Encyclopedia

Institutional memory Institutional memory is a collective of facts, concepts, experiences and know-how held by a group of people. As it transcends the individual, it requires the ongoing transmission of these memories between members of this group.
Institutional racism Institutional racism (or structural racism or systemic racism) is a theoretical form of racism that occurs in institutions such as public bodies and corporations, including universities. The term was coined by black nationalist, pan-Africanist and honorary prime minister of the Black Panther Party Stokely Carmichael.
Institutional research Institutional research is a broad category of work done at colleges and universities to inform campus decision making and planning in areas such as admissions, financial aid, curriculum, enrollment management, staffing, student life, finance, facilities, athletics, and alumni relations.
Institutional Review Board An institutional review board/independent ethics committee (IRB/IEC) (also known as ethical review board) is a group that has been formally designated to review and monitor biomedical and behavioral research involving human subjects. In accordance with Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and HHS regulations, an IRB has the authority to approve, require modifications in (to secure approval), or disapprove research.
Institutional Social Democratic Bloc The Institutional Social Democratic Bloc (Spanish: Bloque Institucional Social DĂ©mocrata, or BIS) is a political parties of the Dominican Republic. In the 16 May 2006 election, the party was a member of the winning Progressive Bloc.
Institutional Web Management Workshop (IWMW) Institutional Web Management Workshop (IWMW) is a series of workshop events organised by UKOLN to provide professional development for web managers, policy makers, developers, designers and information professionals related to the UK's higher and further education communities.
Institutionalisation The term institutionalization is widely used in social theory to denote the process of making something (for example a concept, a social role, particular values and norms, or modes of behaviour) become embedded within an organization, social system, or society as an established custom or norm within that system. See the entries on structure and agency and social construction for theoretical perspectives on the process of institutionalisation and the associated construction of institutions.
Institutionalism in international relations Institutionalism in international relations holds that the international system is not—in practice—anarchic, but that it has an implicit or explicit structure which determines how states will act within the system.
Institutionalism in political parties Party Institutionalism is an approach that sees political parties as having some capacities for adaptation, but also sees them as being "prisoners of their own history as an institution". Aspects of the ideology that a party had when it was founded, persists even though the conditions and the party-base in society have changed.
Instituto AgronĂ´mico de Campinas The Instituto AgronĂ´mico de Campinas (Agronomical Institute of Campinas -- IAC) is a research and development institution affiliated to the AgĂŞncia Paulista de Tecnologia dos AgronegĂłcios (SĂŁo Paulo Agency of Agrobusiness Technology), of the Secretary of Agriculture of the state of SĂŁo Paulo, Brazil, with headquarters in the city of Campinas. It is the oldest institution of its kind in Latin America, having been founded by Emperor Dom Pedro II in 1887 as the Imperial Agronomical Station of Campinas.
Instituto Argentino de NormalizaciĂłn y CertificaciĂłn The Argentine Normalization and Certification Institute (Spanish: Instituto Argentino de NormalizaciĂłn y CertificaciĂłn, IRAM) is the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) member body for Argentina.
Instituto Autónomo de Ferrocarriles del Estado IAFE, Instituto Autónomo de Ferrocariles del Estado (Autonomal Institute of Railways of the State) is an organization of the Bolivarian Government that manage the railway systems of the country, such as, Ezequiel Zamora Mass Transportation System inaugurated in October 15, 2006 by the President of the Republic, Hugo Chávez and another people related to this case. The headquarters are located in Caracas, Distrito Capital, Venezuela.
Instituto Autónomo del Aeropuerto Internacional de Maiquetía Instituto Autonomo del Aeropuerto Internacional de Maiquetia, or IAAIM (in English: Independent Institute of the International Airport of Maiquetia), was created during the first presidency of Carlos Andrés Pérez in Maiquetía, Vargas, Venezuela. The job of this institute is to manage the Simón Bolívar International Airport, along with the INAC.
Instituto Balseiro Balseiro Institute (Instituto Balseiro) is an academic institution chartered by the National University of Cuyo and the National Atomic Energy Commission. It is located in Bariloche, RĂ­o Negro province, Argentina.
Instituto Brasileiro de Mercado de Capitais Instituto Brasileiro de Mercado de Capitais, or IBMEC, is a Brazilian University and Research Institute specializing in Economics and Business. It was founded in 1970 in Rio as a research institute and in 1985 began the first Executive MBA in Finance program in Brazil.
Instituto Camões The Instituto Camões (in English Camoens or Camões Institute) is an institution created for the promotion of the Portuguese language and culture world-wide. The Instituto Camões has administrative and patrimonial autonomy, that, under the supervision of the Portuguese Minister of the Foreign Affairs, assures the co-ordination and execution of the external cultural policies of Portugal.
Instituto Cervantes The Instituto Cervantes is a worldwide non-profit organisation created by the Spanish government in 1991 and dedicated to the teaching of Spanish as a second language, as well as the promotion of Spanish and Hispanic American culture throughout non-Spanish-speaking countries. Its head offices are located in Madrid and Alcalá de Henares, the birthplace of Miguel de Cervantes, the author of the Don Quixote novel.
Instituto de ArqueologĂ­a AmazĂłnica The Instituto de ArqueologĂ­a AmazĂłnica (IAA, Amazon Archaeology Institute) is a non-profit making organisation affiliated to the National Institute of Culture of Peru (Agreement I-II-93), directed by Dr. Federico Kauffmann Doig; that jointly with the Center Studi Ricerche Ligabue (Italy), at which there presides the distinguished anthropologist and paleontologist Dr .
Instituto de BiologĂ­a y Medicina Experimental The Experimental Medicine and Biology Institute (Spanish: Instituto de BiologĂ­a y Medicina Experimental, IByME) is a research and development centre affiliated to the University of Buenos Aires, in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Instituto de Biologia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas The Instituto de Biologia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Institute of Biology of the State University of Campinas) is a research and higher education institution located at UNICAMP's main campus in the district of BarĂŁo Geraldo, city of Campinas, SĂŁo Paulo state, Brazil.
Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular The Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular) in Porto, Portugal, was founded in the 1990s as a multidisciplinary research institution in the fields of genetic diseases, infectious diseases and immunology, neuroscience, stress and structural biology.
Instituto de Computação da Universidade Estadual de Campinas The Instituto de Computação, formerly the Department of Computer Science of the Institute of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science is the main unit of education and research of the State University of Campinas (Unicamp), located in the campus of Barão Geraldo, city of Campinas, state of São Paulo, Brazil.
Instituto de Economia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas The Instituto de Economia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas is an academic unit of the State University of Campinas, located in the main campus of the University, in BarĂŁo Geraldo, Campinas, State of SĂŁo Paulo, Brazil.
Instituto de Estudos Empresariais Instituto de Estudos Empresariais (IEE) is a non-profit organization without any politically partisan commitments. It is funded through contributions by its members and companies that believe in its mission to build a freer and more prosperous society.
Instituto de QuĂ­mica da Universidade Estadual de Campinas The Instituto de QuĂ­mica da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Institute of Chemistry of the State University of Campinas) is an academic unit of the university located in Campinas, state of SĂŁo Paulo, Brazil, in the main campus at the BarĂŁo Geraldo subdistrict.
Instituto do Coração da Universidade de São Paulo The Instituto do Coração da Universidade de São Paulo (Heart Institute of the University of São Paulo is one of the clinical institutes of the central University's teaching hospital (Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo, located in São Paulo, Brazil, and recognized as one of the world's academic and clinical excellence centers in cardiology, cardiovascular medicine and cardiovascular surgery.
Instituto dos Vinhos do Douro e do Porto The Port and Douro Wines Institute is an official body belonging to the Ministry of Agriculture of Portugal, and is a key institution in promoting the industry and knowledge of making Port Wine. It was previously known as the Instituto do Vinho do Porto.
Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência The Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (IGC) (Gulbenkian Science Institute) was founded and is supported by the Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian (FCG) to carry on biomedical research and education. The IGC operates as a "host institution", offering excellent facilities and services to foreign and Portuguese research groups or individual scientists, in particular to young post-doctoral fellows who are expected to develop their projects and form their groups in complete autonomy.
Instituto HistĂłrico da Ilha Terceira The Instituto HistĂłrico da Ilha Terceira (IHIT, Portuguese meaning the Terceira Island Historic Institute) is a cultural association of private nature, dedicated on investigation and studying the , it organizes as an academy. The institute was founded in 1942 by the city of Angra do HeroĂ­smo.
Instituto Industrial e Comercial de Lisboa Instituto Industrial e Comercial de Lisboa was a former Portuguese school of vocational education founded in 1852 as Instituto Industrial de Lisboa, by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo decree of 30 December. Its aim was the creation of a technical school of vocational education, whose purpose was to facilitate the ongoing industrialization process set up by Pereira de Melo.
Instituto Latinoamericano de Museos Instituto Latinoamericano de Museos (ILAM), is a web portal that provides a wide variety of information relating to museums and parks in countries within Latin America. The site provides links to the most outstanding museums and heritage centres in the region, and searches can be made both geographically and topically.
Instituto Libre de Segunda Enseñanza The Instituto Libre de Segunda Enseñanza is a high school that depends from the Universidad de Buenos Aires. It has aproximately 1000 students, and it is located in Libertad 555 street, Capital Federal, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Instituto LingĂĽĂ­stico de Verano The Instituto LingĂĽĂ­stico de Verano (Linguistic Summer Institute) - ILV has been collaborating with the Ministry of Education in activities that concern etno-linguistics investigation (subject that studies in depth the knowledge of every language and prepares diverse educational materials) and the social and educational promotion of the vernacular-speaking communities, by means of the literacy and training programs to form native teachers.
Instituto María Rosa Mystica, Sacerdotes Carismáticos Misioneros The Instituto María Rosa Mystica, Sacerdotes Misioneros Carismáticos (Institute of Mary Mystic Rose – Charismatic Missionary Priests,MRM) is a small Christian Catholic religious association of priests and laypeople working in the city of Buenos Aires. It was founded in Buenos Aires, Argentina in 2004 by Bishop Gustavo Adrian Gabucci.
Instituto Nacional Instituto Nacional (National Institute), founded in August 10, 1813, officially Liceo Ex A-0 - Instituto Nacional General José Miguel Carrera, is Chile's oldest and most prestigious school. It's motto is 'Labor Omnia Vincit', meanind "Work conquers all things".
Instituto Nacional de EstadĂ­stica (Spain) The National Institute of Statistics () is the official organisation in Spain that collects statistics about demography, economy, and Spanish society. Every 10 years, this organisation conducts a national census.
Instituto Nacional de Estudios HistĂłricos de la RevoluciĂłn Mexicana INEHRM is the Instituto Nacional de Estudios HistĂłricos de la RevoluciĂłn Mexicana (National Institutes of Historical Studies on the Mexican Revolution) of the Mexican Interior Ministry (SecretarĂ­a de GobernaciĂłn).
Instituto Nacional de Industria Instituto Nacional de Industria (INI), literally National Institute of Industry, was a Spanish state-owned industrial holding. It was legally created on September 25 1941, with the objective to promote the development of Spanish industry and the self-sufficiency of Spanish economy.
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais The National Institute for Space Research (INPE) is a search unit of the Brazilian Ministry of Science and Technology (MCT), whose main goals lie in fostering scientific research and technological applications and in qualifying personnel in the fields of Space and Atmospheric Sciences and Applications and Space Engineering and Space Technology. While INPE is the civilian research center for aerospace activities, the Brazilian General Command for Aerospace Technology is the research military arm.
Instituto Nacional de TecnologĂ­a Agropecuaria The National Agricultural Technology Institute (Spanish: Instituto Nacional de TecnologĂ­a Agropecuaria, INTA) is an Argentine federal agency in charge of the generation, adaptation and diffusion of technologies, knowledge and learning procedures for the agriculture, forest and agro-industrial activities within an ecologically clean environment.
Instituto Nokia de Tecnologia INdT, or Nokia Technology Institute is an independent and non-profit organization aimed on research and development of mobile software technology. INdT was founded by Nokia Brazil in October of 2001 with incentive funds from the Brazilian Law on Information Technology.
Instituto Pedro Nunes Instituto Pedro Nunes (IPN) is a non-profit private organization for innovation and technology transfer based in Coimbra, Portugal. It is named after the Portuguese 16th century mathematician and professor Pedro Nunes, who lived in the city of Coimbra and worked for the local university.
Instituto Politécnico de Viseu The creation of the Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, on 26th December 1979, through the Governmental Act-of-Law nº513-T/7, is clearly framed by the broader philosophy which supported the successful implementation of polytechnic higher education in Portugal. The widening of higher education to the whole territory, in a logic of combating the concentration in the main coast cities, and the innovation made possible by a closer contact between the training institutions and the surrounding community, seem to have been two of the factors that have driven forward the creation of polytechnic higher education in Portugal and, particularly, in the region of Viseu.
Instituto Superior de Ciências Policiais e Segurança Interna The Instituto Superior de Ciências Policiais e Segurança Interna is a Portuguese higher education institution, a police university institute or Police academy of the PSP - Polícia de Segurança Pública. It is located in Lisbon, Portugal.
Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Coimbra The Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Coimbra (ISEC) is an higher education polytechnic institution of engineering, based in Coimbra, Portugal. It belongs to the Polytechnical Institute of Coimbra, although with a great level of administrative, financial, and pedagogic autonomy.
Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto The Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto (Porto Superior Institute of Engineering) or ISEP is an higher learning polytechnic institute of engineering in Porto, Portugal. Initially located in the central Porto, it was moved to Pólo Universitário near São João Hospital in the 1960s.
Instituto Superior de Secretariado y Administracion (ISSA) ISSA or Superior Institute of Secretarial and Administrative Studies of the University of Navarra is one of the most prestigious academic centers in Spain and the world dedicated to the training of elite management assistants, many of whom go on to work at the most prestigious Spanish firms. Since 1963, ISSA, which is located in San Sebastian, Spain has been the number-one Spanish educational institution to train Management Assistants at university level.
Instituto Superior TĂ©cnico The Instituto Superior TĂ©cnico (IST) is a renowned Portuguese Faculty of Engineering, belonging to the UTL - Universidade TĂ©cnica de Lisboa (Lisbon Technical University). It is a public institution of university higher education with great scientific and financial autonomy, founded in 1911.
Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México The Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México (most commonly known as ITAM, English: The Autonomous Technical Institute of Mexico), is a private research university located in Mexico City, Federal District, Mexico. It is one of the nation’s preeminent institutions of higher learning, and the highest ranked internationally save the National Autonomous University of Mexico.
Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Juárez The Technological Institute of Ciudad Juárez (In Spanish: Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Juárez), popularly known as ITCJ, is a public, coeducational university located in the city of Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico.
Instituto TecnolĂłgico de Saltillo The Technological Institute of Saltillo (Spanish: Instituto TecnolĂłgico de Saltillo), or ITS, is located in the city of Saltillo, state capital of Coahuila, Mexico. It is a college level technological institution.
Instituto TecnolĂłgico de Santo Domingo Instituto TecnolĂłgico Santo Domingo (INTEC) is a private university founded in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic during June of 1972 by a group of young professionals and is considered the country's premier institute of higher education, being the highest ranked Dominican University in the Caribbean.
Instituto Tecnológico de Villahermosa Instituto Tecnológico de Villahermosa (Villahermosa Institute of Technology, also known as ITVH) is an institution of higher learning located in Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico. This institute is one of the two most important universities in the Mexican state of Tabasco (the other is Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco).
Instituto TecnolĂłgico Superior de Irapuato The Higher Technological Institute of Irapuato (In Spanish: Instituto TecnolĂłgico Superior de Irapuato), popularly known as ITESI, is a public, coeducational university located in the city of Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.
Instituto TecnolĂłgico Superior de Zacapoaxtla The Higher Technological Institute of Zacapoaxtla (In Spanish: Instituto TecnolĂłgico Superior de Zacapoaxtla), popularly known as ITSZ, is a public, coeducational university located in the city of Zacapoaxtla, Puebla, Mexico.
Instruction creep Instruction creep occurs when instructions increase in size over time until they are unmanageable. It is an insidious disease, originating from ignorance of the KISS principle and resulting in overly complex procedures that are often misunderstood, followed with great irritation or ignored.
Instruction cycle The instruction cycle (also called fetch-and-execute cycle, fetch-decode-execute cycle (FDX)) can refer to either the time period during which one instruction is fetched from memory and executed when a computer is given an instruction in machine language or the sequence of actions that a Central processing unit (CPU) performs to execute each machine code instruction in a program.
Instruction Concerning the Criteria for the Discernment of Vocations with regard to Persons with Homosexual Tendencies in view of their Admission to the Seminary and to Holy Orders Instruction Concerning the Criteria for the Discernment of Vocations with regard to Persons with Homosexual Tendencies in view of their Admission to the Seminary and to Holy Orders is a document published in November 2005 by the Congregation for Catholic Education, one of the top-level institutes of the Catholic Church.
Instruction manual (computer and video games) An instruction manual, in the context of computer and video games, is a booklet that instructs the player on how to play the game, gives descriptions of the controls and their effects, and shows a general outline of the concepts and goals of the game. It is also common for manuals to contain a brief summary of the storyline of the game, especially in games with complex storylines, such as role playing games.
Instruction on transliteration of Belarusian geographical names with letters of Latin script Instruction on transliteration of Belarusian geographical names with letters of Latin script is an officially adopted method of Romanisation of the Belarusian Cyrillic text in geographical names. It was adopted by the decree of the State Committee on land resources, geodetics and cartography (2000-11-23).
Instruction pipeline An instruction pipeline is a technique used in the design of computers and other digital electronic devices to increase their performance. Pipelining reduces cycle time of a processor and hence increases instruction throughput, the number of instructions that can be executed in a unit of time.
Instruction register In computing, an instruction register is the part of a CPU's control unit that stores the instruction currently being executed. In simple processors each instruction to be executed is loaded into the instruction register which holds it while it is decoded, prepared and ultimately executed, which can take several steps.
Instruction selection Instruction selection is a compiler optimization that transforms an intermediate representation of a program into the final compiled code, either in binary or assembly format. It works by "covering" the intermediate representation with as few tiles as possible.
Instruction scheduling In computer science, instruction scheduling is a compiler optimization used to improve instruction-level parallelism, which improves performance on machines with instruction pipelines. Put more simply, without changing the meaning of the code, it tries to
Instruction step An instruction step is a method of executing a computer program one step at a time to determine how it is functioning. This might be to determine if the correct program flow is beng followed in the program during the execution or to see if variables are set to their correct values after a single step has completed.
Instructional animation Instructional Animations are animations that are used either to provide instructions for immediate performance of a task or to support more permanent learning of subject matter. While both of these uses can be described as instructional animations, when the goal is to support learning, the term educational animation may be preferred.
Instructional television Instructional television (ITV) is a type of television program that is designed for use in schools. Programs on instructional television may be less than one half hour long (generally 15 minutes in length) to help their integration into the classroom setting.
Instructional theory Instructional theory is a discipline that focuses on how to structure material for promoting the education of humans, particularly youth. Originating in the United States in the late 1970s, instructional theory is typically divided into two categories: the cognitive and behaviorist schools of thought.
Instructions of Amenemhat Instructions of Amenemhat (aka "Teaching of King Ammenemes I to His Son Sesostris") is a short Egyptian poem written during the early Middle Kingdom. The poem takes the form of an intensely dramatic monologue delivered by the ghost of the murdered 12th Dynasty pharaoh Amenemhat I to his son Senusret I.
Instructions of Amenemopet Instructions of Amenemopet (also called Instructions of Amenemope, Wisdom of Amenemopet) is an Egyptian papyrus containing 30 chapters of proverbs written about the time of the 19th Dynasty pharaoh Amenmesse (circa 1200 BC).
Instructions per second Instructions per second (IPS) is a measure of a computer's processor speed. Many reported IPS values have represented "peak" execution rates on artificial instruction sequences with few branches, whereas realistic workloads consist of a mix of instructions and even applications, some of which take longer to execute than others.
Instructions Per Cycle In computer architecture, Instructions Per Clock (Instruction Per Cycle or IPC) is a term used to describe one aspect of a processor's performance: the average number of instructions executed for each clock cycle. It is the multiplicative inverse of Cycles Per Instruction.
Instructive case In the Finnish language, the instructive case has the basic meaning of "by means of". It is a comparatively rarely used case, though it is found in some commonly used expressions, such as omin silmin -> "with one's own eyes".
Instructor Assisted Deployment Instructor Assisted Deployment, or IAD, is the successor to static line. The main difference is that instead of being deployed by a static line, the student's jumpmaster (who is in the plane with them) deploys the student's parachute by throwing the pilot chute out the door as the student exits.
Instrument (film) Instrument is a documentary film by Jem Cohen about the band Fugazi. It chronicles the band from their formation in 1987 until 1997 and is composed mainly of footage of concerts, interviews with both fans and the band members themselves, practices, and tours.
Instrument approach An instrument approach or instrument approach procedure (IAP) is a type of air navigation that allows pilots to land an aircraft in reduced visibility (known as instrument meteorological conditions or IMC), or to reach visual conditions permitting a normal landing.
Instrument control Instrument control consists of connecting a desktop instrument to a computer and taking measurements. In the late 1960s the first bus used for communication was developed by Hewlett-Packard and was called HP-IB (Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus).
Instrument error Instrument error refers to the combined accuracy and precision of a measuring instrument, or the difference between the actual value and the value indicated by the instrument (error). Measuring instruments are usually calibrated on some regular frequency against a standard.
Instrument flight rules Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) are a set of regulations and procedures for flying aircraft without the assumption that pilots will be able to see and avoid obstacles, terrain, and other air traffic; it is an alternative to visual flight rules (VFR), where the pilot is primarily or exclusively responsible for see-and-avoid. Since navigation and control of the aircraft under IFR is done by instruments, flying through clouds is allowed; under VFR it is not.
Instrument for Structural Policies for Pre-Accession Instrument for Structural Policies for Pre-Accession (ISPA) is one of the three financial instruments of the European Union (along with Phare and SAPARD) to assist the candidate countries in the preparation for accession. It provides assistance for infrastructure projects in the EU priority fields of environment and transport.
Instrument Landing System The Instrument Landing System (ILS) is an instrument approach system which provides precise guidance to an aircraft approaching a runway and in the case of one type of Category III approach, it also provides guidance along the runway surface.
Instrument meteorological conditions Instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) is an aviation term that describes weather conditions that normally require pilots to fly primarily by reference to instruments, and therefore under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR), rather than by outside visual references under Visual Flight Rules (VFR). The weather conditions required for flight under VFR are known as Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC).
Instrument of Accession Various princely states existed in India during the period of the British Raj. After the British announced their imminent exit from India, it became necessary to place the future relations between these states and the government of free India on a regularized legal footing.
Instrument of Government (1809) The Instrument of Government, or Regeringsformen, adopted on June 6, 1809 by the Riksdag of the Estates was the constitution of Sweden from 1809 to 1974. It came about following the disastrous outcome in the Finnish War, when King Gustav IV Adolf was forced to abdicate and was succeeded by his uncle, Charles XIII.
Instrument of Surrender (1971) The instrument of surrender was signed at Ramna Race Course in Dacca at 16.31 IST on December 16, 1971 , a day familiar to every Bangladeshi, by Jagjit Singh Aurora, Commander-in-chief of Indian forces in the Bangladesh and General Niazi ,Commandar of Pakistani forces in Bangladesh .
Instrument Physical Modeling group The Instrument Physical Modeling Group (IPMG) of the Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility (ST-ECF) develops astronomical instruments and physical models of their operation. The Group is part of the ST-ECF Instrument Science group and has been working on different projects, including the FOS Post Operational Archives and User Support and on calibration instruments, including the STIS Spectrograph calibration enhancement project.
Instrument Physical Modeling Group The Instrument Physical Modeling Group (IPMG) of the Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility (ST-ECF) develops astronomical instruments and physical models of their operation. The Group is part of the ST-ECF Instrument Science group and has been working on different projects, including the FOS Post Operational Archives and User Support and on calibration instruments, including the STIS Spectrograph calibration enhancement project.
Instrument rating Instrument Rating refers to the qualifications that a pilot must have in order to fly under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR). It requires additional training and instruction beyond what is required for a Private Pilot certificate or Commercial Pilot certificate, including rules and procedures specific to instrument flying, additional instruction in meteorology and more intensive training in flight solely by reference to instruments.
Instrument-switch Instrument-switching is a practice of live musicians in which musicians trade their instruments and perform with an instrument with which they are usually not associated. Instrument switches are usually employed to entertain the audience and demonstrate the band's proficiency.
Instrumental An instrumental is, in contrast to a song, a musical composition or piece without lyrics or any other sort of vocal music; all of the music is produced by musical instruments. These instruments include anything in the range of strings, woodwinds, brass, and percussion.
Instrumental action Instrumental action (also known as goal-instrumental action, zweckrational) is a social action pursued after evaluating its consequences and consideration of the various means to achieve it. They are usually planned and taken after considering costs and consequences.
Instrumental case The instrumental case is a grammatical case used to indicate that a noun is the instrument or means by or with which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action. The noun may be either a physical object or an abstract concept.
Instrumental guitar Instrumental guitar is a genre of music featuring the guitar played by virtuoso guitar players. It has come to prominence in the recordings of players such as Joe Satriani, Steve Vai, Eric Johnson, Jeff Beck (the Godfather of the genre), Chet Atkins, Gary Hoey, Faraz Anwar and more.
Instrumental transcommunication Instrumental transcommunication (ITC) is a paranormal theory in which it is believed that one may communicate with spirits or ghosts via a monitor, such as a PC/computer monitor or a television set. The process of instrumental transcommunication involves hooking a video camera up to the monitor and then recording what is seen on screen.
Instrumental TransCommunication Instrumental TransCommunication, also known as ITC, is the description of a process allegedly used to communicate with the dead using a recording device or other electronic sensory system. The best known type of ITC is Electronic voice phenomenon where voices believed to be the dead are recorded through an audio recorder.
Instrumental variable In statistics, an instrumental variable (IV, or instrument) can be used in regression analysis to produce a consistent estimator when the explanatory variables (covariates) are correlated with the error terms. This can be caused by endogeneity, by omitted covariates, or by measurement errors in the covariates.
Instrumentalism In the philosophy of science, instrumentalism is the view that concepts and theories are merely useful instruments whose worth is measured not by whether the concepts and theories are true or false (or correctly depict reality), but by how effective they are in explaining and predicting phenomena.
Instrumentalist interpretation This article aims at proposing a non-interpretative description of some key quantum experiments, based as far as possible on genuine facts, although there is no criterion for deciding whether this goal has been fully achieved or not (should it be feasible).
Instrumentality of Mankind In the science fiction of Cordwainer Smith, the Instrumentality of Mankind refers both to Smith's personal future history and universe and to the central government of humanity. The Instrumentality of Mankind is also the title of a paperback collection of short stories by Cordwainer Smith published in 1979 (now superseded by the later The Rediscovery of Man, which collects all of Smith's short stories).
Instrumentation Instrumentation is defined as "the art and science of measurement and control". Instrumentation can be used to refer to the field in which Instrument technicians and engineers work, or it can refer to the available methods of measurement and control and the instruments which facilitate this.

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