Encyclopedia

Lumi masking Lumi masking is a technique used by video compression software, which reduces quality in very bright or very dark areas of the picture, as quality loss in these areas is less likely to be visible. It is also known as "psychovisual enhancements" or "adaptive quantization".
Lumière and Company Lumière and Company (1995, original title "Lumière et Cie") was a collaboration between 41 international film directors in which each made a short film using the original Cinématographe camera invented by the Lumière brothers.
Lumiere Lumiere is a skyscraper development that is due to begin construction in early 2007 in Leeds, United Kingdom. It is a second phase to the redevelopment of a Royal Mail sorting office, which has already seen a 65 m tall former Royal Mail office reclad to become apartments called West Central.
Lumiere (Beauty and the Beast) Lumière is the maître d' of the Beast who was turned into a candelabra, or a candlestick, for ten years until Belle broke the spell from Disney's 1991 American animated film, Beauty and the Beast. He was voiced by the late Jerry Orbach.
Lumigan Lumigan is a drug used in the reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension; should be used in patients who are intolerant of other IOP-lowering medications or failed treatment with another IOP-lowering medication.
Lumina Foundation for Education Lumina Foundation for Education (USA) is a private, Indianapolis-based foundation that works to expand students’ access to and success in education beyond high school. It was established in July 2000 when USA Group, one of the nation’s largest administrators of student loans, sold most of its operating assets.
Luminance Luminance is a photometric measure of the density of luminous intensity in a given direction. It describes the amount of light that passes through or is emitted from a particular area, and falls within a given solid angle.
Luminar Leisure Luminar Leisure is a company in the UK, operators of late-night units in the UK. Luminar currently specialises in nightclubs, bars and restaurants and are expanding as a result in the increased revenue to be found in the night entertainment industry.
Luminary (album) Luminary is the first album by alternative rock band Genetic Sovereign. The title refers to the ability to shine from inside that can be found in celestial bodies like the sun, but also metaphorically, in people.
Lumines Mobile Lumines Mobile is the mobile version of the popular PlayStation Portable game, Lumines from designer Tetsuya Mizuguchi, Q Entertainment, and Gameloft. Lumines Mobile was released on May 31, 2006 and it's provided by all major wireless communication providers (Verizon, Nextel/Sprint, etc.
Luminescence (album) Luminescence is the third studio album from the Indonesian singer Anggun. The French-language version was released in February 2005 and the English-language version, also with the same title, was released in the fall of 2005.
Luminescent bacteria Luminescent bacteria emit light as the result of a chemical reaction during which chemical energy is converted to light energy. Luminescent bacteria exist as symbiotic organisms carried within a larger organism, such as many deep sea organisms, including the Lantern Fish, the Angler fish certain jellyfish, certain clams and the Gulper Eel.
Luminetx Corporation Founded in 2004, Luminetx Corporation is headquartered in Memphis, Tennessee, and is the developer of the VeinViewer. The VeinViewer uses a combination of near-infrared light and other technologies to image vascular structures, thus allowing physicians, nurses and other healthcare professionals to clearly see accessible vasculature (or lack thereof) in real time, directly on the surface of the skin.
Luminiferous aether In the late 19th century luminiferous aether ("light-bearing aether") was the term used to describe a medium for the propagation of light. Later theories including special relativity were formulated without the aether concept, and today the aether is considered to be a superseded scientific theory.
LuminiĹŁa Anghel LuminiĹŁa Anghel (born 7 October 1968) is a Romanian singer. Anghel, along with the percussion band Sistem, represented Romania at the Eurovision Song Contest 2005, with the song Let Me Try, where they were ranked third in the final, Romania's best ever result at Eurovision.
LuminiĹŁa Gheorghiu LuminiĹŁa Gheorghiu (born September 1, 1949) is an actress at Teatrul Bulandra in Bucharest, Romania one of the most respected theater actresses in East Central Europe. She has also appeared in a number of films, mostly in Romanian, but also in French.
Luminiş The Luminiş Villa, George Enescu Memorial House is located in the Cumpătu District, the only district of Sinaia, Romania located on the right bank of Prahova River. It was owned by the Romanian composer and musician George Enescu (1881–1955).
Luminism (American art style) Luminism is an American landscape painting style of the 1850s – 1870s, characterized by effects of light in landscapes, through the use of aerial perspective, and the hiding of visible brushstrokes. Luminist landscapes emphasize tranquility, and often depict calm, reflective water and a soft, hazy sky.
Luminol Luminol is a versatile chemical that exhibits chemiluminescence, with a striking blue glow, when mixed with an appropriate oxidizing agent. It is a white to slightly yellow crystalline solid that is soluble in water and most polar organic solvents.
Luminoth {{cquote|The Luminoth are a mosquito-like race who are on the verge of extinction on their home planet Aether. In order to survive, they create an energy controller machine that amplifies the energy from the planet.
Luminous coefficient The luminous coefficient is a coefficient that measures the integrated fraction of the radiant power that contributes to its luminous properties as evaluated by means of the standard luminosity function. The luminosity coefficient is:
Luminous flux In photometry, luminous flux or luminous power is the measure of the perceived power of light. It differs from radiant flux, the measure of the total power of light emitted, in that luminous flux is adjusted to reflect the varying sensitivity of the human eye to different wavelengths of light.
Luminous infrared galaxy A LIRG is a luminous infrared galaxy, the defining characteristic being that it emits more than 1011 solar luminosities in the far-infrared part of the spectrum. Still more luminous systems, emitting more than 1012 solar luminosities in the far-infrared, and called ULIRGs or ultraluminous infrared galaxies.
Luminous intensity In photometry, luminous intensity is a measure of the wavelength-weighted power emitted by a light source in a particular direction, based on the luminosity function, a standardized model of the sensitivity of the human eye. The SI unit of luminous intensity is the candela (cd), an SI base unit.
Luminous Veil The Luminous Veil is a suicide barrier added to the Prince Edward Viaduct in Toronto, Canada. First approved by the Toronto City Council in 1998, the construction of the Luminous Veil was delayed for years due to funding concerns.
Luminus (musician) Luminus (real name Amir Dvir) is a psychedelic trance -Goa trance musician from Israel. being signed to Phonokol Records in 1998, Luminus' music is usually known for powerful drum breaks and floaty trance keyboards.
Lumiracoxib Lumiracoxib (rINN) is a COX-2 selective inhibitor non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, manufactured by Novartis and sold in 21 countries, including the United Kingdom, Australia, Argentina and Brazil, under the trade name Prexige® (sometimes misquoted as "Prestige" by the media). The Therapeutic Arthritis Research and Gastrointestinal Event Trial was conducted to test its gastrointestinal and cardiovascualr safety against Naproxen and Ibuprofen and also study its efficacy against these two NSAIDs.
Lumix Lumix is a sub-brand of Panasonic, offering a range of digital cameras from pocket point and shoot models to digital SLRs. Lumix cameras feature lenses designed by Leica and many Lumix models are essentially Leica cameras without the brand name or exterior styling.
Lummi The Lummi Nation is a Native American tribe in western Washington state in the United States. The tribe lives on the Lummi Indian Reservation in the inland northwest corner of Washington, 8 miles west of Bellingham and 20 miles south of the Canadian border, in western Whatcom County.
Lummi (linguistics) Lummi is a dialect of the North Straits Salish language traditionally spoken by the Lummi people of northwest Washington, in the United States. Although traditionally referred to as a language, it is mutually intelligible with the other dialects of North Straits.
Lump of labour fallacy The lump of labour or lump of jobs fallacy is an argument generally considered to be fallacious which relies on the premise that the amount of work available to labourers is fixed. Contending that the amount of work is flexible not static, most economists oppose such arguments.
Lumpectomy Lumpectomy is a common surgical procedure designed to remove a discrete lump (usually a tumour, benign or otherwise) from an affected man or woman's breast. As the tissue removed is generally quite limited and the procedure relatively non-invasive (compared to a mastectomy for example), a lumpectomy is considered a viable means of "breast conservation" or "breast preservation" surgery, with all the attendant physical and emotional advantages of such an approach.
Lumped parameters A simplification in a mathematical model of a physical system where variables that are spatially distributed fields are represented as single scalars instead. For example a temperature field is replaced by the average temperature.
Lumpen magazine Lumpen magazine is an independent, critical arts and culture publication, published six times a year with a circulation of 35,000 copies per issue throughout the US and internationally through its subscription base.
Lumpenproletariat The lumpenproletariat (German Lumpenproletariat, "rabble-proletariat"; "raggedy proletariat") is a term originally defined by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in The German Ideology (1845), their famous second joint work, and later expounded upon in future works by Marx. In Marx's The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon (1852), the term refers to the 'refuse of all classes,' including 'swindlers, confidence tricksters, brothel-keepers, rag-and-bone merchants, organ-grinders, beggars, and other flotsam of society.
Lumpers and splitters Lumping and splitting refers to a well known problem in any discipline which has to place individual examples into rigorously defined categories. The lumper/splitter problem occurs when there is the need to create classifications and assign examples to them, for example schools of literature, biological paleo-species and so on.
Lumpy the Heffalump Heffridge Trumpler Brompet Heffalump, IV or "Lumpy" as he is called, is the latest resident of the Hundred Acre Wood, first appearing in Pooh's Heffalump Movie. He lives with his mother, Mama Heffalump.
Lumsden, New Zealand Lumsden is a town in Southland, New Zealand. Lying in a gap in the surrounding hills, it is the location of a major junction halfway along the north-south road from Queenstown to Invercargill, where it is crossed by the east-west road from Gore to Te Anau.
Lumumba (film) Lumumba is a 2000 film about the months before and after Congo (Kinshasa) achieved independence from Belgium in June 1960. Eriq Ebouaney stars as Patrice Lumumba, the first Prime Minister of the Congo, whose tenure in office lasted two months until he was driven from office.
Lumut Lumut is a small town (population 31,880) in Perak, Malaysia, situated about 84 km south of Ipoh, 2 km from the town of Sitiawan and it is the gateway to Pangkor Island. It is a quaint little town famous for its beautiful seashell and coral handicrafts.
Lun-class ekranoplan The Lun-class (Russian: "Hen Harrier") (NATO reporting name: "Utka") (Russian: "Duck") ekranoplan was an extremely unusual "aircraft" used by the Soviet & Russian navies from 1987 to sometime in the late '90s. Wing-in-ground-effect aircraft use the extra lift of their large wings when in proximity to the surface (about one to four meters).
Luna (band) Luna was a Dream Pop/Indie Pop band formed in 1991 by Dean Wareham after the breakup of Galaxie 500, with Stanley Demeski and Justin Harwood (Demeski formerly of The Feelies and Harwood formerly of New Zealand band The Chills). They announced plans to breakup in 2004, and played their final concert at the Bowery Ballroom in New York City on February 28 2005.
Luna (Exalted) Exalted is a role-playing game published by White Wolf Publishing. The game is classified as high fantasy, but may be more accurately described as "mythic fantasy," as the original developer specifically avoided drawing on J.
Luna (L98) Luna (L98) was a young male orca that was born into the Southern Resident community in British Columbia, Canada and Washington, USA, in the year 1999. Born into the L1 pod, L2 matriline, consisting of matriarch Grace (L2), Orcan (L39), Gaia (L78), Wavewalker (L88) and mother Splash (L67), there was at first confusion as to who Luna's mother really was.
Luna (TV series) Luna, the TV show, was a children's science fiction show shown on television in the UK which ran for two seasons in 1983 and 1984. Luna was also the name of the show's central character, played by a juvenile Patsy Kensit (1st season) and by Joanna Wyatt (2nd season).
Luna (Ultima Online) Luna is the main city, of two, in the world of Malas in the Ultima Online world, introduced in the Age of Shadows expansion. Luna has a sandstone theme with many different player-owned vendors located inside the walls.
Luna 1 Luna 1 (E-1 series) was the first spacecraft to reach the vicinity of the Moon and the first of the Luna programme of Soviet automatic interplanetary stations successfully launched in the direction of the Moon. While passing through the outer Van Allen radiation belt, the spacecraft's scintillator made measurements indicating that there are very few high energy particles in the outer belt.
Luna 1966A Luna 1966A was the third Soviet attempt to orbit a spacecraft around the Moon (the first attempt being the unsuccessful Cosmos 111 mission and the second being the successful Luna 10 mission). The design was probably similar in design to the ealier Luna 10 spacecraft or the later Luna 11 spacecraft.
Luna 1975A Luna 1975A (Ye-8-5M series) was a Soviet unmanned space mission, part of the Luna program, and similar to the later Luna 24 mission which successfully collected and returned to Earth a sample of lunar material.
Luna 2 Luna 2 (E-1A series) was the second of the Soviet Union's Luna program spacecraft launched in the direction of the Moon. Being the first spacecraft to reach the surface of the Moon, it impacted the lunar surface west of Mare Serenitatis near the Aristides, Archimedes, and Autolycus craters.
Luna 24 Luna 24 (Ye-8-5M series) was an unmanned space mission of the Luna program, also called Lunik 24. The last of the Luna series of spacecraft, the mission of the Luna 24 probe was the third Soviet mission to retrieve lunar soil samples (the first two missions returning samples were Luna 16 and Luna 20).
Luna 4 Luna 4 (E-6 series) was the USSR's first successful spacecraft of their "second generation" Luna program. The spacecraft, rather than being sent on a straight trajectory toward the Moon, was placed first in a low Earth orbit (167 to 182 km altitude) and then the rocket stage reignited to send it on a curving path towards the Moon.
Luna Amară Luna Amară is a Romanian alternative rock band. The name means "Bitter Moon" in Romanian, and is borrowed from the Roman Polański movie of the same name, inspired by the eponymous novel written by Pascal Bruckner.
Luna Gotra Luna Gotra is a sub-tribe (or "Gotra") of the Chadhar clan, located in Punjab, Pakistan. Their main village is Chak Lune on the left bank of Chenab river in tehsil Chiniot District Jhang behind the Rajoa Sadat territory.
Luna Lounge Luna Lounge was a bar at 171 Ludlow Street, on the west side of Ludlow Street on Manhattan's Lower East Side. It opened in 1995, and was a popular venue for local bands and stand-up comics (the rock band Interpol played there early on and last returned in 2003 to perform a secret show under the name "Cuddleworthy").
Luna programme The Luna programme (occasionally called Lunik) was a series of unmanned space missions sent to the Moon by the Soviet Union between 1959 and 1976. Fifteen were successful, each designed as either an orbiter or lander, and accomplished many firsts in space exploration.
Luna Park (play) Luna Park is a play written by Latina-American playwright Caridad Svich in 2005. Comissioned by International High School in San Francisco, CA, the play was first performed as a workshop production in late 2005.
Luna Park Sydney Luna Park Sydney (originally Luna Park Milsons Point, now formally Sydney's Luna Park) is a historical amusement park, located on the northern shore of Sydney Harbour, Australia. The heritage-listed park first opened in 1935, and is open for business as of 2006, but over its 70-year history, the park has experienced multiple closures, changes of ownership, legal battles, and community action in both support of and opposition to Luna Park's operation.
Luna Rydar Luna Rydar is a character from the TV Series, F-Zero GP Legend, and she has also appared in two F-Zero videogames, F-Zero: GP Legend (video game), and F-Zero Climax, the latter one only being released in Japan. In the Japanese anime, she is known as Miss Killer.
Luna-C Luna-C (born Christopher Howell), May 1, 1973, is a British DJ and record producer, known for his work in hardcore music. He made up a third of the rave group Smart E's in 1992, who shot to fame with their remix of the theme tune to Sesame Street (Sesame's Treet).
Luna-Glob Luna-Glob is an unmanned mission to the Moon planned by Russia including an orbiter as well as a landing module with 12 ground penetrating sensors, which will most likely be a reuse of sensors previously built for the cancelled Japanese mission LUNAR-A.
Lunaception Lunaception is a form of birth control that depends upon the woman practicing it to align her menstrual cycle with the phases of the moon. The method was developed by Louise Lacey in 1974 through her book, "Lunaception : a feminine odyssey into fertility and contraception.
LunaCorp LunaCorp was a company designed around a privately-funded mission, using Russian technology, to put a rover on the Moon. The aim for the company was to fund the mission by the entertainment value of having customers drive the rover.
Lunae Lunae was a Spanish pop group composed of Tessa (born November 7, 1982), Elena Gadel (born November 11, 1982) and Marey (born 7 11, 1982), who were contestants in Operacion Triunfo a reality-show-cum-talent-contest popular on Spain's TVE network.
Lunaire Lunaire was the fourth single released by Ăžeyr, a legendary Icelandic New Wave/rock group in 1983. The single was recorded in June 1982 and issued by Gramm Records on a 7" vinyl record including three songs.
Lunamaria Hawke Lunamaria Hawke (transliterated as Runamaria Hooku [ルナマリア・ホーク] in the original Japanese version) is a fictional character in the anime series Gundam SEED Destiny. She's voiced by Maaya Sakamoto in the original Japanese version and by Maryke Hendrikse in the English dub.
Lunano Lunano is a small town in the province of Pesaro e Urbino in Le Marche region of Italy. With a population of approximately 1,232, the town is located in the mountainous area of Montefeltro, in the Foglia River Valley.
Lunar (series) The Lunar games, made by Game Arts and published in the United States by Working Designs, and later, Ubisoft, are a series of console RPGs. The original releases of The Silver Star and Eternal Blue, for Mega CD/Sega CD, were later remade for the Sega Saturn with considerable story, graphical, and musical changes; these remakes were later ported to the Sony PlayStation.
Lunar and Planetary Institute The Lunar and Planetary Institute (LPI) is a NASA-funded research institute, dedicated to studies of the solar system, its evolution and formation. The Institute is part of the Universities Space Research Association, located in Houston, Texas.
Lunar and Planetary Laboratory The Lunar and Planetary Laboratory (LPL) is a research center for planetary science located in Tucson, Arizona. It is also a graduate school, constituting the Department of Planetary Sciences at the University of Arizona.
Lunar Crater National Natural Landmark Lunar Crater National Natural Landmark is located 70 miles east-northeast of Tonopah in Nye County, Nevada. A 400-acre depression that is thought to have been formed by a past volcanic explosion, and one of two maars in the volcanic field of the Pancake Range.
Lunar day In space exploration, a lunar day is the period of time it takes for the Moon to complete one full rotation on its axis with respect to the Sun. Equivalently, it is the time it takes the Moon to make one complete orbit around the Earth and come back to the same phase.
Lunar deity In mythology, a lunar deity is a god or goddess associated with or symbolizing the moon: see moon (mythology). These deities can have a variety of functions and traditions depending upon the culture, but they are often related to or an enemy of the solar deity.
Lunar distance (navigation) In celestial navigation, lunar distance is the angle of the Moon's centre from the Sun or a bright star as measured using a sextant. Given a lunar distance and a nautical almanac, it is possible to make an accurate calculation of the current time and thus longitude.
Lunar dome A lunar dome is a type of shield volcano that is found on the surface of the Earth's moon. They are typically formed by highly viscous, possibly silica-rich lava, erupting from localized vents followed by relatively slow cooling.
Lunar Dynasty In Hindu society, the Kshatriya caste is divided into two principal houses, one claiming descent from the Sun (Surya) and the other from the Moon (Indu). This former is the Surya-vanshi (Solar Dynasty) while the latter is the Chandra-vanshi or Soma-vanshi (Lunar Dynasty).
Lunar eclipse A lunar eclipse occurs whenever the Moon passes through some portion of the Earth's shadow. This can occur only when the Moon is full, and when the Sun, Earth and Moon are exactly on a line, or very closely so.
Lunar Exalted The Lunar Exalted are a sub-category of semi-divine heroes from the high fantasy role-playing game Exalted published by White Wolf Game Studio. They are briefly described in the game's core rulebook, but are given full attention in the "fatsplat" (hard-cover sourcebook) entitled Exalted: The Lunars (ISBN 1-58846-657-4).
Lunar geologic timescale The lunar geologic timescale divides the history of Earth's moon into five generally recognized geologic periods: the Copernican, Eratosthenian, Imbrian (upper and lower), Nectarian, and Pre-Nectarian. The boundaries of this time scale are related to large impact events that have modified the lunar surface, changes in crater morphology that occur though time, and the size-frequency distribution of craters superposed on geologic units.
Lunar government The idea of a lunar government is based on established theories of a world government on Earth. With existing plans for lunar bases present in European, American, Chinese and Indian mid- to long-term space goals, the prospects of having a sizable lunar research community on both the relatively flat near side and the Radio-sheltered far side is a less distant prospect.
Lunar House Lunar House is a twenty-storey office block on the East side (at No. 40) of Wellesley Road, Croydon, and houses the headquarters of the Immigration and Nationality Directorate (IND), a part of the Home Office; the building's name has become synonymous with the IND, and is perceived by the British public as being the front line of Britain's immigration service.
Lunar ice The continuous bombardment of the Moon by comets and meteoroids have added some amount of water to the lunar surface. Energy from sunlight usually splits much of this water into its constituent elements hydrogen and oxygen, which generally escape to space.
Lunar Infrastructure For Exploration The Lunar Infrastructure For Exploration (LIFE) is a project to build a space telescope on the far side of the Moon, and is actively promoted by EADS Astrium Space Transportation of Germany and the Netherlands Foundation for Research in Astronomy ASTRON. The project was presented for the first time publicly at the 2005 IAF Congress in Fukuoka.
Lunar Jim Lunar Jim is a pre-school-oriented stop-motion television show produced in Canada by the Halifax Film Company and Alliance Atlantis. The show is based on an original concept created by Alexander Bar, and is written by Peter Sauder of Nelvana fame.
Lunar laser ranging experiment The ongoing Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment measures the distance between the Earth and the Moon using laser ranging. Lasers on Earth are aimed at retroreflectors previously planted on the Moon and the time delay for the reflected light to return is determined.
Lunar Lander Challenge NASA's Lunar Lander Challenge is a prize for the first team to launch a VTVL rocket that achieves the total delta-v that would be equivalent to those needed by a lunar lander. The multi-level competition is conducted jointly by by NASA and the X PRIZE Foundation and was run at the Xprize Cup Expo in 2006.
Lunar magma ocean According to the giant impact hypothesis a large amount of energy was liberated in the formation of the Moon and it is predicted that as a result a large portion of the Moon was once completely molten, forming a "magma ocean." Evidence for the magma ocean hypothesis comes from the highly anorthositic compositions of the lunar highland crust, as well as the existence of rocks with a high concentration of the geochemical component referred to as KREEP
Lunar mare The Lunar maria (singular: mare, IPA: //) are large, dark, basaltic plains on Earth's Moon, formed by ancient volcanic eruptions. They were dubbed maria, Latin for "seas", by early astronomers who mistook them for actual seas.
Lunar node The lunar nodes are the orbital nodes of the Moon, that is, the points where the orbit of the Moon crosses the ecliptic (which is the apparent path of the Sun across the heavens against the background stars). The ascending node is where the moon crosses to the north of the ecliptic.
Lunar New Year Fireworks Display in Hong Kong Lunar New Year Fireworks Display in Hong Kong is an annual event to celebrate the Chinese New Year in Hong Kong since 1982. It is held on The Second Day of Lunar New Year above the sky of Victoria Harbour in the evening.
Lunar orbit rendezvous Lunar Orbit Rendezvous was the method of flying to the moon used in the Apollo Missions, where a main ship would carry a ferry to the moon which would carry astronauts down to the surface. This "mode" of moon landing was one of three modes that were theories on how to land on the moon.
Lunar outpost (NASA) On December 4, 2006, NASA announced the conclusion of its Global Exploration Strategy and Lunar Architecture Study. The Lunar Architecture Study's purpose was to "define a series of lunar missions constituting NASA's Lunar campaign to fulfill the Lunar Exploration elements" of the Vision for Space Exploration.
Lunar Orbiter 1 The Lunar Orbiter 1 robotic (unmanned) spacecraft, part of the Lunar Orbiter Program, was designed primarily to photograph smooth areas of the lunar surface for selection and verification of safe landing sites for the Surveyor and Apollo missions. It was also equipped to collect selenodetic, radiation intensity, and micrometeoroid impact data.
Lunar Orbiter 2 The Lunar Orbiter 2 spacecraft was designed primarily to photograph smooth areas of the lunar surface for selection and verification of safe landing sites for the Surveyor and Apollo missions. It was also equipped to collect selenodetic, radiation intensity, and micrometeoroid impact data.
Lunar Orbiter 3 The Lunar Orbiter 3 was a spacecraft launched by NASA in 1967, designed primarily to photograph areas of the lunar surface for confirmation of safe landing sites for the Surveyor and Apollo missions. It was also equipped to collect selenodetic, radiation intensity, and micrometeoroid impact data.
Lunar Orbiter 4 Lunar Orbiter 4 was designed to take advantage of the fact that the three previous Lunar Orbiters had completed the required needs for Apollo mapping and site selection. It was given a more general objective, to "perform a broad systematic photographic survey of lunar surface features in order to increase the scientific knowledge of their nature, origin, and processes, and to serve as a basis for selecting sites for more detailed scientific study by subsequent orbital and landing missions".
Lunar Orbiter 5 Lunar Orbiter 5, the last of the Lunar Orbiter series, was designed to take additional Apollo and Surveyor landing site photography and to take broad survey images of unphotographed parts of the Moon's far side. It was also equipped to collect selenodetic, radiation intensity, and micrometeoroid impact data and was used to evaluate the Manned Space Flight Network tracking stations and Apollo Orbit Determination Program.
Lunar Orbiter program The Lunar Orbiter program was a series of five unpiloted Lunar orbiter missions launched by the United States in 1966 through 1967 with the purpose of mapping the lunar surface before the Apollo landings. All five missions were successful, and 99 % of the Moon was photographed with a resolution of 60 m or better.
Lunar phase Lunar phase refers to the appearance of the illuminated portion of the Moon as seen by an observer, usually on Earth. The lunar phases vary cyclically as the Moon orbits the Earth, according to the changing geometry of the Earth, Moon, and Sun.
Lunar plaque Lunar plaques are square stainless steel plaques (9" x 7 5/8") attached to the ladders on the descent stages of the lunar modules used from Apollo 11 through Apollo 17. All of the plaques bear facsimiles of the participating astronauts' signatures.

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