Encyclopedia

Instrumentation amplifier An instrumentation amplifier is a type of differential amplifier that has been specifically designed to have characteristics suitable for use in measurement and test equipment. These characteristics include very low DC offset, low drift, low noise, very high open-loop gain, very high common-mode rejection ratio, and very high input impedances.
Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society The Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society is a non-profit professional organization for instrument engineers that was originally known as the Instrument Society of America. The society is more commonly known by its acronym, ISA.
Instruments of Independence (Fiji) The Instruments of Independence is a legal document that established Fiji's independence from the United Kingdom in 1970, when it was handed over by Prince Charles on behalf of the British Monarch on 10 October.
Insubordination Insubordination is the act of a subordinate deliberately disobeying a lawful order. Insubordination is typically a punishable offence in hierarchical organizations which depend on people lower in the chain of command to do as they are told.
Insula (Roman) The term insula had originally been applied to rectangularly shaped building plots in a Roman city containing 6-8 housing units, usually 400 Roman feet square but could be as large as one square stadion. Ancient Roman weights and measures
Insulae In Roman architecture, insulae (singular insula) were large apartment buildings where the lower and middle classes of Romans (the plebs) dwelled. The floor at ground level was used for tavernas, shops and businesses with living space on the higher floors.
Insulantarctica Insulantarctica is a biogeographic province of the Antarctic Realm according to the classification developed by Miklos Udvardy in 1975. It comprises of scattered islands of the Southern Ocean, which show clear affinity to each other.
Insular Brythonic The Insular Brythonic is one of the three core groups that make up Celtic mythology along with the Goidelic and the Continental Brythonic groups. It concerns the gods and legends of chief importance to the Welsh and Cornish peoples.
Insular G Insular G ([is a form of the letter g] resembling a tailed z, used in the [[British Isles. It was first used by the Irish, passed into Old English, and developed into the Middle English letter yogh; Middle English, having reborrowed the familiar Carolingian g from the Continent, thus used two forms of g as separate letters.
Insular Islands The Insular Islands were a giant chain of active volcanic islands somewhere in the Pacific Ocean during the Cretaceous time that rode on top a microplate called the Insular Plate, beginning around 130 million years ago. These islands collided then fused onto the North American continent during the Mid-Cretaceous time.
Insular Mountains The Insular Mountains is a mountain range on the coast of British Columbia, Canada. This mountain range is not yet fully emerged above sea level, and Vancouver Island and the Queen Charlotte Islands are just the higher elevations of the range, which was in fact fully exposed during the last ice age when the continental shelf in this area was a broad coastal plain.
Insular Plate The Insular Plate was an ancient oceanic plate that began subducting under the west-coast of North America around the early Cretaceous time. The Insular Plate had a chain of active volcanic islands that were called the Insular Islands.
Insulated Cable Engineers Association Formed in the United States in 1925, the Industry Cabling Engineers Assocation, Inc. (ICEA), sometimes in conjunction with other organizations like NEMA, produced technical standards for the manufacture and use of power, data, and control cable.
Insulated gate bipolar transistor The Insulated (sometimes called Isolated) Gate Bipolar Transistor combines the simple gate drive characteristics of the MOSFET with the high current and low saturation voltage capability of bipolar transistors by combining an isolated gate FET for the control input, and a bipolar power transistor as a switch, in a single device. The IGBT is mainly used in switching power supplies and motor control applications.
Insulated glazing Insulated glazing unit (commonly referred to as IGU) is a piece of glazing consisting of two or more layers (lites) of glazing separated by a spacer along the edge and sealed to create a hermetically sealed air space between the layers. This provides better heat and sound insulation than standard single-glazed windows.
Insulation Monitoring Device Insulation monitoring devices are used to monitor ungrounded systems between the active phase conductors and earth. They are intended to sound alerts when the impedance between the two conductors drops below a set value, usually 50 kΩ.
Insulation-displacement connector An insulation displacement connector or Insulation piercing connector is a connector that pierces the insulation on a wire to make the connection removing the need to strip the wire before connecting. Such connections are usually seen in low current applications such as telecoms, networking and signal connections between parts of an electronic or computer system.
Insulbrick Insulbrick is a form of brick-colored asphalt or asbestos siding that was used in the mid-20th century (most commonly from 1930-1960) to insulate a building and give it the appearance of bricks. The material came in rolls or sheets, and was applied like shingles to the side of a building.
Insulin analog Through genetic engineering of the underlying DNA, the primary amino acid sequence of insulin can be changed to alter its ADME characteristics. These characteristics are its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
Insulin glargine Insulin glargine, sold under the name Lantus, is a long-acting basal insulin analogue, usually given once or twice daily to help control the blood sugar level of those with diabetes. Its theoretical advantage is that it has a 24 hour duration of action, with a "peakless" profile.
Insulin potentiation therapy Insulin potentiation therapy ("IPT") is a controversial alternative medicine therapy that uses Federal Drug Administration-approved cancer fighting drugs in lower doses. It is used by some alternative medicine practitioners to treat cancer and other diseases because the lower dosing of drug eliminates many of the debilitating side effects of conventional chemotherapy.
Insulin resistance Insulin resistance is the condition in which normal amounts of insulin are inadequate to produce a normal insulin response from fat, muscle and liver cells. Insulin resistance in fat cells results in hydrolysis of stored triglycerides, which elevates free fatty acids in the blood plasma.
Insulin shock therapy Insulin shock therapy (IST, also called Insulin Coma Therapy) was used as a treatment for schizophrenia, psychosis and drug addiction, involving injecting the patient with massive amounts of insulin, which causes convulsions and coma. It was developed by Polish researcher Manfred Sakel in 1933 and was used well into the 1950s, being replaced by tranquilizing drugs and then later anti-psychotic drugs as well (which also have a sedative effect).
Insulin-like growth factor 1 Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is a polypeptide protein hormone similar in molecular structure to insulin. It plays an important role in childhood growth and continues to have anabolic effects in adults.
Insult swordfighting Insult swordfighting is a feature of many of the Monkey Island graphic adventure games. It is a form of swordfighting in which the participants, as well as trading blows with their swords, also trade cutting insults at appropriate moments.
Insurance Insurance, in law and economics, is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent loss. Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a potential loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for a premium and duty of care.
Insurance and Financial Services Cluster The Connecticut Insurance and Financial Services (IFS) Cluster, formed in 2002, is a strategic corporate initiative designed to create a stronger IFS industry and a more robust economy in Connecticut. The IFS Cluster is a partnership of leaders in business, government, and academia who are dedicated to fostering growth among all segments of the state’s insurance and financial services industry.
Insurance contract An Insurance contract determines the legal framework under which the features of an insurance policy are enforced. Insurance contracts are designed to meet very specific needs and thus have many features not found in many other types of contracts.
Insurance Corporation of British Columbia The Insurance Corporation of British Columbia (ICBC) is a provincial crown corporation in British Columbia created in 1973 by the NDP government of British Columbia. The original purpose of ICBC was to provide universal automobile insurance in British Columbia.
Insurance data processing Insurance Data Processing (IDP), based in Wyncote, Pennsylvania, is the oldest insurance software company in America. They develop property & casualty insurance software and services for both large and small insurance companies.
Insurance Data Processing Insurance Data Processing (IDP), based in Wyncote, Pennsylvania, has IT solutions to both large and small Property & Casualty insurance companies since 1949. The company’s products and services have the ability to handle policy processing, billing, claims, and management and bureau reporting.
Insurance in India Insurance is a federal subject in India and has history dating back till 1818. Life and general insurance in India is still a nascent sector with huge potential for various global players with the life insurance premiums accounting to 2.
Insurance institute of india The Insurance Institute of India(regd)was established in 1955 for the purpose of imparting insurance education to persons engaged or interested in insurance.The institute conducts examinations at various levels.
Insurance Investigations Insurance investigations are usually conducted to investigate matters pertaining to insurance claims that are suspicious or otherwise in doubt for some reason. Investigators in this field have differing specialities and backgrounds.
Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA) is a national agency of the Government of India, based in Hyderabad. It was formed by an act of Indian Parliament known as IRDA Act 1999, which was amended in 2002 to incorporate some emerging requirements.
Insurance Regulatory Information System The Insurance Regulatory Information System (IRIS) is a database of Insurance companies in the United States run by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners. IRIS is designed to provide information about insurers' financial solvency.
Insurance Risk Managers Insurance Risk Managers Ltd was established in 1995. It has grown over the past 10 years to become one of Ireland's leading corporate insurance brokers, dealing with all the major insurance companies such as Allianz, AIG, AXA, Eagle Star, Hibernian, Quinn Direct and Royal & SunAlliance and has agencies with Lloyds of London.
Insure++ Insure++ is a memory debugger computer program, used by software developers to detect various errors in programs written in C and C++. It is made by Parasoft, and is functionally similar to other memory debuggers, such as Purify and Valgrind.
Insurgency An insurgency, or insurrection, is an armed uprising, or revolt against an established civil or political authority. Persons engaging in insurgency are called insurgents, and typically engage in regular or guerrilla combat against the armed forces of the established regime, or conduct sabotage and harassment in the land in order to undermine the government's position as leader, or at least their appearance as such.
Insurgency in Saudi Arabia The Insurgency] in Saudi Arabia is an armed conflict in [[Saudi Arabia between radical Sunni Muslim fighters, believed to be associated with al-Qaeda, against the Saudi monarchy. Their targets include foreign civilians, mainly Westerners, whose absence from Saudi Arabia would hurt their oil-based economy.
Insurgency weapon An insurgency weapon is a weapon, most often a firearm, that is intended to be smuggled or airdropped behind enemy lines, and used by insurgents to engage in guerrilla warfare against an occupier, or for use by rebels against an established government. While the term insurgency weapon is not generally used outside of the Hillberg designs mentioned below, there are a number of documented firearms that share many similar characteristics, and may be classified under the same label.
Insurrection (trojan horse) Insurrection (Trojan Horse) is a remote administration tool or remote administration trojan (RAT) as well as a backdoor program that allows an intruder to secretly and remotely access a person's computer using a client program installed on the intruder's PC and a server program secretly installed on the victim's PC. Using the trojan, the intruder is able to control aspects of the victim's PC, including disabling antivirus and firewall software, browse the victim's files, upload and download files, and log keystrokes among other unwanted activities.
Insurrection Act The Insurrection Act of 1807 is the set of laws that govern the President of the United States of America's ability to deploy troops within the United States to put down lawlessness, insurrection and rebellion. The laws are chiefly contained in - .
Insurrection of Lyon The Insurrection of Lyon or Siege and capture of Lyon occurred on 8 August, 1793 when French Republican forces laid siege and captured the city of Lyon, which had revolted against the French government. After the city was captured it was subject to the Reign of terror.
Insurrectionary anarchism Insurrectionary anarchism is a revolutionary theory, practice and tendency within the anarchist movement which opposes formal anarchist organizations such as labor unions and federations that are based on a political programme and periodic congresses. Instead, insurrectionary anarchists advocate direct action (violent or otherwise), informal organization, including small affinity groups and mass organizations which include non-anarchist individuals of the exploited or excluded class.
Insworld school Insworld School, Singapore--British Academic Excellence is a Singapore-based secondary school which provides local and international students a world-class education built around the principles of British academic system, with special emphasis on the individual needs of the students. Registered with the Ministry of Education in Singapore, Insworld had its official opening by the British High Commissioner on 23 April 2004 at its new premises on Cecil Street.
InServ The InServ is 3PAR's flagship enterprise storage array. It is the first implementation of Utility Storage, a new category of storage, that is a simple, efficient and massively scalable tiered-storage array designed for utility computing environments.
InSORS inSORS Integrated Communications develops, markets, and supports enterprise collaboration software and solutions that enable multi-point communication of applications and their output of business and research processes using protocols developed by the US Department of Energy's Access Grid project.
InSpectres InSpectres is a role-playing game by Jared Sorensen, independently published by Memento Mori Theatricks. The player characters have just started a franchise that's part of the supernatural investigation and elimination company InSpectres.
Intabulation Intabulation, from the Italian word intavolatura, refers to an arrangement of a vocal piece for keyboard, lute, or other plucked string instrument, written in tablature. Intabulation generally refers to music from the 14th-16th centuries.
Intact dilation and extraction Intact dilation and extraction (IDX or Intact D&X), is a surgical abortion wherein an intact fetus is removed from the womb via the cervix. The procedure may also be used to remove a deceased fetus (due to a miscarriage) that is developed enough to require dilation of the cervix for its extraction.
Intaglio (burial mound) Intaglio is a term from art applied to burial mounds which refers to a design cut into a hard surface. In this case, the burial mounds have designs cut into the ground, though this term is broadly applied to burial mounds which are raised above the natural surface of the terrain.
Intaglio (jewellery) Intaglio, when used in the context of jewellery, refers to incised (negative) image-making, and is the opposite of cameo. It is used in making engraved seals, where it leaves a raised design on the material being stamped, especially wax.
Intaglio (printmaking) Intaglio (pronounced in-TAL-yo, ) is a family of printmaking techniques in which the image is incised into a surface, known as the matrix or plate. Normally, copper or zinc plates are used as a surface, and the incisions are created by etching, engraving, drypoint, aquatint or mezzotint.
Intake An intake is an air intake for an engine. Because the modern internal combustion engine is in essence a powerful air pump, like the exhaust system on an engine, the intake must be carefully engineered and tuned to provide the greatest efficiency and power.
Intangible asset Intangible assets are defined as those non-monetary assets that cannot be seen, touched or physically measured and which are created through time and/or effort.Asset management in the enterprise There are two primary forms of intangibles - legal intangibles (such as trade secrets (e.
Intangible culture Intangible culture is the opposite of culture which is tangible or touchable such as a castle, a statue, or a painting. Intangible culture includes song, music, drama, skills, crafts, and the other parts of culture that can be recorded but cannot be touched and interacted with, without a vehicle for the culture.
Intangible property Intangible property, also known as incorporeal property, describes something which a person or corporation can have ownership of and can transfer ownership of to another person or corporation, but has no physical substance. It generally refers to statutory creations such as copyright, trademarks, or patents.
Intar An Intar is a fictional weapon from the sci-fi TV series Stargate SG-1. It was invented by the Goa'uld for training purposes and can be produced in different forms to look like any of a multitude of weapons (including the Goa'uld Staff weapon and projectile weaponry in use by the Tau'ri).
Intarmed INTARMED (Integrated Liberal Arts and Medicine) is the seven-year program of the University of the Philippines College of Medicine that shortens the whole medical education by two years. It consists of two years of pre-medical courses (Year Levels I – II) and five years in the Medicine Proper (Year Levels III-VII).
Intarsia Intarsia is a form of wood inlaying that is similar to marquetry. The technique of Intarsia inlays sections of wood (at times with contrasting ivory or bone) within the solid matrix; by contrast marquetry assembles a pattern out of veneers upon the carcase.
Intarsia (knitting) Intarsia is a knitting technique used to create patterns with multiple colours. As with the woodworking technique of the same name, fields of different colours and materials appear to be inlaid in one another, but are in fact all separate pieces, fit together like a jigsaw puzzle.
Intec Records Intec Records was started by Carl Cox and DJ C1 in 1998. Quickly establishing itself as a quality label, they've gone from strength to strength and brought artists like Oxia, Bryan Zentz and Valentino Kanzyani to a wider audience.
Intef I Intef I was a local Egyptian ruler at Thebes, and a member of the Eleventh dynasty during the First Intermediate Period. He was the first of his dynasty to assume the title of Pharaoh, with the Horus name of Sehertawy, ('He who has brought calm to the Two Lands').
Intef VIII Antef VIII (or Intef Sekhemreherhermaat) was an Egyptian king of the Seventeenth dynasty of Egypt, who ruled during the Second Intermediate Period, when Egypt was divided between the Theban based 17th Dynasty in Upper Egypt and the Hyksos 15th Dynasty who controlled Lower and part of Middle Egypt.
Integer BASIC Integer BASIC, written by Steve Wozniak, was the BASIC interpreter included in ROM on the Apple I and original Apple II computer at release in 1977, and as such was the first version of BASIC used by many early home computer owners. Thousands of programs were written in Integer BASIC.
Integer lattice In mathematics, The n-dimensional integer lattice, or cubic lattice, denoted Zn, is the lattice in the standard n-dimensional real inner product space, where the inner product is the dot product, and where the lattice points are n-tuples of integers. The two-dimensional integer lattice is also called the square lattice, or grid lattice.
Integer matrix In mathematics, an integer matrix is a matrix whose entries are all integers. Examples include the binary matrix; the zero matrix; the unit matrix; the adjacency matrix used in graph theory, amongst many others.
Integer overflow In computer programming, an integer overflow occurs when an arithmetic operation attempts to create a numeric value that is larger than can be represented within the available storage space. For instance, adding 1 to the largest value that can be represented constitutes an integer overflow.
Integra Telecom Integra Telecom was founded in 1996 through the acquisition of OGI Telecomm, a shared tenant provider formed in 1984 to provide voice and data services to the Oregon Graduate Institute and businesses in the AmberGlen Business Park, a contiguous office park.
Integrability conditions for differential systems In mathematics, certain systems of partial differential equations are usefully formulated, from the point of view of their underlying geometric and algebraic structure, in terms of a system of differential forms. The idea is to take advantage of the way a differential form restricts to a submanifold, and the fact that this restriction is compatible with the exterior derivative.
Integrable system In mathematics and physics, an integrable system refers to a system of partial differential equations that may be integrated to obtain the solutions to the equations. In physics, the distinction between integrable and non-integrable systems is usually a distinction between systems with regular motion and chaotic motion.
Integral art Integral art is can be variously defined as art that reaches across multiple quadrants and levels, that transcends and includes all limited forms, interpretations, or perspectives, as the belief that every human being is creative and that art is integral to all human endeavours, or simply as art that was created by someone who thinks or acts in an integral way.
Integral cryptanalysis In cryptography, integral cryptanalysis is a cryptanalytic attack that is particularly applicable to block ciphers based around Substitution-permutation networks. It was originally applied to the Square cipher by Lars Knudsen (so is commonly known as the Square attack), then generalised by Stefan Lucks, who called it a saturation attack.
Integral domain In abstract algebra, a branch of mathematics, an integral domain is a commutative ring with an additive identity 0 and a multiplicative identity 1 such that 0 ≠ 1, in which the product of any two non-zero elements is always non-zero (the zero-product property); that is, there are no zero divisors. Integral domains are generalizations of the integers and provide a natural setting for studying divisibility.
Integral ecology Integral ecology is a contemporary field of ecology that emphasizes the existence of multiple valid perspectives, including both scientific and spiritual perspectives. The field grows out of the integral thought of Aurobindo and Ken Wilber.
Integral energy Integral energy is the amount of energy required to remove water from an initial water content theta_i to water content of theta_f (where theta_i > theta_f). It is calculated by integrating the water retention curve, soil water potential psi(theta) with respect to theta:
Integral equation In mathematics, an integral equation is an equation in which an unknown function appears under an integral sign. There is a close connection between differential and integral equations, and some problems may be formulated either way.
Integral extension In abstract algebra, if A and B are commutative rings with unity and A is a subring of B, then B is an integral extension of A if every element of B is integral over A, that is if every element of B is the root of some monic polynomial with coefficients in A.
Integral Energy Integral Energy is the second largest state-owned energy corporation in New South Wales, incorporated under the Energy Services Corporations Act 1995. Integral Energy is involved in electricity retail in addition to owning an electricity distribution network and currently holds licences to retail electricity in the contestable markets covered by the NEM (National Electricity Market).
Integral Equations and Operator Theory Integral Equations and Operator Theory is a journal dedicated to operator theory and its applications to engineering and other mathematical sciences. As some approaches to the study of integral equations (theoretically and numerically) constitute a subfield of operator theory, the journal also deals with the theory of integral equations and hence of differential equations.
Integral Fast Reactor The Integral Fast Reactor or Advanced Liquid-Metal Reactor is a design for a nuclear fast reactor with a specialized nuclear fuel cycle. A prototype of the reactor was built in the United States, but the project was cancelled before it could be copied elsewhere.
Integral imaging Integral imaging is a true auto-stereo method (stereo imagery viewable without the requirement of special glasses). An integral image consists of a tremendous number of closely-packed, distinct micro-images, that are viewed by an observer through an array of spherical convex lenses, one lens for every micro-image.
Integral Institute The Integral Institute is a think-tank founded in 1998 by American philosopher, psychologist, and mystic Ken Wilber. The purpose of the Institute is to gather and attempt to integrate the various viewpoints found in a number of major fields of knowledge.
Integral linearity In measurement systems, integral linearity refers to the relation of the output to the input over a range expressed as a percentage of the full scale measurements. Integral linearity is a measure of the devices deviation from an ideal behaviour.
Integral membrane protein An Integral Membrane Protein (IMP) is a protein molecule (or assembly of proteins) that is permanently attached to the biological membrane. Such proteins can be separated from the biological membranes only using detergents, nonpolar solvents, or sometimes denaturing agents.
Integral Naked Integral Naked is a website run by the Integral Institute which describes itself as "a multimedia doorway to the world of integral awareness." It offers conversations, performances, and live events all involving influential, provocative, and important thinkers and leaders.
Integral Nationalism Integral Nationalism is one of the two major types of nationalism defined by Peter Alter in his book "Nationalism", its opposite being Risorgimento nationalism. Whereas Risorgimento nationalism applies to a nation seeking to establish a state (for example, Greece, Italy, Germany, Poland and Serbia in the 19th century), integral nationalism results after a nation has achieved independence and has established a state.
Integral of motion In physics, an integral of motion is a term for a conserved quantity that does not change as time evolves. In the case of classical mechanics, an integral of motion is a function defined on the phase space (a function of coordinates and their canonical momenta) that is invariant under the Hamiltonian flow.
Integral psychology According to the integral writings of Ken Wilber and others, integral psychology would be a psychology that is inclusive or holistic rather than exclusivist or reductive. Multiple explanations of phenomena, rather than competing with each other for supremacy, are to be valued and integrated into a coherent overall view.
Integral representation theorem for classical Wiener space In mathematics, the integral representation theorem for classical Wiener space is a result in the fields of measure theory and stochastic analysis. Essentially, it shows how to decompose a function on classical Wiener space into the sum of its expected value and an ItĹŤ integral.
Integral test for convergence In mathematics, the integral test for convergence is a method used to test infinite series of non-negative terms for convergence. An early form of the test of convergence was developed in India by Madhava in the 14th century, and by his followers at the Kerala School.
Integral theory Integral theory is a term often used to describe the teachings and work of the American writer Ken Wilber. It may refer to Wilber's theories in general, or to specific aspects thereof, whether theoretical or in practical application.
Integral thought Integral thought (also called the integral paradigm, the integral movement, or the integral approach) is a new and developing movement that is comprised of teachings that seek a comprehensive understanding of humans and the universe by combining scientific and spiritual insights. According to the Integral Transformative Practice website, integral means "dealing with the body, mind, heart, and soul.
Integral windup Integral windup refers to the situation in a PID controller where the integral, or reset action continues to integrate (ramp) indefinitely. This usually occurs when the controller's output can no longer affect the controlled variable, which in turn can be caused by controller saturation (the output being limited at the top or bottom of its scale), or if the controller is part of a selection scheme and it is not the selected controller.
Integral yoga Integral yoga or purna yoga (Sanskrit for full or complete yoga), sometimes also called supramental yoga, refers in Sri Aurobindo's teachings to the union of all the parts of one's being with the Divine, and the transmutation of all of their jarring elements into a harmonious state of higher divine consciousness and existence.
Integralism Integralism is a perspective according to which society is an organic unity. It defends social differentiation and hierarchy with co-operation between social classes, transcending conflict between social and economic groups.
Integralismo Lusitano Integralismo Lusitano (IL, Lusitanian Integralism) is a Portuguese political movement advocating traditionalism, opposed to conservatism, founded in Coimbra in 1914, and especially active during the Portuguese First Republic. It is also against parliamentarism, pro-decentralization, syndicalist, highly Roman Catholic, and monarchist.
Integrase inhibitor Integrase inhibitors are a class of antiretroviral drug developed for the treatment of HIV infection. They block the action of integrase, an enzyme that integrates genetic material from the virus into its target cell.
Integrated access device An IAD is a customer premises device that provides access to wide area networks and the Internet. Specifically, it aggregates multiple channels of information including voice and data across a single shared access link to a carrier or service provider PoP (Point of Presence).

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