Encyclopedia

Information integration Information Integration is a field of study known by various terms: Information Fusion, Deduplication, Referential Integrity and so on. It refers to the field of study of techniques attempting to merge information from disparate sources despite differing conceptual, contextual and typographical representations.
Information Infrastructure An information infrastructure is defined by (Hanseth, 2002) as "a shared, evolving, open, standardized, and heterogeneous installed base" and by (Pironti, 2006) as all of the people, processes, procedures, tools, facilities, and technology which supports the creation, use, transport, storage, and destruction of information.
Information ladder The information ladder is a diagram created by education professor Norman Longworth to describe the stages in human learning. According to the ladder, a learner moves through the following progression to construct 'wisdom' at the highest level from 'data' at the lowest level:
Information leakage Information leakage happens whenever a system that is designed to be closed to an eavesdropper reveals some information to unauthorized parties nonetheless. For example, when designing an encrypted instant messaging network, a network engineer without the capacity to crack your encryption codes could see when you are transmitting messages, even if he could not read them.
Information literacy Several conceptions and definitions of information literacy have become prevalent. One conception defines information literacy in terms of a set of competencies that an informed citizen of an information society ought to possess to participate intelligently and actively in that society, for example (from American Library Association]'s (ALA) Presidential Committee on Information Literacy, Final Report states that, "To be information literate, a person must be able to recognize when information is needed and have the ability to locate, evaluate, and use effectively the needed information" (1989).
Information Leakage Detection and Prevention Information Leakage Detection and Prevention (ILD&P or ILDP) is a computer security term referring to systems designed to detect and prevent the unauthorized transmission of information from the computer systems of an organization to outsiders. Also referred to by various vendors as Data Loss Prevention (DLP) by analogy to conventional loss prevention, Information Leak Prevention (ILP), Content Monitoring and Filtering (CMF) or Extrusion Prevention System by analogy to Intrusion-prevention system.
Information Lifecycle Management Information Lifecycle Management refers to a wide-ranging set of strategies for administering storage systems on computing devices. Specifically, four categories of storage strategies may be considered under the auspices of ILM.
Information management leadership program General Electric's Information Management Leadership Program (IMLP). The program focuses on developing a core set of competencies which are integral to the success of the IT professional in the GE environmentCareers at GE: IMLP.
Information overload Information overload is a term that is usually used in conjunction with various forms of Computer-mediated communication such as Electronic mail. It refers to the state of having too much information to make a decision or remained informed about a topic.
Information Office of the State Council The Information Office of the State Council is an administrative office under the State Council, the chief administrative body of the People's Republic of China. It appears to be the chief information office of the Chinese government.
Information Operations Condition Information Operations Condition (INFOCON) is a threat level system in the United States similar to that of FPCON. INFOCON is a defense system based primarily on the status of information systems and is a method used by the military to defend against a computer network attack.
Information Operations Roadmap The Information Operations Roadmap is a document commissioned by the Pentagon in 2003 and personally approved by Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld.Rumsfeld's Roadmap to Propaganda - Secret Pentagon "roadmap" calls for "boundaries" between "information operations" abroad and at home but provides no actual limits as long as US doesn't "target" Americans by National Security Archive, January 26, 2006Operations as a core competency by Christopher J.
Information peacekeeping Information Peacekeeping develops and applies the proven process of intelligence to define challenges, identify options, specify costs, and make the political, social, cultural, and economic cases for preventive and/or reconciliation actions by nations, organizations, and publics.
Information processing In general, information processing is the changing (processing) of information in any manner detectable by an observer. As such, it is a process which describes everything which happens (changes) in the universe, from the falling of a rock (a change in position) to the printing of a text file from a digital computer system.
Information processing theory The 'information processing theory approach to the study of cognitive development evolved out of the American experimental tradition in psychology. Information processing theorists proposed that like the computer, the human mind is a system that processes information through the application of logical rules and strategies.
Information processor An information processor or information processing system, as its name suggests, is a system (be it electrical, mechanical or biological) which takes information (a sequence of enumerated states) in one form and processes (transforms) it into another form, e.g.
Information professional An Information Professional is a person who works with information science, libraries, museums, or archives, although the field is changing rapidly to include other disciplines. Typically, an Information Professional is deemed as such only after receiving the degree of Master of Science in Information (or Library) Science from a university accredited by the American Library Association (ALA).
Information protection policy Information protection policy is a document which provides guidelines to users on the processing, storage and transmission of sensitive information. Main goal is to ensure information is appropriately protected from modification or disclosure.
Information Privacy Laws Information privacy laws cover the protection of information on private individuals from intentional or unintentional disclosure of misuse. The European Union, (EU), has defined privacy principles which are generally more protective of individual privacy than those in the United States.
Information Processing Language Information Processing Language (IPL) is a programming language developed by Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, and Herbert Simon at RAND Corporation and the Carnegie Institute of Technology from about 1956. It includes features intended to support programs that could perform general problem solving, including lists, associations, schemas (frames), dynamic memory allocation, data types, recursion, associative retrieval, functions as arguments, generators (streams), and cooperative multitasking.
Information Quality Management Information Quality Management is an information technology management discipline, which encompasses the COBIT Information Criteria of efficiency, effectiveness, confidentiality, integrity, availability, compliance, and reliability.
Information ratio The Information Ratio concept is one measure of volatility-adjusted return and is used in the analysis of performance of mutual funds, hedge funds, etc. Specifically, the information ratio is defined as excess return divided by tracking error.
Information retrieval Information retrieval (IR) is the science of searching for information in documents, searching for documents themselves, searching for metadata which describe documents, or searching within databases, whether relational stand-alone databases or hypertext networked databases such as the Internet or World Wide Web or intranets, for text, sound, images or data. There is a common confusion, however, between data retrieval, document retrieval, information retrieval, and text retrieval, and each of these has its own bodies of literature, theory, praxis and technologies.
Information retrieval query language An information retrieval query language is a query language used to make queries into database, where the semantics of the query are defined not by a precise rendering of a formal syntax, but by an interpretation of the most suitable results of the query.
Information Radio Information Radio broadcasts on the 990AM band and is operated by the Foundation for Information Radio of Western Australia. It aims to provide equity through access to printed information for Western Australians with a print disability.
Information Routing Group An 'Information Routing Group' (or 'IRG') is one of a semi-infinite set of similar interlocking and overlapping groups each IRG containing a group of ( maybe 3 to 200) individuals (IRGists) and each IRG loosely sharing a particular common interest; IRGists exchange information, as a group, a sub group, or individually within that IRG, via electronic lateral communication. Any IRGist might be in 2 or 3 IRGs peculiar to them but with different IRGists.
Information science Information science (also information management, information studies) is an interdisciplinary science primarily concerned with the collection, classification, manipulation, storage, retrieval and dissemination of information.Merriam-Webster and American Herritage Dictionary.
Information security audit An information security audit is an audit on the level of information security in an organization. Within the broad scope of auditing information security there are multiple type of audits, multiple objectives for different audits, etc.
Information security management system An Information Security Management System (ISMS) is, as the name suggests, a system of management concerned with information security. The idiom arises primarily out of ISO/IEC 17799, a code of practice for information security management published by the International Organization for Standardization in 2000.
Information security policies Information security policies are a special type of documented business rule for protecting information and the systems which store and process the information. Information security policies are usually documented in one or more information security policy documents.
Information security policy documents An information security policy document contains the written statements for how an organization intends to protect information. Written information security policy documents are required for compliance with various security and privacy regulations such as HIPAA, GLBA and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
Information sensitivity Sensitive information is information or knowledge that might result in loss of an advantage or level of security if revealed (disclosed) to others who might have low or unknown trustability and/or indeterminable or hostile intentions.
Information set (game theory) In game theory, an information set is a set that, for a particular player, establishes all the possible moves that could have taken place in the game so far, given what that player has observed so far. If the game has perfect information, every information set contains only one member, namely the point actually reached at that stage of the game.
Information sign An information sign is a very legibly printed and very noticeable placard that informs people of the purpose of an object, or gives them instruction on the use of something. An example is a traffic sign such as a stop sign.
Information silo An information silo is a management system incapable of reciprocal operation with other, related management systems. A bank's management system, for example, is considered a silo if it cannot exchange information with other related systems within its own organization, or with the management systems of its customers, vendors or business partners.
Information society An information society is a society in which the creation, distribution, diffusion, use, and manipulation of information is a significant economic, political, and cultural activity. The knowledge economy is its economic counterpart whereby wealth is created through the economic exploitation of understanding.
Information subsidy In public relations and journalism, information subsidy is what information sources provide the news media by issuing press releases, purchasing advertising, or sending letters to the editor; this relieves the journalists from some burden of collecting information, and shortens the time to publication. The source however will often lack objectivity and balance and thus should not be published or broadcast in its own right, nor taken at face value.
Information superhighway The information superhighway is a now obsolete term which was popularized in the early 1990s by the Clinton-Gore administration to describe ways of expanding the internet beyond its then-current state (see the 1992 book, Whole Internet User's Guide and Catalog). It is often associated with the U.
Information Sciences Institute The Information Sciences Institute (ISI) of the University of Southern California (USC) is a prominent research organization in the field of information science; it is part of the Viterbi School of Engineering at USC. It is involved in a broad spectrum of information processing research, and in the development of advanced computer and communication technologies.
Information Security Department The Information Security Department is a department in the Israel Defense Forces' Directorate of Military Intelligence, responsible for preventing classified information from being compromised by unauthorized elements. It was formerly known as the Field Security Department.
Information Security Forum The Information Security Forum (ISF) is an international, independent, not-for-profit organization dedicated to benchmarking and best practices in information security. It was established in 1989 as the European Security Forum but expanded its mission and membership in the 1990s, so that it now includes hundreds of members, including a large number of Fortune 500 companies, from North America, Asia, and other locations around the world.
Information Security Oversight Office The Information Security Oversight Office (ISOO) is responsible to the President of the United States for policy and oversight of the Government-wide security classification system and the National Industrial Security Program. Its authority derives from Executive Order 12958 "Classified National Security Information" and Executive Order 12829 "National Industrial Security Program", as amended.
Information Services Division (NHS Scotland) The Information Services Division (ISD) of NHS National Services Scotland is headed by Susan Burney (Interim Director, Information Services) and Ron Anderson (Interim Director, Information Management and Technology) and has a number of groups. The main ones are:
Information Services Procurement Library The Information Services Procurement Library (ISPL) is a best practice library for the management of Information Technology related acquisition processes. It helps both the customer and supplier organization to achieve the desired quality using the corresponded amount of time and money by providing methods and best practices for risk management, contract management, and planning.
Information Sharing and Customer Outreach The Information Sharing and Customer Outreach office or ISCO is one of five directorates within the office of the Chief Information Officer (CIO) under the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI). Established by at least February 2006,General Meyerrose address to AFCEA, 24 FEB 2006 ISCO is led by the Deputy Associate Director of National Intelligence for Information Sharing and Customer Outreach, which is currently Mr.
Information Systems Research Information Systems Research (ISR) is an academic journal that publishes original peer-reviewed research articles in the areas of Information Systems and Information Technology. Along with Management Information Systems Quarterly, ISR is widely regarded by IS/IT researchers as one of the two most prestigious journals in the information systems discipline.
Information Systems Security Engineering Information Systems Security Engineering (ISSE) is the process used to discover and meet the users' protection needs. ISSE should be part of systems engineering (SE) and the formal certification and accredition process to ensure that security solutions are effective and efficient.
Information Systems Technician Information Systems Technician (or Information Technicians; abrreviation: IT) refers to an industrial occupation whose responsibility is maintaining communications and computer systems. ITs may also refer to individuals that help design and develop information and graphic content.
Information technology Information Technology (IT) also known as Information and Communication(s) Technology (ICT) and Infocomm in Asia is concerned with the use of technology in managing and processing information, especially in large organizations.
Information technology audit An information technology (IT) audit or information systems (IS) audit is an examination of the controls within an entity's Information technology infrastructure. These reviews may be performed in conjunction with a financial statement audit, internal audit, or other form of attestation engagement.
Information technology consulting Information technology consulting (IT consulting or business and technology services) is a field that focuses on advising businesses on how best to use information technology to meet their business objectives. In addition to providing advice, IT consultancies often implement, deploy, and administer IT systems on businesses' behalf.
Information technology enabled services Information technology enabled services, or ITES, is a form of outsourced service which has emerged due to involvement of IT in various fields such as banking and finance, telecommunications, insurance, etc. Some of the examples of ITES are medical transcription, back-office accounting, insurance claim, credit card processing and many more.
Information technology governance Information Technology Governance, IT Governance or ICT Governance, is a subset discipline of Corporate Governance focused on information technology systems and their performance and risk management. The rising interest in IT governance is partly due to compliance initiatives (e.
Information technology law Information technology law (or IT law) is a set of recent legal enactments, currently in existence in several countries, which governs the process and dissemination of information digitally. These legal enactments cover a broad gambit of different aspects relating to computer software, protection of computer software, access and control of digital information, privacy, security, internet access and usage, and electronic commerce.
Information technology operations Information technology operations, or IT operations, are the superset of all processes and services that are both provisioned by an IT Staff to their internal or external clients and used by themselves, to run themselves as a business.
Information technology security audit A computer security audit is a manual or systematic measurable technical assessment of a system or application. Manual assessments include interviewing staff, performing security vulnerability scans, reviewing application and operating system access controls, and analyzing physical access to the systems.
Information theoretic security A cryptosystem is information-theoretically secure if its security derives purely from information theory. That is, it makes no unproven assumptions such as the hardness of mathematical problems such as factoring, and is hence secure even when the adversary has unbounded computing power.
Information theoretical death Information-theoretic death is the destruction of the human brain, and information within it, to such an extent that recovery of the original mind and person that occupied the brain is theoretically impossible by any physical means. The concept of information-theoretic death arose in the 1990s in response to the problem that as medical technology advances, conditions previously considered to be death, such as cardiac arrest, become reversible and are no longer considered to be death.
Information theory Information theory is a discipline in applied mathematics involving the quantification of data with the goal of enabling as much data as possible to be reliably stored on a medium or communicated over a channel. The measure of data, known as information entropy, is usually expressed by the average number of bits needed for storage or communication.
Information Technologist Information Technologist is a job role which can involve programming, analysis, design, and systems administration of the use of computers and communications to send, receive and save information. http://wordnet.
Information Technology and Innovation Foundation The Information Technology and Innovation Foundation (ITIF) is a non-profit, non-partisan public policy think tank committed to articulating and advancing a pro-productivity, pro-innovation and pro-technology public policy agenda internationally, in Washington, D.C.
Information Technology Association of Canada Information Technology Association of Canada (or Association canadienne de la technolgie de l'information) is a lobby group representing members (companies) of Canada's information and communications technologies (ICT) industry.
Information Technology Infrastructure Library The Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL®) is a framework of best practice approaches intended to facilitate the delivery of high quality information technology (IT) services. ITIL outlines an extensive set of management procedures that are intended to support businesses in achieving both quality and value, in a financial sense, in IT operations.
Information Technology Loop The concepts, products, services, processes, systems and the interrelated and interdependent horizontal and vertical technologies making up the world of information technology can be represented in a loop. From the time a concept is introduced, experimented, prototyped, innovated, consumed, deployed, and taught, it passes through key components in the loop.
Information Technology Management Reform Act The Information Technology Management Reform Act of 1996 and the Federal Acquisition Reform Act (FARA) of 1996 were combined to become the Clinger-Cohen Act of 1996 (CCA). The CCA is a United States federal law that was co-authored by U.
Information warfare Information warfare is the use and management of information in pursuit of a competitive advantage over an opponent. Information warfare may involve collection of tactical information, assurance that one's own information is valid, spreading of propaganda or disinformation among the enemy, undermining the quality of opposing force information and denial of information collection opportunities to opposing forces.
Information-Based Complexity Information-Based Complexity (IBC) studies optimal algorithms and computational complexity for the continuous problems which arise in physical science, economics, engineering, and mathematical finance. IBC has studied such continuous problems as path integration, partial differential equations, systems of ordinary differential equations, nonlinear equations, integral equations, fixed points, and very high-dimensional integration.
Information-transfer transaction In telecommunication, an information-transfer transaction is a coordinated sequence of user and telecommunications system actions that cause information present at a source user to become present at a destination user.
Information: The New Language of Science College of William and Mary Chancellor Professor of Physics Hans Christian von Baeyer authored a book entitled Information: The New Language of Science. In chapter one (as exemplified in the following excerpt from page ten), the author introduces the book's subject: information.
Informational cascade Informational cascade is a situation in which every subsequent actor, based on the observations of others, makes the same choice independent of his/her private signal. In an informational cascade, everyone is individually acting rationally.
Informational listening The process of informational listening focuses on the ability of an individual to understand a speaker’s message. It is a huge part of everyday life, and failing to understand the concept of informational listening can be very detrimental to one's contribution to society, and indeed, detrimental to quality of life in general.
Informational Revolution The Informational Revolution is one of the theoretical frameworks within which trends in current society can be conceptualized. Many competing terms have been proposed, which focus on different aspects of these trends.
Informational society In sociology, informational society refers to a post-modern type of society. Theoreticians like Ulrich Beck, Anthony Giddens and Manuel Castells argue that since the 1970s a transformation from industrial society to informational society has happened on a global scale.
Informational Social Influence In social psychology, informational social influence is a type of comformity. When a person is in a situation where they are unsure of the correct way to behave they will often look to others for cues concerning the correct behavior.
Informationist An Informationist (or Information Specialist in Context) provides research and knowledge management services in the context of clinical care or biomedical research. One way to think of the Informationist is the knowledge and skill of a medical librarian with extensive research specialization.
InformationsbyrĂĄn InformationsbyrĂĄn (Information Office, IB) was a secret Swedish intelligence agency within the Swedish Army. Its main purpose was to gather information about communists and other individuals who were perceived to be a threat to the nation.
Informationsdienst gegen Rechtsextremismus The Informationsdienst gegen Rechtsextremismus (IDGR) has been a privately financed German project on the Internet set up to counter anti-Semitism and Holocaust denial, similar to the Nizkor Project. Founded in 1998 by political scientist Margret Chatwin, a former contributor to Nizkor,Some early edits (1996) of Margret Chatwin on Nizkor IDGR was widely regarded as the main German-language source of information on right-wing extremism.
Informavore An informavore (also spelled informivore) is one who consumes information. It is a description of human behavior in modern information society, in comparison to omnivore, as a description of humans as consuming food.
Informbiro period Informbiro (also the Informbiro period or the Time of the Informbiro) was a period (1948-1955) in the history of Yugoslavia characterized by conflict and schism with the Soviet Union. The word Informbiro is a Yugoslavian abbreviation for "Information Bureau," from "Communist Information Bureau" (also: "Cominform").
Informed consent Informed consent is a legal condition whereby a person can be said to have given consent based upon an appreciation and understanding of the facts and implications of an action. The individual needs to be in possession of all of his faculties, such as not being mentally retarded or mentally ill and without an impairment of judgment at the time of consenting.
Informed judge The informed judge is a concept that 19th-century political philosopher John Stuart Mill used when describing utilitarianism. Mill posited that in order to find the better of two choices, one must find the choice that yields more happiness.
Informer (song) "Informer" is a 1993 single by Canadian reggae musician Snow from his debut album 12 Inches of Snow. The single was produced by MC Shan (who was also featured on the song) shortly before Snow was imprisoned for a year on an assault charge.
Informis Infinitas Inhumanitas The second album by Technical Death Metal band Origin, Informis Infinitas Inhumanitas introduced a more technical aspect of the band. The album features quotes from Dogma and Aliens to introduce two of the tracks.
Informix Wingz Wingz was a spreadsheet program from Informix in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Originally developed for the Macintosh, it was later distributed on Microsoft Windows, OS/2, NextStep and several other commercial flavors of Unix.
Infornography Infornography is a portmanteau word formed by the combination of the words "information" and "pornography". Infornography is used to define an addiction to or an obsession with acquiring, manipulating, and sharing information.
Infoshop An infoshop is a storefront or social center that serves as a node for the distribution of anarchist information, typically in the form of books, zines, stickers and posters. Infoshops often serve as a meeting space and resource hub for local activist groups.
Infosphere Infosphere neologism coined by Luciano Floridi on the basis of biosphere, a term referring to that limited region on our planet that supports life. The infosphere denotes the whole informational environment constituted by all informational entities (thus including informational agents as well), their properties, interactions, processes and mutual relations.
Infosurv Infosurv is a privately held survey and market research corporation based in Atlanta, Georgia. Infosurv specializes in the design, administration and analysis of Web-based surveys, primarily for businesses that want to survey their employees and customers.
InfoSight InfoSight is a manufacturer of industrial marking machines, metal tags, metal tag printers, barcode readers and custom machinery for manual and automatic identification applications worldwide. InfoSight Corporation was formed in 1993 from the divestiture of the large, custom designed side of the business from Telesis Marking Systems.
InfoSTEP infoSTEP is a provider of Business Intelligence (BI) ,Corporate Governance and Risk Management solutions to various marquee clients in the Bay area, California, USA. It was founded in 1998 by Sagar Anisingaraju and Sanjeev Kumar and is headquartered in Santa Clara, California.
Infotainment? Infotainment was an album by the highly political band, Pitchshifter, released in 1996. It can be considered a transition album from their very death metal-esque early songs to their techno-metal material that was created later.
Infoterra Ltd Infoterra Ltd is a European company which provides geo-information products and services, such as earth observation satellite images. It was launched in January 2001 and is a wholly owned subsidiary of EADS Astrium.
Infotrac Infotrac is a large proprietary system run by Thomson Learning for accessing an online database of journal articles. According to Thomson's InfoTrac web site, the database has over 20 million articles of 6,000 journals.
InfoTrac Infotrac is a widely-used full-text database produced by Thomson Gale. It features a wide variety of content from academic journals and general magazines, with a target audience of students using academic, public, public and school libraries.
InfoWorld InfoWorld is a weekly information technology trade magazine published by InfoWorld Media Group, a division of IDG (International Data Group). Published 51 times per year, InfoWorld provides in-depth technical analysis on key products and technologies for sound buying decisions and business gain.
Infra Recorder Infra Recorder is a free graphical CD and DVD writing program for Microsoft Windows, licensed under the GPL version 2. Started by Christian Kindahl in 2006, Infra Recorder uses the cdrtools software to perform the actual burning.
Infra-red search and track An infra-red search and track (IRST) system (sometimes known as infra-red sighting and tracking) is a method for detecting and tracking objects which give off infrared radiation such as jet aircraft and helicopters. Such systems are passive, meaning they do not give out any radiation of their own, unlike radar.
Infraero Infraero is a Brazilian government corporation created in 1970, that is responsible for administering the main Brazilian commercial airports. In 2003, Infraero's airports carried approximately 250 million passengers.
InfraGard InfraGard is a United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) program that began in the Cleveland, Ohio, Field Office in 1996. It was a local effort to gain support from the information technology industry and academia for the FBI's investigative efforts in the cyber arena.
Infralec Infralec was the electricity distribution business owned by Hyder. Infralec was established in February 2000 to operate the electricity distribution network previously operated under the SWALEC brand before Swalec was sold to British Energy.

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