Encyclopedia

Ingrid Christensen Coast Ingrid Christensen Coast () is that portion of the coast of Antarctica lying between Jennings Promontory, in 72° 33' E, and the western end of the West Ice Shelf in 81° 24' E. It is located in the western half of Princess Elizabeth Land, just east of Amery Ice Shelf.
Ingrid Kristiansen Ingrid Kristiansen née Christensen (born March 21, 1956 in Trondheim, Norway), was one of the best female long distance runners in the second half of the 1980s. She finished in fourth place in the first ever Olympic marathon race, at the 1984 Summer Olympics.
Ingrid Matthews Ingrid Matthews is Music Director of the Seattle Baroque Orchestra, and is recognized as one of world's leading baroque violinists and period instrument performers. In 1989 she was awarded first prize in the Erwin Bodky International Competition for Early Music, and she has performed extensively with leading period-instrument ensembles such as Tafelmusik, Philharmonia Baroque Orchestra and many others.
Ingrid Newkirk Ingrid Newkirk (born July 11, 1949) is a British-born animal rights activist, author, and president of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), the world's largest animal rights organization. She co-founded PETA in 1980 with American activist Alex Pacheco, and is the author of several books about animal liberation, including Free the Animals, You Can Save the Animals, and Making Kind Choices, which has a foreword by Sir Paul McCartney.
Ingrid Noll Ingrid Noll (born 29th September 1935 in Shanghai; real name Ingrid Gullatz) is a German thriller writer. She has written several novels, including Head Counter and Die Apothekerin, as well as one television drama, Bommels BilligflĂĽge.
Ingrid Pollard Ingrid Pollard (born 1953 in Georgetown, Guyana) is a British artist and photographer. Her work uses portraiture photography and traditional landscape imagery to explore social constructs such as Britishness or racial difference.
Ingrid Ragvaldsdotter Queen Ingrid Ragvaldsdotter (Old Norse Ingiríðr Rögnvaldsdóttir) was a Swedish-born royal lady and queen consort of Norway in the 12th century. She played a prominent part in many of the events of the early civil war era in Norway.
Ingrid Roscoe Ingrid Roscoe, PhD (University of Leeds) was born at Rugby School on 27 May 1944. Her father, Dr Arthur Allen, a squadron-leader in the RAF, was in Devon, closely involved in plans for the forthcoming D-Day landings.
Ingrid Vandebosch Ingrid Vandebosch is a supermodel and occasional actress born in Zichen-Zussen-Bolder, a town in the Belgian province of Limburg. Her modeling contract requires her birthdate to be kept secret, but she won the Elite Look of the Year Award in 1990, which would mean she was born circa 1972.
Ingrid Washinawatok Ingrid Washinawatok El-Issa (also known as O'Peqtaw-Metamoh and Flying Eagle Woman) was born in 1957. She was an internationally-known member of the Menominee Nation of upper Wisconsin, assassinated by FARC guerrillas in Colombia in 1999.
Ingrid Wendl Ingrid Turković-Wendl (May 17, 1940 in Vienna, born Ingrid Wendl) is an Austrian figure skater, television announcer, and political figure. She has been an Austrian People's Party delegate to the National Council of Austria since 2002.
Ingrida Kadaka Ingrida Kadaka (born in Riga, Latvia on July 29, 1967) is an artist and book designer, best known for her work in the media of oil painting and etching. She matriculated at the Art Academy of Latvia (1989), from which she received her BA (1993) and MA (1995).
Ingrown hair Ingrown hair is a condition where the hair curls back or grows sideways into the skin. It may or may not be accompanied by an infection of the hair follicle (folliculitis) or "razor bumps" (Pseudofolliculitis barbae).
Ingulph Ingulph or Ingulf died 16 November, 1109 as a Benedictine abbot of Croyland Abbey at Crowland, Lincolnshire. He was an Englishman who, having travelled to England on diplomatic business as secretary of William, Duke of Normandy in 1051, was made Abbot of Croyland in 1087 (Chambers and DNB say 1086) at Duke William's instigation after he had become king of England and the abbacy had fallen vacant.
Inguna Butane Inguna Butane was born on February 24th, 1986, and is a supermodel from Latvia. She has been in ad campaigns for Armani Jeans, Bergdorf Goodman, Bottega Veneta, Dolce & Gabbana, L'Oréal, Mark Cosmetics, Neiman Marcus, and Victoria's Secret.
Inguri The Inguri (Georgian: ენგური/Enguri; Russian: Ингури/Inguri) is a river in western Georgia. It is 213 km long, originates from the border of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia and plays an important role providing hydroelectric power to the region.
Ingush language Ingush is a language spoken by approximately 415,000 people (2005), known as the Ingush, across a region covering Ingushetia, Chechnya, Uzbekistan and Russia. In Ingush, the language is called ГІалгІай Ğalğaj (pronounced ).
Ingush-Ossetian conflict The Ingush-Ossetian Conflict refers to the inter-ethnic conflict in Prigorodny District, part of Russian federal subject of Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, which started in 1989 and developed into a full scale ethnic war in 1991 between local Ingush and Ossetian military units.
Ingvaeonic Ingvaeonic, also known as North Sea Germanic, is a postulated historical state of the West Germanic languages that would fork into Old Frisian, Old English and Old Saxon. It must not be thought of as a monolithic language, but as a group of closely related dialects that were also influenced by other groups of Germanic dialects.
Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law In historical linguistics, the Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law (also called the Anglo-Frisian or North Sea Germanic nasal spirant law) is a description of a phonological development in some dialects of West Germanic, which is attested in Old English, Old Frisian, and Old Saxon. By this sound change, in the combination vowel + nasal + fricative, the nasal disappeared, with compensatory lengthening of the vowel.
Ingvar Ambjørnsen Ingvar Even Ambjørnsen-Haefs (born May 20, 1956 in Larvik) is a Norwegian writer. He is best known for his "Elling" tetralogy: Utsikt til paradiset (1993), Fugledansen (1995), Brødre i blodet (1996), and Elsk meg i morgen (1999).
Ingwavuma, KwaZulu-Natal Ingwavuma is a town in the Umkhanyakude District Municipality of KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. It is unclear where the name of the town came from; one theory is that is was named after the Ngwavuma River while another is that there was a leader called Vuma, the name then meaning "Vuma's place" in Zulu.
Ingworth Ingworth is a small village of 94 people spread over 48 households Office for National Statistics & Norfolk County Council, 2001. Census population and household counts for unparished urban areas and all parishes.
Inhabited Inhabited is a CCM rock group formed in 2000, although their first notable album was not officially released until 2003. The group is comprised of brother-sister duo Sara & Marcus Acker, Chad, Charlie Harper.
Inhabited set A set A is called inhabited if there exists an element ain A. Note that in classical mathematics this is equivalent to Aneqemptyset (A being nonempty), yet in intuitionistic mathematics we actually have to find an element ain A..
Inhaca Inhaca is a settlement in Mozambique, on the subtropical Inhaca Island (Ilha da Inhaca in Portuguese) off the East African coast. Inhaca settlement is centered on a missionary station located about 32km east of Maputo.
Inhalable insulin Inhalable insulin is a new (as of mid-2006) method of delivering insulin, a drug used in the treatment of diabetes, to the body. It is the first new treatment option of insulin since the discovery of insulin in 1921 traditionally administered by subcutaneous injection].
Inhalant Inhalants are a chemically diverse group of psychoactive substances composed of organic solvents and volatile substances commonly found in more than 1000 common household products, such as aerosols, adhesives, deodorants, perfumes, hair spray, air fresheners, gasoline, lighter fluid, and paint.
Inhalational anaesthetic Inhalational anaesthetics are gases or vapours possessing anaesthetic qualities. The agents of significant contemporary interest include the volatile anaesthetics (halothane, isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane) and the gases ethylene, nitrous oxide and xenon.
Inhale Positivity "Inhale Positivity" is the third single from the Lazyboy musical project (known as Lazy B in the UK), released as the followup to the hit "Underwear Goes Inside the Pants". It features spiritual and sensual self-help advice spoken by a kindly male voice, set to sunny club-friendly dance music and a vocoded chorus repeating the mantra "Inhale positivity, exhale negativity".
Inharmonicity In music, inharmonicity is the degree to which the frequencies of the overtones of a fundamental differ from whole number multiples of the fundamental's frequency. These inharmonic overtones are often distinguished from harmonic overtones, all whole number multiples, by calling them partials, though partial may also be used to refer to both.
Inherent jurisdiction Inherent Jurisdiction is a doctrine of the English common law that a superior court has the jurisdiction to hear any matter that comes before it, unless a statute limits that authority or grants exclusive jurisdiction to some other court or tribunal. The term is also used when a governmental institution derives its jurisdiction from a fundamental governing instrument such as a constitution.
Inherently funny word The belief that certain words are inherently funny, for reasons ranging from onomatopoeia to sexual innuendo, is widespread among people who work in humor. Opinions vary widely regarding this idea; there is no generally agreed-upon list of funny words and some people consider it to be a meaningless or nonsensical concept.
Inherit the Wind Inherit the Wind is a play by Jerome Lawrence and Robert Edwin Lee, which opened on Broadway in January 1955, and a 1960 Hollywood film based on the play. The play's title comes from Proverbs 11:29, which in the King James Bible reads:
Inheritance (computer science) In object-oriented programming, inheritance is a way to form new classes (instances of which are called objects) using classes that have already been defined. The new classes, known as derived classes, take over (or inherit) attributes and behaviour of the pre-existing classes, which are referred to as base classes (or ancestor classes).
Inheritance (genetic algorithm) In genetic algorithms, inheritance is the ability of modelled objects to mate, mutate and propagate their problem solving genes to the next generation, in order to produce an evolved solution to a particular problem.
Inheritance (Warhammer novel) Inheritance is a novel written by Steven Savile within the fictional Warhammer Fantasy setting. It is the first book of the Von Carstein Trilogy and it follows the life of Vlad von Carstein as he wages war against the Empire.
Inheritance of acquired characters The inheritance of acquired characters (or characteristics) is the hereditary mechanism by which changes in physiology acquired over the life of an organism (such as muscle enlarged through use) are purportedly transmitted to offspring. It is also commonly referred to as the theory of adaptation equated with the evolutionary theory of French naturalist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.
Inheritance semantics In computer science, inheritance semantics is the study and development of terminology describing the phenomena of inheritance in the context of object-oriented computing languages. The study and development of this branch of semantics is relevant to software patents and technical documentation.
Inheritance tax Inheritance tax, estate tax and death duty are the names given to various taxes which arise on the death of an individual. In United States tax law, there is a distinction between an estate tax and an inheritance tax: the former taxes the personal representatives of the deceased, while the latter taxes the beneficiaries of the estate.
Inheritance Trilogy Wiki The Inheritance Trilogy Wiki (Inheriwiki) is a wiki for information on the Inheritance Trilogy by Christopher Paolini. It contains information on all Inheritance-related items, including the books, the movies, and the games.
Inheritors (play) Inheritors, (1921) by American dramatist Susan Glaspell concerns the legacy of an idealistic farmer who wills his highly coveted midwest farmland to the establishment of a college (Act I.) Forty years later, when his granddaughter stands up for the rights of Hindu nationals to protest at the college her grandfather founded, she jeopardizes funding for the college itself and sets herself against her own uncle, president of the institution's trustees (Act II.
Inhibited sexual desire Inhibited sexual desire (ISD), sometimes called frigidity, sexual aversion, sexual apathy or hypoactive sexual desire, refers to a low level of sexual desire and interest manifested by a failure to initiate or be responsive to a partner's initiation of sexual activity. ISD may be a primary condition (where the person has never felt much sexual desire or interest), or secondary (where the person used to possess sexual desire, but no longer has interest).
Inhibition of return When attention is directed to a location, there is a brief (about 300ms) period of time when facilitation of processing at that location occurs. Following facilitation, there is a period of time (somewhere between 300ms and 3 sec) during which attention is inhibited from returning to the previously attended location.
Inhibition Theory Inhibition theory is based on the basic assumption that, during the performance of any mental task, which requires a minimum of mental effort, the subject actually goes through a series of alternating states of distraction (non-work) and attention (work). These alternating states of distraction (state 0) and attention (state 1) are latent states, which cannot be observed and which are completely unaware to the subject.
Inhibitor of DNA binding protein Inhibitor of DNA binding/differentiation proteins, also known as an "Id proteins," actually comprise a family of proteins that heterodimerize with basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors to inhibit DNA binding of bHLH proteins. Id proteins lack DNA binding domains and thus negatively regulate bHLH transcription factors when they bind the bHLH active site.
Inhibitory gnosis Inhibitory gnosis is a form of deep meditation into a trance state of mind. This type of gnosis uses slow and regular breathing techniques; absent thought processes; progressive muscular relaxation; self-induction and self-hypnosis techniques.
Inhibitory postsynaptic current In neurobiology, an Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Current (IPSC), and its complementary process Excitatory Post-Synaptic Current (EPSC), are thought to be the foundational concepts that underlie the basic features of neurotransmission in mammalian cells.
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential An Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (commonly abbreviated as IPSP) is the change in membrane voltage of a postsynaptic neuron which results from synaptic activation of inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors. The most common inhibitory neurotransmitters in the nervous system are GABA and glycine.
Inhofe Amendment The Inhofe Amendment is an amendment to the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006, a bill currently under debate in the United States Senate that would change current immigration law allowing more immigrants into the United States. The amendment was passed on May 18, 2006 by a vote of 63-34Roll Call Vote.
Inhomogeneous electromagnetic wave equation Localized time-varying charge and current densities can act as sources of electromagnetic waves in a vacuum. Maxwell's equations can be written in the form of a Inhomogeneous electromagnetic wave equation (or often "nonhomogeneous electromagnetic wave equation") with sources.
Inhuman Games Inhuman Games, a small game development firm based in Redmond, Washington, is best known for its development of the real-time strategy game Trash. Company co-founder and lead developer Mark Currie was previously known for creating the freeware game Chopper Commando.
Inhuman Torch The Inhuman Torch is a fictional character from an alternate reality off shoot of the Marvel Universe, known as House of M. In this reality a tyrannical Magneto rules earth, except for pockets like Latveria, where Victor Von Doom created that world's Fantastic Four equivalent "The Fearsome Four", to oppose Magneto.
Inhumanism Identified by the American Poet Robinson Jeffers, Inhumanism is the belief that mankind is too self-centered and too indifferent to the "astonishing beauty of things." Articulated in the first half of the 1900s, inhumansim views that humans may strive, but will always be unable to "uncenter" themselves.
Inhumi The inhumi (masculine inhumu, feminine inhuma) are shapeshifting, vampiric creatures native to the world of Green in Gene Wolfe's series The Book of the Short Sun (though they first appear in The Book of the Long Sun in the person of Patera Quetzal).
Inch An inch (plural: inches; symbol or abbreviation: in or, sometimes, ″ - a double prime) is the name of a unit of length in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. Its size can vary from system to system.
Inch Clutha Inch Clutha is a large, flat island sitting in the delta of the Clutha River in the South Island of New Zealand, downstream from the town of Balclutha. Approximately ten kilometres in length and three kilometres in width, the fertile but flood-prone land of the island is extensively farmed.
Inch of mercury Inches of mercury, inHg or "Hg is a non-SI unit for pressure. It is still widely used for barometric pressure in weather reports and aviation in the United States, but is considered somewhat outdated elsewhere.
Inchaffray Abbey Inchaffray Abbey was situated by the village of Madderty, midway between Perth and Crieff in Strathearn, Scotland. The only trace now visible is an earth mound and some walls on the island where the abbey once stood.
Inchcape plc Inchcape plc is a British trading group headquartered in central London which has a varied history but now specialises in car distribution. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index.
Inchcape Shipping Services Inchcape Shipping Services is the world's largest independent marine services organisation managing over 50,000 port calls each year through a network of 2,300 people located in 210 offices in 50 countries. With over 2,500 clients across the oil, cruise, navy, container and commodity sectors.
Incheba Incheba Expo is located in Petrzalka Bratislava. The fair programme is oriented to such areas as construction, tourism, gastronomy, chemical industry, automobile industry, cosmetics, fashion, medical equipment and arts.
Incheon International Airport Railroad The Incheon International Airport Railroad, officially simply known as the Airport Railroad (A'REX), is a railway currently under construction in South Korea. The line will link Incheon International Airport and Gimpo Airport to Seoul Station (earlier plans to link to Yongsan Station have been dropped).
Incheon Tower The Incheon Tower is a proposed 151-floor, 2,000-foot tower that would be about 20 miles from South Korea's capital, Seoul. Atlanta-based developer Portman Holdings has already signed an agreement with South Korean officials to build this tower, which would surpass the current 865-foot Samsung Tower Palace as the tallest building in South Korea.
Incheon United Founded at the end of the 2003 season in the Korean port city of Incheon, Incheon United made their K-League debut in 2004 under the leadership of German manager Werner Lorant. Midway through the season, Lorant quit and the side struggled to make an impact in the league.
Inchmahome Inchmahome or Innis mo-Cholmáig ("my-Colmac's island") is the largest of three islands in the Lake of Menteith, in Highland Stirlingshire. It was the location of Inchmahome Priory and the priors of Inchmahome.
Inchoate offense An inchoate offence is the crime of preparing for or seeking to commit another crime. A true inchoate offence occurs when the intended crime is not perpetrated since the Doctrine of Merger prohibits charging both, except for conspiracy.
Inchoative verb An inchoative verb, sometimes called an "inceptive" verb, shows a process of beginning or becoming. Productive inchoative infixes exist in several languages, including Latin and Ancient Greek, and consequently some Romance languages.
Ini Menkheperre Ini or Iny Si-Ese Meryamun was a local king who ruled at Thebes for at least 4-5 years after the death of Rudamun. His existence was first established by the publication of a graffito by Helen Jacquet-Gordon in 1979.
Ini (Stephen King) In the Stephen King/Richard Bachman parallel-worlds novels "Desperation" and "The Regulators", the term ini refers to a dimensional portal; in this case, a small aperture (only about an inch across in "Desperation," and somewhat larger in "The Regulators") that connects Earth to the dimension in which Tak was originally imprisoned by ancient forces unknown.
Ini Kopuria Ini Kopuria, a police officer from Maravovo, Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands formed the Melanesian Brotherhood in 1925. He and the Bishop of Melanesia, the Right Reverend John Manwaring Steward, realised Ini's dream by forming a band of brothers (known in the Mota language as 'Ira Reta Tasiu') to take the Gospel of Jesus Christ to the non-Christian areas of Melanesia.
Inimigo PĂşblico Inimigo PĂşblico is a Portuguese satirical newspaper supplement. It is distributed weekly with the PĂşblico newspaper (currently on Saturdays), and has also been developed into a short-lived TV show similar to The Daily Show.
Inindo: Way of the Ninja Inindo: Way of the Ninja (伊忍道　打倒信長 or Inindou Datou Nobunaga, スーパー伊忍道　打倒信長 or Super Inindou Datou Nobunaga in its Super Famicom version) is a role-playing game developed by Koei. Originally released for the PC8801SR, PC9801, MSX2 home computer, it was remade for the Super NES platform, which was released in North America. The game is a non-historical account of Japan's warring states period. In that sense, Inindo can be considered as an spin-off of the long-standing Nobunaga's Ambition series.
Inis Beag Inis Beag (Gaelic: "Little Island") is a pseudonym given by the cultural anthropologist John Cowan Messenger to an isolated small Gaelic-speaking Irish Catholic community on one of the Aran Islands off the coast of Connemara in Ireland, in his study "Sex and Repression in an Irish Folk Community". During the period of Messenger's study between 1958 and 1966, Inis Beag supported a population of around 350, mostly living by subsistence farming and fishing.
Inishark Inishark or Inishshark (Inis Airc in Irish) is a small island neighbouring the larger Inishbofin in County Galway, Ireland. Now uninhabited, the last 23 inhabitants of this former isolated fishing and farming community were evacuated in 1960.
Inishbofin, Donegal Inishbofin (Inis Bo Finne in Irish, meaning Island of the White Cow) is an island off the northwestern coast of Donegal, Ireland. It is a 120-hectare (300-acre) land mass long known as a fishing and farming village, a place where countless generations of inhabitants -current population numbers around 16 - have spoken Irish.
Inisheer Inisheer (Irish: official name Inis OĂ­rr ; traditionaly Inis Thiar "rear island" or Inis Oirthir "east island" is the smallest and most eastern of the three Aran Islands in Galway Bay, Ireland. Naomh Caomhan, patron saint of Inisheer, is the elder brother of Naomh CaomhĂ­n (St.
Inishmaan Inishmaan (Irish: Inis Meadhóin / Inis Meáin "middle island"), population 200, is the middle of the three main Aran Islands in Galway Bay on the west coast of Ireland. Inishmaan is quieter and less touristy than its two neighbours Inishmore and Inisheer.
Initial dropping Initial dropping is a sound change whereby the first consonants of words are dropped. Additionally, stress may shift from the first to the second syllable, and the first vowel may be shortened, reduced, or dropped, which can mean the loss of the entire first syllable of a word.
Initial D (film) Initial D is a 2005 live-action film based on the Japanese Initial D manga and anime series. It is directed by famed Hong Kong directors Andrew Lau and Alan Mak, whose credits include the 2002 smash hit Infernal Affairs and 1999's The Legend of Speed, a previous street racing melodrama.
Initial D car modifications and character relations This is the complete list of car modifications as well as some character relations in the Initial D series. Much of this information has been taken out of the original data seen in the manga, both the fansub translations and the Tokyopop versions as well as some of the info from both the anime and Initial D Arcade Stage.
Initial D real-life locations and popularity The popularity of Initial D not only limits itself to the normal anime and manga fans, but has branched out to racing fans who may have never been interested in anime before as well. And due to the Initial D's fame, an Arcade Stage has been released by Sega.
Initial D terminologies and techniques Numerous sites that discuss driving techniques and terminologies exist on the internet, but for simplification, this article details and summarises most of the terminologies that are discussed in the Initial D anime.
Initial Detonation Initial Detonation were a crust punk band from Joplin, Missouri. Many of the members (guitarist Roger Hannifan, bassist Mike Jilge, and drummer Larry Deardorff) had been in the earlier, more hardcore punk, band Encrusted and Roger had played drums in an early incarnation of Total Chaos.
Initial events of the Rwandan Genocide The initial events of the Rwandan Genocide set the course for subsequent events, which culminated in the mass genocide of Tutsi and moderate Hutu residents of Rwanda. Many hold Minister of Defence, Colonel Théoneste Bagosora, responsible for the orchestration of the genocide; he had held ultimate authority over the presidential guard.
Initial J (Jay Chou album) Initial J: Jay Chou's Greatest Hits, by the Taiwanese R&B and Rap artist (and composer) mega star, Jay Chou, and was first released on August 31, 2005. Initial J is also the soundtrack to the movie Initial D starring Anthony Wong, Edison Chen, and Jay Chou as the lead character.
Initial mass function The initial mass function (IMF) is a relationship that specifies the mass distribution of a newly formed stellar population, by giving the number of stars of mass M per pc3 and per unit mass. It is obtained from the initial luminosity function by using the mass-luminosity relation.
Initial object In mathematics, an initial object of a category C is an object I in C such that for every object X in C, there exists precisely one morphism I → X. The dual notion is that of a terminal object: T is terminal if for every object X in C there exists a single morphism X → T.
Initial Reaction Force The Initial Reaction Force (IRF), also known as the Internal Reaction ForceThe David Hicks affidavit, Sydney Morning Herald, 2004-12-10 or Extreme Reaction Force (ERF) to inmates, is a type of small scale riot squad in the Camp Delta detention center of Guantanamo Bay. A squad is suited up and ready to respond, at all times, in instances when one or more detainees becomes physically hostile and refuses to follow commands by guards.
Initial Records Initial Records was a punk and hardcore based label started in 1992 in suburban Detroit by Andy Rich, Dennis Hepinstall, and Carolyn Smith. By the mid 90's most of the active bands on the roster were from Louisville, KY.
Initial stability Initial stability is the resistance of a boat to a small amount of lateral tilting from its equilibrium position. It is determined by the difference in the volume of water displaced on each side of the boat as it tilts and is relatively independent of hull shape for small angles of tilt.
Initial topology In topology and related areas of mathematics, the initial topology (projective topology or weak topology) on a set X, with respect to a family of functions on X, is the coarsest topology on X which makes those functions continuous.
Initial Teaching Alphabet The Initial Teaching Alphabet was developed by Sir James Pitman (the grandson of Sir Isaac Pitman, the inventor of a system of shorthand, who himself took up the issue of spelling reform with a variant typeface) as a tool for teaching children to read English. Although it was popular in the 1960s, it has fallen into disuse.
Initial volume of distribution The initial volume of distribution is a pharmacological term used to quantify the distribution of a drug throughout the body relatively soon after oral or intravenous dosing of a drug and prior to the drug reaching a steady state equilibrium. Following distribution of the drug, measurement of blood levels indicate the apparent volume of distribution.
Initial-stress-derived noun Initial-stress-derivation is a phonological process in English, wherein verbs become nouns or adjectives when the stress is moved to the first syllable from a later one -- usually, but not always, the second. This is gradually becoming more standardized in some English dialects, but is not present in all, and the list of affected words differs from area to area.
Initialization on demand holder idiom In software engineering, the Initialization on Demand Holder idiom (design pattern) is a lazy-loaded singleton. The idiom can be implemented in both single-threaded/serial and concurrent environments, but care must be taken to correctly implement the idiom under concurrent conditions.
Initialization vector In cryptography, an initialization vector (IV) is a block of bits that is required to allow a stream cipher or a block cipher executed in any of several streaming modes of operation to produce a unique stream independent from other streams produced by the same encryption key, without having to go through a (usually lengthy) re-keying process. The size of IV depends on the encryption algorithm and on the cryptographic protocol in use and is normally as large as the block or as large as the encryption key.
Initiation (chemistry) In chemistry, initiation is a chemical reaction that triggers one or more secondary reactions. Often the initiation reaction generates a reactive intermediate from a stable molecule which is then involved in secondary reactions.
Initiation (phonetics) In phonetics, initiation is the action by which an air-flow is created through the vocal tract. Along with articulation, it is one of the two mandatory aspects of sound production: without initiation, there is no sound.
Initiation (Rhea's Obsession album) Rhea's Obsession's debut album, Initiation, was released in 1996 on Spider Records after they had worked on soundtracks for film and television. The album was re-released with bonus tracks and remixes on Metropolis Records in 2001 as Re:Initiation.

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