Reilly (singer, songwriter and guitarist), Benjamin Norman (bassist) and Benni Knop (drummer).
Infliximab Infliximab (brand name Remicade®) is a drug used to treat auto-immune disorders. Infliximab is known as a "chimeric monoclonal antibody" (the term "chimeric" refers to the use of both mouse and human components of the drug i.
Influence Influence is a term that refers to the ability to indirectly control or affect the actions of other people or things. The meaning of influence therefore depends on who or what is being affected, and to what end.
Influence (play) Influence is a 2005 play by Australian playwright David Williamson that premiered with the Sydney Theatre Company. It was Williamson's final play before he announced his retirement from main-stage productions in 2005.
Influence diagram In decision analysis, an influence diagram (ID) (also called a relevance diagram) is a graphical and mathematical representation of probabilistic inference and decision problems. IDs are a generalization of decision trees.
Influence peddling Influence peddling is the practice of using one's influence in government or connections with persons in authority to obtain favors or preferential treatment for another, usually in return for payment. Also called traffic of influence.
Influencer marketing Influencer marketing is a form of marketing that has emerged from a variety of recent practices and studies, in which focus is placed on specific key individuals (or types of individual) rather than the target market as a whole. It identifies the individuals that have influence over potential buyers, and orientates marketing activities around these influencers.
Influencers Conference Influencers Conference is a Christian conference held in Adelaide at Paradise Community Church. It attracts some of the world's most influential Christians including Australian Idol winner Guy Sebastian, Hollywood producer Matthew Crouch, Joyce Meyer, Bishop T.
Influences on Karl Marx Influences on Karl Marx are commonly referred to as deriving from three sources: German idealist philosophy, French socialism, and English & Scottish political economy. Although this "three sources" model is an oversimplification, it still has some measure of truth.
Influents The Influents formed in 1999 as an answer to Pinhead Gunpowder alumni Jason White (vocals, guitar) and Bill Schneider's (bass) desire to make music when not working with Pinhead. Recruiting Bill's brother Greg (vocals, guitar) and former Receivers drummer Willie Samuels (drums, producer) finalized the first Influents line-up.
Influenza Genome Sequencing Project The Influenza Genome Sequencing Project (IGSP) is an effort to dramatically improve the availability of genomic sequences and related information about the influenza (flu) viruses. The IGSP was started by David Lipman and Steven Salzberg in early 2004, when they wrote a proposal to begin sequencing large numbers of influenza viruses at The Institute for Genomic Research.
Influenza pandemic An influenza pandemic is a large scale epidemic of the influenza virus, such as the 1918 Spanish flu. The World Health Organization (WHO) warns that there is a substantial risk of an influenza pandemic within the next few years.
Influenza: The Musical (Even Stevens) Influenza: The Musical, is the twenty-first episode of the second season of the Disney Channel original program, Even Stevens. It was written by Marc Warren and directed by Sean McNamara, and originally aired on June 25, 2002.
Info (Unix) info is a command line utility initially written for use with GNU/Linux and then ported to other Unix-like operating systems. It is a kind of hypertextual, multipage documentation and help viewer working on a terminal, so no GUI is needed; info processes info files, which are Texinfo formatted files, and presents the documentation as a tree, with simple commands to traverse the tree and to follow cross references.
Info wars info wars is a documentary film on the Internet generation and online activism. It features the controversies around DeCSS, voteauction, the toywar, and portrays activism from groups like ®™ark, the The Yes Men and the Electronic Disturbance Theater of Ricardo Dominguez.
Info-gap decision theory Info-gap decision theory is a non-probabilistic decision theory seeking to optimize robustness to failure, or opportunity of windfall. This differs from classical decision theory, which typically maximizes the expected utility.
Info-ZIP Info-ZIP is an open source version of Phil Katz's "deflate" and "inflate" routines used in his popular file compression program, PKZIP. The free code released by the Info-ZIP project under a BSD license spawned a horde of PKZIP imitators (WinZip, PicoZip, PowerArchiver, Turbozip, PowerZip and many more), establishing the PKZIP file format as a de facto industry standard.
Infoage Science/History Learning Center The Infoage Science/History Learning Center is a science center that will be opening on the grounds of the former Camp Evans military base in Wall Township, New Jersey, approximately 30 miles from New York City. Camp Evans is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Infoanarchism Infoanarchism has been used as an umbrella term for various groups of people who are opposed to forms of so-called intellectual property, including copyright and patents. The term was coined in a TIME Magazine article about Ian Clarke, known as the original designer and lead developer of Freenet, called "The Infoanarchist" in July 2000.
Infoanimation Infoanimation is an explanatory animation that explains the essence of a matter (news topic) through different visual devices, such as fly-throughs, camera movements, usage of pointers, cross sections, morphings, sequense of action simulation, etc.
InfoAg Conference The InfoAg Conferences are a source for information on technology in crop production, data management, and communication. Sponsored by the Foundation for Agronomic Research] (FAR) and the [[International Plant Nutrition Institute (IPNI), the InfoAg conferences feature a line-up of speakers, interest areas, and demonstrations.
Infobar An infobar is a widget used by Microsoft Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox and other programs to display non-critical information to a user. An infobar is increasingly seen as preferable to dialog boxes because it does not interrupt the user's activities, but rather allows the user to read extra information on their own time.
Infobot Infobot is a perl IRC bot, first written in 1995 by Kevin Lenzo. The bot's main goal was to remember URL's and associate them with a descriptive name, so whenever someone needed a specific URL they could ask the bot.
Infocom Infocom was an American software company, based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, that produced numerous works of interactive fiction. They also produced one notable business application, a relational database called Cornerstone.
InfoDev infoDev -- the Information for Development program -- is a special program of the World Bank and many other international development agencies focusing on how the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) can help to combat poverty and promote opportunity, empowerment and economic growth in developing countries, a field of activity often referred to as 'ICT for Development', or ICT4D for short.
Infomercial Infomercials are television commercials that run as long as a typical television program (roughly 28 minutes, 30 seconds). Infomercials, also known as paid programming (or teleshopping in Europe), are normally shown outside of peak hours, such as late at night or early in the morning.
InfoMETAR InfoMETAR is a freeware, standalone utility program for Microsoft Windows (Windows 95 and newer versions) that supports download, display and preprocessing of METAR data in order to improve the weather experience in version 1.x of the Fly!
Infone Infone was a company that provided directory assistance and other services via a toll-free phone number. A user could call 888-411-1111 to request directory assistance, directions, traffic information, movie times, call completion, dinner reservation assistance and other services.
Infonomicon Infonomicon Computer Club is a hacker organization that is a collection of over a dozen people from across the United States. It was once called Infonomicon Media, a majority of the group members produce hacker-related webcasts, including both podcasts and TV webcasts.
Infonomics Infonomics is defined as "the intelligent management of information". It is about the interrelationship between "people" and "organizations", on the one hand, and "information", on the other.
Infoplease Infoplease is a website devoted to "providing authoritative answers to all kinds of factual questions since 1938 first as popular radio quiz show, then starting in 1947 as an annual almanac, and since 1998 on the internet...
InfoPark, Kochi InfoPark is a information technology park promoted by the government, located at Kochi, India. Infopark is placed in a 100 acre campus which is 12 kms from the International Airport and the city, the Park is a destination for the IT industry, especially for ITES units.
Informa plc Informa plc is the leading provider of specialist information to the global academic & scientific, professional and commercial communities via publishing, events and performance improvement. Informa plc has over 150 offices in more than 40 countries and more than 7,400 employees worldwide.
Informacyjna Agencja Radiowa Informacyjna Agencja Radiowa (IAR) - is a press agency working with Polskie Radio in Poland since 1994; it distributes text and audio reports and gets reports from the network of local, publicly funded radio stations, from foreign reporters of Polskie Radio and has its editorial team in Warsaw. The IAR distributes its reports through satellite links and the internet.
Informal code word An informal code word is a term used, without formal agreement and in many cases without any prior agreement, with the intention of communicating more to one or more listeners or readers, who are predisposed to see its double meaning, than to another or others.
Informal economy In economics, the term informal economy refers to the general market income category (or sector) wherein certain types of income and the means of their generation are "unregulated by the institutions of society, in a legal and social environment in which similar activities are regulated."
Informal fallacy In Philosophical logic, an informal fallacy is a pattern of reasoning which is false due to the falsity of one or more of its premises. It is in constrast to a logical or formal fallacy, which is false due to a fundamental flaw in its argument structure.
Informal Hall At traditional Oxbridge colleges, there may be two dinners in the college hall each evening, named informal hall and formal hall. Informal hall normally takes place before formal hall and does not require the wearing of a gown.
Informal logic Informal logic or non-formal logic is the study of arguments as presented in ordinary language, as contrasted with the presentations of arguments in an artificial, formal, or technical language (see formal logic). Johnson and Blair (1987) define informal logic as "a branch of logic whose task is to develop non-formal standards, criteria, procedures for the analysis, interpretation, evaluation, criticism and construction of argumentation in everyday discourse.
Informal mathematics Informal mathematics, also called naive mathematics, has historically the been the predominant form of mathematics at most times and in most cultures, and is the subject of many ethno-cultural studies of mathematics.
Informal Preparatory Meeting on National Reconciliation A United Nations Economic Commission for Africa-sponsored meeting held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, January 4–8, 1993. Its purpose was to attempt to settle differences between the warring factions of the Somali Civil War.
Informal sequel An informal sequel, also called an unauthorized sequel or unofficial sequel, is a sequel to a film, movie, novel, television show, or video game that is produced without the consent of the creators or rights owners of the original material. Today informal sequels have become a staple theme of fan fiction writings on the internet.
Informal social control Informal social control is exercised by a society without explicitly stating these rules. This implied social control usually has more control over individual minds because they become ingrained in their personality.
Informal value transfer system An informal value transfer system (IVTS) refers to any system, mechanism, or network of people that receives money for the purpose of making the funds or an equivalent value payable to a third party in another geographic location, whether or not in the same form. Informal value transfers generally take place outside of the conventional banking system through non-bank financial institutions or other business entities whose primary business activity may not be the transmission of money.
Informant An informant (sometimes informer) is someone existing inside a closed system who provides information of that system to a figure or organisation who exist outside of that system. Most notably these organisations include law enforcement agencies, but also informants are utilised by others such as social scientists.
Informatics Informatics includes the science of information, the practice of information processing, and the engineering of information systems. Informatics studies the structure, behavior, and interactions of natural and artificial systems that store, process and communicate information.
Information addiction Information addiction is a condition whereby connected users experience a hit of pleasure, stimulation and escape and technology affects attention span, creativity and focusRichtel, M: "The Lure of Data: Is It Addictive?", The New York Times, 6 July 2003 which has been referred to as pseudo-attention deficit disorder.
Information and Communication for Development (ICD) The term Information and Communication for Development (ICD) spans the full range of issues around information and communication for international development: from radio to the internet; content to delivery; and policy to practical application on the ground.
Information and Communication Technologies for Development Information and Communication Technologies for Development (ICT4D) is the general term related to the application of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in development programmes in countries facing problems like poverty, illiteracy and a general lack of development. It is also relevant to parts of the "developed" world which are otherwise excluded from the benefits of digital linkages and speedy online communications.
Information and Communication Technology for CCEA GCSE Information and Communication Technology for CCEA GCSE (ISBN 0-340-88309-X) is a textbook by Gerry Lynch and Siobhan Matthewson aimed specifically at the CCEA GCSE in ICT. It was published by Hodder Murray in 2005.
Information and Communications Technology Council The Information and Communications Technology Council (ICTC) is a not-for-profit sector council addressing human resources needs in the information and communications technology (ICT) sector. Founded in 1992 as the Software Human Resources Council (SHRC), ICTC adopted its new name in October 2006 to reflect its expanded mandate.
Information and Privacy Commission of Ontario The Freedom of Information and Privacy Commission of Ontario (IPC) was created by the Province of Ontario to manage the provinces obligations to its citizens for Freedom of Information Laws that follow the internation movement and agreements for creating more transparant governments in the free world by making Freedom of Information and access to public records simple and easy for average citizens to obtain.
Information annealing Information annealing or knowledge annealing, in library and information science, is a network-based information system or body of knowledge in which all users of the system are permitted to change the system at will. Over time, the system is said to become better structured and more "correct", as knowledgeable users correct existing mistakes and add new content.
Information architecture Information architecture (often abbreviated "IA") is the practice of structuring information (knowledge or data) for a purpose. These are often structured according to their context in user interactions or larger databases.
Information art Information art or 'informatism' is an emerging field of electronic art that synthesizes computer science, information technology, and more classical forms of art including performance, visual art, and media. Information Art often includes interaction with computers that generate artistic content based on processing large amounts of data.
Information audit An information audit trail or information audit log is a chronological sequence of audit records, each of which contains data about when and by whom was a particular record changed. It can also include information about the actual changes that were made.
Information Age Information Age is a name given to a period after the industrial age and before the Knowledge Economy. Information Age is a term applied to the period where movement of information became faster than physical movement, more narrowly applying to the 1980s onward.
Information Architecture Institute The Information Architecture Institute is a non-profit volunteer organization dedicated to advancing and promoting information architecture. Founded in 2002, the Institute has grown to become one of the world's largest professional groups for web specialists, with over 1200 members in 60 countries.
Information Assurance Information Assurance (IA) is the science of managing the risks to information assets. More specifically, IA practitioners seek to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data and their delivery systems, whether the data are in storage, processing, or transit, and whether threatened by malice or accident.
Information Assurance Vulnerability Alert An Information Assurance Vulnerability Alert (IAVA) is a computer application software or operating system vulnerability security bulletin, determined by NetDefense or DoD-CERT, a division of the Global Network Operations Center, of the JTF-GNO. These selected vulnerabilaties are the mandated baseline, or minimum configuration of all hosts residing on the GIG framework.
Information Awareness Office The Information Awareness Office (IAO) was established by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the research and development agency of the United States Department of Defense, in January 2002 to bring together several DARPA projects focused on applying information technology to counter transnational threats to national security. The IAO mission was to "imagine, develop, apply, integrate, demonstrate and transition information technologies, components and prototype, closed-loop, information systems that will counter asymmetric threats by achieving total information awareness".
Information broker An information broker is a person or business that researches information for clients. Common uses for information brokers include market research and patent searches, but can include practically any type of information research.
Information capture Information capture is the process of collecting paper documents, forms and e-documents, transforming them into accurate, retrievable, digital information, and delivering the information into business applications and databases for immediate action.
Information cloud The term information cloud is a term used to describe large amounts of information within a certain area or space. This can be a physical space or it can be used to define an abstract model in order to illustrate a related area of interest or context.
Information commons The phrase "Information Commons" refers to our shared knowledge-base and the processes that facilitate or hinder its use. The term commons refers to the land (or common grounds) that villagers shared for grazing purposes in simpler times.
Information continuity In the healthcare industry, information continuity is the process by which information relevant to a patient's care is made available to both the patient and the provider at the right place and the right time, to facilitate ongoing health care management and continuity of care.
Information continuum The term Information continuum is used to describe the whole set of all information, in connection with information management. The term may be used in reference to the information or the information infrastructure of a people, a species, a scientific subject or an institution.
Information crisis An information crisis is a disaster in which major information and computer systems malfunction, causing various problems in the affected regions. It is speculated that the risk of an information crisis is greater in high income nations such as the United States, due to heavy reliance on technology both in the transfer of information and the control of important functions.
Information Centre for Human Rights and Democracy The Information Centre for Human Rights and Democracy is a human rights organization based in Hong Kong that provides information human rights abuses in mainland China for news outlets. It is run single-handedly by Frank Lu Siqing.
Information Clearing House Information Clearing House (ICH) is an alternative media news aggregation website. As the site's tagline "News You Won't Find on CNN or FOXNEWS" implies, the stated goal What and Who is Information Clearing HousePurpose and Intent of this website of ICH is to highlight news that is often neglected by mainstream corporate news sources in order to allow people to have access to a wider range of information.
Information Commissioner of Canada The Information Commissioner of Canada is an independent ombudsman appointed by the Parliament of Canada who investigates complaints from people who believe they have been denied rights provided under Canada's Access to Information Act.
Information Commissioner's Office The Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) is the UK Government regulatory office dealing with the Data Protection Act 1998, the Freedom of Information Act 2000 and the Environmental Information Regulations 2004. The Information Commissioner is an independent official appointed by the Crown, and reports annually to Parliament.
Information Commissioner's Office (UK) The 'Information Commissioner's Office' (ICO) in the United Kingdom, is an independent government authority and reports directly to Parliament. The Commissioner's role is to be the independent champion of public openness and personal privacy, particularly in respect of elements of the Data Protection Act 1998 and the Freedom of Information Act 2000.
Information Committee of the Labour Movement against Norwegian membership in the European Community Information Committee of the Labour Movement against Norwegian membership in the European Community (in Norwegian: Arbeiderbevegelsens informasjonskomité mot norsk medlemskap i EF, abbreviated AIK) was an internal organized opposition within the Norwegian Labour Party. AIK was founded in January 1972, ahead of the plebiscite on joining the European Economic Community.
Information Council on the Environment The Information Council on the Environment (ICE), was an organization created by the National Coal Association, the Western Fuels Association, and Edison Electrical Institute. ICE launched a $500,000 advertising and public relations campaign to, in ICE's words, "reposition global warming as theory (not fact).
Information Criteria The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter.Please help Wikipedia by improving the introduction according to the guidelines laid out at Wikipedia:Guide to layout.
Information Disclosure Statement An Information Disclosure Statement (often abbreviated as IDS) refers to a submission of relevant background art or information to the United States Patent & Trademark Office (USPTO) by an applicant for a patent during the patent prosecution process. There is a duty on all patent applicants to disclose prior art or background information that may be relevant to the patentability of the applicant's invention, as established by the United States Code section 35 and related sections of 37 CFR and the MPEP.
Information ecology In the context of an evolving information society, the term information ecology was coined by various persons in the 1980s and 1990s. It marks a connection between ecological ideas with the dynamics and properties of the increasingly dense, complex and important digital informational environment and has been gaining progressively wider acceptance in a growing number of disciplines.
Information entropy Entropy is a concept in thermodynamics (see entropy), statistical mechanics and information theory. Both concepts of entropy have deep links with one another, although it took many years for the development of the theories of statistical mechanics and information theory to make this connection apparent.
Information ethics Information ethics is the field that investigates the ethical issues arising from the development and application of information technologies. It provides a critical framework for considering moral issues concerning informational privacy, moral agency (e.
Information explosion Information explosion is a term that describes the rapidly increasing amount of published information and the effects of this abundance of data. As the amount of available data grows, the problem of managing the information becomes more difficult, which can lead to information overload or information fatigue.
Information extraction Information extraction (IE) is a type of information retrieval whose goal is to automatically extract structured or semistructured information from unstructured machine-readable documents. It is a sub-discipline of language engineering, a branch of computer science.
Information Engineering Information Engineering (IE) or Information Engineering Methodology (IEM) is an approach to designing and developing information systems. It has a somewhat chequered history that follows two very distinct threads.
Information Engineering Facility The IEF (Information Engineering Facility) was the first name of a full lifecycle Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tool, which has now gone through three different owners (Texas Instruments, Sterling Software and Computer Associates) and several different names (IEF, Composer, Cool:Gen, Advantage:Gen, AllFusion:Gen).
Information flow (information theory) Information flow in an information theoretical context is the transfer of information from a variable h to a variable l in a given process. The measure of information flow, p, is defined as the uncertainty before the process started minus the uncertainty after the process has terminated.
Information for Social Change Information for Social Change is an activist organisation that examines issues of censorship, freedom and ethics amongst library and information workers. It is committed to promoting alternatives to the dominant paradigms of library and information work and publishes its own journal, Information for Social Change (freely available online at http://www.
Information foraging Information foraging is a theory that applies the ideas from optimal foraging theory to understand how human users search for information. The theory is based on the assumption that, when searching, humans utilize "built-in" foraging mechanisms that evolved to help our animal ancestors find food.
Information forensics Information Forensics is the science of investigation into systemic processes that produce information. Systemic processes utilize primarily computing and communication technologies to capture, treat, store and transmit data.
Information geometry In mathematics and especially in statistical inference, information geometry is the study of probability and information by way of differential geometry. It reached maturity through the work of Shun'ichi Amari in the 1980s, with what is currently the canonical reference book: Differential-geometrical methods in statistics.
Information Gathering Satellite On 28 March 2003, presumably partly in response to North Korea's launch of a Taepodong rocket over Japan in 1998, and partly to provide a source of satellite images other than through cooperation with the US, Japan launched a radar and an optical spy satellite, officially known as IGS-1A and IGS-1B.
Information held under Section 142 of the Education Act 2002 Information held under Section 142 of the Education Act 2002 (previously, but still widely referred to as, List 99) is a database maintained in the United Kingdom by the Department for Education and Skills (DfES). It contains details (such as names and dates of births) of teachers who are banned from working with children in an educational setting.
Information hiding In computer science, the principle of information hiding is the hiding of design decisions in a computer program that are most likely to change, thus protecting other parts of the program from change if the design decision is changed. Protecting a design decision involves providing a stable interface which shields the remainder of the program from the implementation (the details that are most likely to change).
Information Hyperlinked over Proteins Information Hyperlinked over Proteins (or iHOP) is an online service that provides a gene-guided network to access PubMed abstracts. By using genes and proteins as hyperlinks between sentences and abstracts, the information in PubMed can be converted into one navigable resource.
Information industry Information industry or information industries is a loosely defined term for industries that are information intensive in one way or the other. It is considered one of the most important economic sectors for a variety of reasons.
Information inequity Information inequity is the situation where organisations can be subverted by vested interests through the inequitable distribution of information. For instance when managers hold information of relevance to shareholders, but do not release it prior to acting on that information themselves, they have used information inequity to subvert the organisation.

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