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Langman Reserve, Adelaide Langman Reserve is a large reserve situated in the Adelaide foothills between the suburbs of Burnside and Waterfall Gully, South Australia. It was converted from a quarry in the late 1960's, and is named after a former mayor of the City of Burnside.
Langmeier Backup Langmeier Software is privately held, software developer based in Pfäffikon SZ, Switzerland. The company was founded by Urs Langmeier and develops applications and software utilities for home and business use.
Langmuir Blodgett Trough The Langmuir-Blodgett trough is a piece of laboratory equipment used to study the properties of monolayers of amphiphilic molecules. Among other applications, the instrument can compress the monolayer to determine an isotherm, as well as deposit Langmuir-Blodgett films on a solid substrate.
Langmuir equation The Langmuir equation or Langmuir isotherm or Langmuir adsorption equation relates the coverage or adsorption of molecules on a solid surface to gas pressure or concentration of a medium above the solid surface at a fixed temperature. The equation was developed by Irving Langmuir in 1916.
Langmuir Laboratory for Atmospheric Research The Langmuir Laboratory for Atmospheric Research is a scientific laboratory studying the cloud processes that produce lightning, hail, and rain, located in the Magdalena Mountains of central New Mexico in the United States. The lab is operated by the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology (NM Tech) with funding from the National Science Foundation.
Langmuir probe A Langmuir probe is a device named after Nobel Prize winning physicist Irving Langmuir, used to determine the electron temperature, electron density, and plasma potential. It works by inserting one or more electrodes into a plasma, with a constant or time-varying electric potential between the various electrodes or between them and the surrounding vessel.
Langmuir-Blodgett film A Langmuir-Blodgett film contains one or more monolayers of an organic material, deposited from the surface of a liquid onto a solid by immersing (or emersing) the solid substrate into (or from) the liquid. A monolayer is added with each immersion or emersion step, thus films with very accurate thickness can be formed.
Langness Peninsula Langness (Langlish in Manx) is a peninsula which protrudes from the south eastern extremity of the Isle of Man. Signifying a cape or extended promontory, Langness literally means "long promontory" in Old Norse.
Langney Langney is a distinct part of Eastbourne, East Sussex and is on the eastern side of the popular retirement resort. The original village and priory have now been amalgamated with the main town of Eastbourne and Langney was identified as a single self-contained polling ward within the borough of Eastbourne until 2002.
Langobardia Langobardia was the name of the Byzantine thema which covered the Southern Italy from 874 to the eleventh century. It was divided among two strategoi, that of Calabria and that of Apulia, which latter title was later raised to catepan of Italy (999).
Langostino Langostino is a Spanish word meaning prawn but this term is commonly used in the restaurant trade to refer to the meat of the squat lobster, which is neither a true lobster nor a prawn. It is more closely related to porcelain crabs and hermit crabs.
Langsett Reservoir Langsett Reservoir is in Yorkshire, England, near the villages of Langsett and Upper Midhope, on the edge of the Peak District National Park. The reservoir was constructed between 1889 and 1905, and is now managed by Yorkshire Water.
Langstaff Secondary School Langstaff Secondary School (LSS) is a public high school in Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada which teaches grades 9 through 12. LSS is located at 106 Garden Avenue across the street from Morgan Boyle Park and near Charles Howitt Public School.
Langstaff, Ontario Langstaff, Ontario is a residential community in Thornhill, Ontario and Markham, Ontario. Located near John Street and Bayview Avenue, the homes in the area date back to the 1960s and 1970s and considered an older residential community in Markham.
Langston Hughes Medal The Langston Hughes Medal is awarded annually to recognize an influential and engaging African American writer. Established by the late Raymond Patterson, Professor Emeritus of English at the City College of New York, the medal honors Langston Hughes life-long commitment to social change through works that reflect various cultures with roots in an African heritage.
Langston University Langston University is an institution of higher learning located in Langston, Oklahoma, USA. It is the only historically black college in the state, and the westernmost historically black college in the United States.
Langstone Langstone is a well to do village in Havant, Hampshire in the south east of England, between Portsmouth and Chichester. It has good railway connections to London, Southampton, Portsmouth and Brighton, being served by Havant railway station.
Langstone Harbour Langstone Harbour is an English inlet of the English Channel, sandwiched between Portsea Island to the south and west, Hayling Island to the south and east, and Langstone to the north. Geographically it is a ria.
Langt fra Las Vegas Langt fra Las Vegas (Far from Las Vegas) was a Danish sit-com, which was first aired on the Danish TV channel TV2 Zulu. It revolved around life at a newly started TV morning show, Jump Start, and focused on the life of the main character, Casper (played by Casper Christensen).
Langton Dock The Langton Dock is a dock, on the River Mersey and part of the Port of Liverpool it is situated in the northern end of the dock system, connected to Alexandra Dock to the north and Brocklebank Dock to the south. The dock is also connected to the Mersey via locks to Canada Basin.
Langton Dock Branch The Langton Branch or Alexandra Dock Branch was built in 1885 by the Midland Railway. This branch went from the Cheshire Lines Committee's North Liverpool Extension Line at Fazakerley Junction to Langton Goods station, with a spur to North Mersey Goods.
Langton Green Langton Green is a village in the borough of Tunbridge Wells, England, lying around two miles east of the latter's town centre. It is located within the parish of Speldhurst although is has its own church on the village green.
Langton's loops Langton's loops are a particular "species" of artificial life first conceived by Christopher Langton. The loops, which are simulated in a cellular automaton space, consist of a "sheath" of cells surrounding the genetic information, which flows continuously around the loop.
Langton, Ontario Langton is a small town in Norfolk County, Ontario, Canada with their own little league hockey and baseball teams. They are also in proximity to Valley Heights Secondary School, the newest and most technologically advanced school in Norfolk County.
Language A language is a system, used for communication, comprising a set of arbitrary symbols and a set of rules (or grammar) by which the manipulation of these symbols is governed. These symbols can be combined productively to convey new information, distinguishing languages from other forms of communication.
Language and linguistics in Frank Herbert's Dune Frank Herbert's novel Dune, and his Dune series in general, incorporates a number of different themes related to language or linguistics, both in the techniques Herbert used in the actual writing itself, and more obviously, in the plot and characters. This is consistent with a broader theme of these novels, specifically, the nearly limitless power inherent in the human mind and body, and the power of training and discipline to enhance both physical and mental performance.
Language arts Language arts refers to the class of art forms, including novels, poetry, songs and others, that focus on the creation of art works which are primarily language based. The language arts are distinguished from other classes such as performing arts, visual arts, and culinary arts.
Language barrier Language barrier is a figurative phrase for the difficulties of learning a new language. It is usually applied to people who come to a new country at an adult age and don't speak the language, and who therefore must "overcome the language barrier.
Language center The language center is part of the human brain cortex where most of language processing takes place. It does not refer to any single or specific part of the brain — mostly because no such physical "center" is currently known.
Language customization Language Customization is the process of changing the dialogue or text of a program or video or film, from one language into another language. It can be done through transcription, translation, dubbing, subtitling or voiceover.
Language College Language Colleges were introduced in 1995 as part of the Specialist Schools Programme in the United Kingdom. The system enables secondary schools to specialise in certain fields, in this case, modern foreign languages.
Language death In linguistics, language death (also language extinction, linguistic extinction) can be thought of as a process that affects speech communities where the level of linguistic competence that speakers possess of a given language idiom is decreased.
Language development Language development is a process that starts early in human life where a person goes onto acquiring language by learning it as it is spoken and by mimicry. Usually, language starts off as a remembrance of simple words without associated meaning, but as one ages, words acquire meaning and connections between words are formed.
Language documentation Language documentation is the process by which a language is described in terms of its linguistics and its collected oral and textual literatures. Language documentation seeks to create as thorough a record as possible of the speech community for both posterity and language revitalization.
Language education Language education refers to the teaching and learning of a languages. It can refer to improving a learner's native language; however, it more commonly is used with regard to learning a foreign language or second language, and that is the meaning that is treated in this article.
Language federation Language Federations were formed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century by immigrants to the United States, primarily from Eastern and Southern Europe, who shared a commitment to some form of socialist politics. Some of these groups joined the Socialist Labor Party of America; later, many joined the Socialist Party and then later joined one of the precursors of the Communist Party; a number of federations also remained in the Socialist Party.
Language Freedom Movement Founded in 1966, the Language Freedom Movement was an organization dedicated to the opposition of the state-sponsored Gaelic Revival of the Irish language in the Republic of Ireland with backing by such notable figures as Irish-speaking writers Séamus Ó Grianna ("Máire") and John B. Keane.
Language game A language game (also called secret language or ludling) is a system of manipulating spoken words to render them incomprehensible to the untrained ear. Language games are used primarily by groups attempting to conceal their conversations from others.
Language geography Language geography is the branch of human geography that studies the geographic distribution of language or its constituent elements. There are two principal fields of study within the geography of language: the "geography of languages", which deals with the distribution through history and space of languages,Delgado de Carvalho, C.
Language identification If one is translating texts of unknown origin, the first order of business is to recognize the language of the text, also known as language identification which is a kind of text categorization. This can be done by comparing the compressibility of the text to the compressibility of texts in the known languages.
Language ideology Language Ideology is a term used in sociolinguistics to refer to the implicit assumptions and values held by people about language. A common type of Language Ideology is Standard Language Ideology, which refers to the belief that language homogeneity is beneficial to a society.
Language in Thought and Action Language in Thought and Action is a book on semantics by Samuel Ichiye Hayakawa in consultation with Leo Hamalian and Geoffrey Wagner. It was originally published in 1939; its Library of Congress catalog number is 64-10333.
Language interpretation Language interpretation may be roughly understood as the restating, in speech or a signed language, language spoken (uttered out loud) or signed in another language. Interpreters usually distinguish interpretation from translation, which deals with the written word.
Language isolate A language isolate, in the absolute sense, is a natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic") relationship with other living languages; that is, one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common to any other language. They are in effect language families consisting of a single language.
Language Interface Pack Microsoft Language Interface Pack (LIP) is a localized "skin" for emerging or minority language markets, such as Catalan, Lithuanian, Tamil and Thai. Based on MUI technology, LIP provides the desktop user with an approximately 80% localized user experience by translating a reduced set of user interface elements.
Language localisation Language localisationThe spelling "localisation", a variant of "localization", is the preferred spelling in the UK and other Commonwealth countries. is the process of translating a product into different languages (see Language translation) or adapting a language for a specific country or region.
Language merger Language merger, in linguistics, is a theoretical phenomenon whereby two or more distinct languages combine to form a single language. It is a controversial concept among linguists, who are divided over whether it represents an actual phenomenon, or merely a mistaken view of another process (e.
Language Made Plain Language Made Plain, by Anthony Burgess, is a brief overview of the field of linguistics. Without dealing specifically with any one language, it provides an introduction to semantics, phonetics, and the development of language.
Language Movement Day Language Movement Day or Language Revolution Day (ŕ¦ŕ¦ľŕ¦·ŕ¦ľ আন্দোলন দিবস Bhasha Andolon Dibosh), which is also referred to as Language Martyrs' Day or Martyrs' Day (শহীদ দিবস Shohid Dibosh), is a national day of Bangladesh to commemorate protests and sacrifices to protect Bengali as a national language during the Pakistani regime in 1952.
Language observatory As a general term, a "language observatory" is something which is built or implemented to observe language activities in our society. The need for creating such an observatory-like instrument for language activities is becoming more and more evident when taking into account the fact that increasing number of languages are facing danger of disappearing in our current world.
Language of Flowers (band) Language of Flowers are a 5-piece indie-pop band originally from Belfast in Northern Ireland signed to San Francisco indie label Shelflife Records. As of 2006 its members are located in London, Manchester and Belfast.
Language of the birds A language of the birds, a mystical, perfect or divine language, or a mythical or magical language used by birds to communicate with the initiated, is postulated in mythology, medieval literature and occultism.
Language of thought Fodor's language of thought (LOT) hypothesis states that cognition is a process of computation over compositional mental representations. This means that thoughts are represented in a "language" (sometimes known as mentalese) which allows complex thoughts to be built up by combining simpler thoughts in various ways.
Language on Vacation: An Olio of Orthographical Oddities Language on Vacation: An Olio of Orthographical Oddities is a 1965 book written by Dmitri Borgmann. It is generally considered to be the first book solely devoted to logology that was more about supplying information than giving puzzles.
Language Of Temporal Ordering Specification Language Of Temporal Ordering Specification (LOTOS) is a formal specification language based on temporal ordering used for protocol specification in ISO OSI standards. It was published as ISO 8807 in 1990 and describes the order in which events occur.
Language personality theory This is a new personality theory on the basis of language phenomenology of personality. On the basis of theoretical analysis of the contemporary "methodological market" of personological formulations the author, Dr.
Language planning Language planning refers to deliberate efforts to influence the behaviour of others with respect to the acquisition, structure, or functional allocation of language. Typically it will involve the development of goals, objectives and strategies to change the way language is used.
Language poets The Language poets (or L=A=N=G=U=A=G=E poets, after the magazine that bears that name) are an avant garde group or tendency in United States poetry that emerged in the late 1960s and early 1970s; its central figures are all actively writing, teaching, and performing their work today. In developing their poetics, members of the Language school took as their starting point the emphasis on method evident in the modernist tradition, particularly as represented by Gertrude Stein and Louis Zukofsky.
Language policy Many countries have a language policy designed to favour or discourage the use of a particular language or set of languages. Although nations historically have used language policies most often to promote one official language at the expense of others, many countries now have policies designed to protect and promote regional and ethnic languages whose viability is threatened.
Language policy in France France has one official language, the French language. The French government does not regulate the choice of language in publications by individuals or private organisations (save for certain commercial purposes).
Language politics Language politics is a term used to describe political (and sometimes social) consequences of linguistic differences between people, or on occasion the political consequences of the way a language is spoken and what words are used. Examples include:
Language proficiency Language proficiency or linguistic proficiency is the ability of an individual to speak or perform in an acquired language. As theories vary among pedagogues as to what constitutes proficiencythere is little consistency as to how different organisations classify it.
Language Problems and Language Planning Language Problems and Language Planning (LPLP) is a linguistic journal published by the John Benjamins Publishing Company, in cooperation with the Center for Research and Documentation on World Language Problems. Its core topics are issues of language policy as well as economic and sociological aspects of linguistics.
Language Proficiency Assessment for Teachers The Language Proficiency Assessment for Teachers (abbreviation: LPAT ; ) is an assessment examination for the language proficiency of teachers in Hong Kong. According to regulations, any teachers teaching English language or Putonghua (a.
Language Proficiency Index The Language Proficiency Index or LPI is a Canadian standardized test for English proficiency . The results of this test are used mostly by post secondary institutions and professional organizations within the Province of British Columbia.
Language revival Language revival is the revival, by governments, political authorities, or enthusiasts, to recover the spoken use of a language that is no longer spoken or is endangered. Language death is the process by which a language ceases to be used by the people who formerly spoke it.
Language Report The Language Report (or, strictly, the language report) was an account of the state and use of the English language published by the Oxford University Press (OUP) in 2003. It was compiled by lexicographer Susie Dent (b.
Language shift Language shift, sometimes referred to as language transfer or rate of assimilation, is the progressive process whereby a speech community of a language shifts to speaking another language. The rate of assimilation is the percentage of individuals with a given mother tongue who speak another language more often in the home.
Language school A language school is a place of learning where one can study a foreign language. In most cases, classes at a language school are geared towards, but not limited to, communicative competence in a foreign language.
Language speaker data This page preserves some of the data used for List of languages by number of native speakers and other articles. Note that lists such as this may vary somewhat depending upon the definition given to certain terms.
Language Spoken at Home (U.S. Census) Language Spoken at Home is a data set published by the United States Census Bureau on languages in the United States. In 2000 and 1990 it was a part of Summary File 3, collected from the long-form questionnaire which was distributed to 1 out of 6 households.
Language tax The language tax is an economic concept proposed by the Belgian economist Philippe Van ParijsPhilippe Van Parijs, Europe's three language problems, in: Multilingualism in Law and Politics. It is intended to compensate countries with a less wide-spread language for their expenses for teaching and translation.
Language technology Language technology is often called Human Language Technology (HLT) and consists of computational linguistics (or CL) and speech technology as its core but includes also many application oriented aspects of them. Language technology is closely connected to computer science and general linguistics.
Language transfer Language transfer (also known as L1 interference, linguistic interference, cross-linguistic interference or interference) is the effect of a speaker or writer's first language (L1) on the production or perception of his or her second language (L2). The result affects various aspects of language: grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, spelling, meaning (semantics), and so on.
Language Weaver Language Weaver is a Los Angeles, California based company that was founded by USC's Kevin Knight and Daniel Marcu, marketing a new software product that learns a language by itself by reading a lot of text (extracting probabilistic translation dictionaries, patterns, and rules), and therefore is able to translate it.
Language-independent specification A language-independent specification (LIS) is a programming language specification providing a common interface usable for defining semantics applicable toward arbitrary language bindings; in other words, LISs are language-agnostic. LISs also mitigate the risk that a certain language binding might reduce compatibility with other languages; an ideal LIS allows the language bindings to take advantage of features of a programming language uncompromisingly.
Language-oriented programming Language oriented programming is a style of programming in which, rather than solving problems in general-purpose programming languages, the programmer creates one or more domain-specific programming languages for the problem first and solves the problem in those languages. This concept is described in details in the article by Sergey Dmitriev entitled Language Oriented Programming: The Next Programming Paradigm.
Language, Truth, and Logic Language, Truth and Logic is a work of philosophy by Alfred Jules Ayer, published in 1936. It defines, explains, and argues for the verification principle of logical positivism, sometimes referred to as the "criterion of significance" or "criterion of meaning".
Language/action perspective Language/Action Perspective (LAP) is based upon the notion as proposed by Terry Winograd that "expert behavior requires an exquisite sensitivity to context" Two Decades of the Language-Action Perspective, Communications of the ACM, May 2006 and that such sensitivity is more in the realm of the human than in that of the artificial. The Language/Action Perspective International Workshop on Communication Modeling (LAP'96) Tilburg, The Netherlands, JULY 1-2 1996
Languages of Afghanistan There are two official languages of Afghanistan, in addition to other languages that are spoken. The two official languages are also the most commonly spoken; Dari, a dialect of the Persian language, is spoken by half of the population.
Languages of Algeria The official language of Algeria is Arabic, as specified in its constitution since 1963. In addition to this, Berber has been recognized as a "national language" by constitutional amendment since May 8, 2002.
Languages of Andorra Although Catalan, a Western Romance language somewhat close to Spanish and quite similar to Occitan is the only official language in Andorra and has traditionally been the national language (Andorra is normally included in the Catalan Countries), it is not the language spoken by the majority of the population, as only 33% of the population are Andorran. The majority of the population consists mainly of Spanish (43%), Portuguese (11%) and French (7%) expatriates, meaning that Spanish, Portugese, and French all have some presence in Andorra, although that is not to say that Catalan is only spoken by those of Andorran ethnicity.
Languages of Angola Using the data from the 1983 census of Angola, Portuguese is both the official and predominant language in the black, mestiço and white populations, as it is spoken in the homes of about two-thirds of the population and as a second language by many more throughout the country. Of the 60% Portuguese native speakers, half could only speak Portuguese, while the other half spoke a Bantu language as a second tongue.
Languages of Argentina The Languages of Argentina number at least 40 spoken and 1 signed, including native and immigrant languages; two languages are extinct and others are endangered, spoken by elderly people whose descendants don't speak the languages.
Languages of Australia Although Australia has no official language, it is largely monolingual with English being the de facto national language. It is also home to over 200 indigenous languages, as well as relatively recent arrivals besides English.
Languages of Belgium The Kingdom of Belgium has three official languages, which are, in order from the greatest speaker population to the smallest, Dutch, French, and German. A number of non-official, minority languages are spoken as well.
Languages of Belize The official language of Belize is English, which is the sole language of instruction in its school systems. Around 80% of the population is literate in English and as much as 90% of the population is able to speak some English.
Languages of Canada There are a multitude of languages spoken in Canada, but only English, French and certain aboriginal languages have official status. The Constitution of Canada itself recognizes two official languages, English and French, and all constitutional acts since 1982 have themselves been enacted in these two official languages.
Languages of Denmark The Kingdom of Denmark has only one official language, Danish, the national language of the Danish people, but there are several minority languages spoken throught the territory. These include German, Faroese, and Greenlandic.
Languages of East Timor The lingua franca and national language of East Timor is Tetum, an Austronesian language influenced by Portuguese, with which it has equal status as an official language. Fataluku, a Papuan language widely used in the eastern part of the country (often more so than Tetum) has official recognition under the constitution, as do other indigenous languages, including: Bekais, Bunak, Dawan, Fataluku, Galoli, Habun, Idalaka, Kawaimina, Kemak, Lovaia, Makalero, Makasai, Mambai, Tokodede and Wetarese.
Languages of Egypt There are a number of languages spoken in Egypt, Egyptian Arabic (Mari) is by far the most widely spoken in the country. Coptic, the last stage of the indigenous Egyptian language, is used by the Coptic Orthodox Church.
Languages of Eritrea Eritrea is generally considered to have nine ethno-linguistic groups. Each of these has their own language: Afar, Arabic (spoken by the Rashaida), Beja (spoken by the Hedareb), Blin, Kunama, Nara, Saho, Tigre and Tigrinya.
Languages of Guernsey The linguistic situation of the Bailiwick of Guernsey is quite similar to that of Jersey, the other Bailiwick in the Channel Islands. English is the official language, French is used for administration, there are several varieties of Norman language used by a minority of the population, and Portuguese is spoken by immigrants in the workforce.
Languages of Chile Republic of Chile is an overwealmingly Spanish speaking country, with perhaps the exception of Mapudungun, and isolated native and immigrant communities. There are 9 living languages, several of which are endangered and 7 extinct ones.
Languages of China China's many different ethnic groups speak many different languages, collectively called ZhĹŤngguĂł YÇ”wĂ©n (ä¸ĺ›˝čŻć–‡), literally "Speech and writing of China" which mainly span six linguistic families. Most of them are dissimilar morphologically and phonetically and are mutually unintelligible.
Languages of India The languages of India primarily belong to two major linguistic families, Indo-European (whose branch Indo-Aryan is spoken by about 74% of the population) and Dravidian (spoken by about 24%). Other languages spoken in India come from the Austro-Asiatic and Tibeto-Burman linguistic families, as well as numerous language isolates.
Languages of Israel The Israeli population is a linguistically and culturally diverse community. The 15th edition of Ethnologue lists 33 languages and dialects spoken in local communities, whether small or large The main language used for communication among Israeli citizens is Modern Hebrew], a language that emerged in the late 19th century, based on different dialects of [[ancient Hebrew and heavily influenced by European languages.
Languages of Jersey The Bailiwick of Jersey, a crown dependency in the Channel Islands, off the coast of Normandy, has two official languages: English and French. Traditionally, Jèrriais, a variety of the ancient Norman language, has been the dominant language of the Bailiwick, but the past century has seen a great decline in its use, as well as the use of French.
Languages of Kenya Kenya's official languages are Swahili and English but there are a total of 62 languages spoken in Kenya, most being African languages with a minority of Middle-Eastern and Asian languages spoken by descendants of settlers.
Languages of Liechtenstein Liechtenstein's official language is German, and the principality is the smallest three countries in Europe populated by a majority of German speakers. Other languages are also spoken by the foreign-born population, which makes up about 14% of the country (and two thirds of the workforce).
Langmeier Backup Langmeier Software is privately held, software developer based in Pfäffikon SZ, Switzerland. The company was founded by Urs Langmeier and develops applications and software utilities for home and business use.
Langmuir Blodgett Trough The Langmuir-Blodgett trough is a piece of laboratory equipment used to study the properties of monolayers of amphiphilic molecules. Among other applications, the instrument can compress the monolayer to determine an isotherm, as well as deposit Langmuir-Blodgett films on a solid substrate.
Langmuir equation The Langmuir equation or Langmuir isotherm or Langmuir adsorption equation relates the coverage or adsorption of molecules on a solid surface to gas pressure or concentration of a medium above the solid surface at a fixed temperature. The equation was developed by Irving Langmuir in 1916.
Langmuir Laboratory for Atmospheric Research The Langmuir Laboratory for Atmospheric Research is a scientific laboratory studying the cloud processes that produce lightning, hail, and rain, located in the Magdalena Mountains of central New Mexico in the United States. The lab is operated by the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology (NM Tech) with funding from the National Science Foundation.
Langmuir probe A Langmuir probe is a device named after Nobel Prize winning physicist Irving Langmuir, used to determine the electron temperature, electron density, and plasma potential. It works by inserting one or more electrodes into a plasma, with a constant or time-varying electric potential between the various electrodes or between them and the surrounding vessel.
Langmuir-Blodgett film A Langmuir-Blodgett film contains one or more monolayers of an organic material, deposited from the surface of a liquid onto a solid by immersing (or emersing) the solid substrate into (or from) the liquid. A monolayer is added with each immersion or emersion step, thus films with very accurate thickness can be formed.
Langness Peninsula Langness (Langlish in Manx) is a peninsula which protrudes from the south eastern extremity of the Isle of Man. Signifying a cape or extended promontory, Langness literally means "long promontory" in Old Norse.
Langney Langney is a distinct part of Eastbourne, East Sussex and is on the eastern side of the popular retirement resort. The original village and priory have now been amalgamated with the main town of Eastbourne and Langney was identified as a single self-contained polling ward within the borough of Eastbourne until 2002.
Langobardia Langobardia was the name of the Byzantine thema which covered the Southern Italy from 874 to the eleventh century. It was divided among two strategoi, that of Calabria and that of Apulia, which latter title was later raised to catepan of Italy (999).
Langostino Langostino is a Spanish word meaning prawn but this term is commonly used in the restaurant trade to refer to the meat of the squat lobster, which is neither a true lobster nor a prawn. It is more closely related to porcelain crabs and hermit crabs.
Langsett Reservoir Langsett Reservoir is in Yorkshire, England, near the villages of Langsett and Upper Midhope, on the edge of the Peak District National Park. The reservoir was constructed between 1889 and 1905, and is now managed by Yorkshire Water.
Langstaff Secondary School Langstaff Secondary School (LSS) is a public high school in Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada which teaches grades 9 through 12. LSS is located at 106 Garden Avenue across the street from Morgan Boyle Park and near Charles Howitt Public School.
Langstaff, Ontario Langstaff, Ontario is a residential community in Thornhill, Ontario and Markham, Ontario. Located near John Street and Bayview Avenue, the homes in the area date back to the 1960s and 1970s and considered an older residential community in Markham.
Langston Hughes Medal The Langston Hughes Medal is awarded annually to recognize an influential and engaging African American writer. Established by the late Raymond Patterson, Professor Emeritus of English at the City College of New York, the medal honors Langston Hughes life-long commitment to social change through works that reflect various cultures with roots in an African heritage.
Langston University Langston University is an institution of higher learning located in Langston, Oklahoma, USA. It is the only historically black college in the state, and the westernmost historically black college in the United States.
Langstone Langstone is a well to do village in Havant, Hampshire in the south east of England, between Portsmouth and Chichester. It has good railway connections to London, Southampton, Portsmouth and Brighton, being served by Havant railway station.
Langstone Harbour Langstone Harbour is an English inlet of the English Channel, sandwiched between Portsea Island to the south and west, Hayling Island to the south and east, and Langstone to the north. Geographically it is a ria.
Langt fra Las Vegas Langt fra Las Vegas (Far from Las Vegas) was a Danish sit-com, which was first aired on the Danish TV channel TV2 Zulu. It revolved around life at a newly started TV morning show, Jump Start, and focused on the life of the main character, Casper (played by Casper Christensen).
Langton Dock The Langton Dock is a dock, on the River Mersey and part of the Port of Liverpool it is situated in the northern end of the dock system, connected to Alexandra Dock to the north and Brocklebank Dock to the south. The dock is also connected to the Mersey via locks to Canada Basin.
Langton Dock Branch The Langton Branch or Alexandra Dock Branch was built in 1885 by the Midland Railway. This branch went from the Cheshire Lines Committee's North Liverpool Extension Line at Fazakerley Junction to Langton Goods station, with a spur to North Mersey Goods.
Langton Green Langton Green is a village in the borough of Tunbridge Wells, England, lying around two miles east of the latter's town centre. It is located within the parish of Speldhurst although is has its own church on the village green.
Langton's loops Langton's loops are a particular "species" of artificial life first conceived by Christopher Langton. The loops, which are simulated in a cellular automaton space, consist of a "sheath" of cells surrounding the genetic information, which flows continuously around the loop.
Langton, Ontario Langton is a small town in Norfolk County, Ontario, Canada with their own little league hockey and baseball teams. They are also in proximity to Valley Heights Secondary School, the newest and most technologically advanced school in Norfolk County.
Language A language is a system, used for communication, comprising a set of arbitrary symbols and a set of rules (or grammar) by which the manipulation of these symbols is governed. These symbols can be combined productively to convey new information, distinguishing languages from other forms of communication.
Language and linguistics in Frank Herbert's Dune Frank Herbert's novel Dune, and his Dune series in general, incorporates a number of different themes related to language or linguistics, both in the techniques Herbert used in the actual writing itself, and more obviously, in the plot and characters. This is consistent with a broader theme of these novels, specifically, the nearly limitless power inherent in the human mind and body, and the power of training and discipline to enhance both physical and mental performance.
Language arts Language arts refers to the class of art forms, including novels, poetry, songs and others, that focus on the creation of art works which are primarily language based. The language arts are distinguished from other classes such as performing arts, visual arts, and culinary arts.
Language barrier Language barrier is a figurative phrase for the difficulties of learning a new language. It is usually applied to people who come to a new country at an adult age and don't speak the language, and who therefore must "overcome the language barrier.
Language center The language center is part of the human brain cortex where most of language processing takes place. It does not refer to any single or specific part of the brain — mostly because no such physical "center" is currently known.
Language customization Language Customization is the process of changing the dialogue or text of a program or video or film, from one language into another language. It can be done through transcription, translation, dubbing, subtitling or voiceover.
Language College Language Colleges were introduced in 1995 as part of the Specialist Schools Programme in the United Kingdom. The system enables secondary schools to specialise in certain fields, in this case, modern foreign languages.
Language death In linguistics, language death (also language extinction, linguistic extinction) can be thought of as a process that affects speech communities where the level of linguistic competence that speakers possess of a given language idiom is decreased.
Language development Language development is a process that starts early in human life where a person goes onto acquiring language by learning it as it is spoken and by mimicry. Usually, language starts off as a remembrance of simple words without associated meaning, but as one ages, words acquire meaning and connections between words are formed.
Language documentation Language documentation is the process by which a language is described in terms of its linguistics and its collected oral and textual literatures. Language documentation seeks to create as thorough a record as possible of the speech community for both posterity and language revitalization.
Language education Language education refers to the teaching and learning of a languages. It can refer to improving a learner's native language; however, it more commonly is used with regard to learning a foreign language or second language, and that is the meaning that is treated in this article.
Language federation Language Federations were formed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century by immigrants to the United States, primarily from Eastern and Southern Europe, who shared a commitment to some form of socialist politics. Some of these groups joined the Socialist Labor Party of America; later, many joined the Socialist Party and then later joined one of the precursors of the Communist Party; a number of federations also remained in the Socialist Party.
Language Freedom Movement Founded in 1966, the Language Freedom Movement was an organization dedicated to the opposition of the state-sponsored Gaelic Revival of the Irish language in the Republic of Ireland with backing by such notable figures as Irish-speaking writers Séamus Ó Grianna ("Máire") and John B. Keane.
Language game A language game (also called secret language or ludling) is a system of manipulating spoken words to render them incomprehensible to the untrained ear. Language games are used primarily by groups attempting to conceal their conversations from others.
Language geography Language geography is the branch of human geography that studies the geographic distribution of language or its constituent elements. There are two principal fields of study within the geography of language: the "geography of languages", which deals with the distribution through history and space of languages,Delgado de Carvalho, C.
Language identification If one is translating texts of unknown origin, the first order of business is to recognize the language of the text, also known as language identification which is a kind of text categorization. This can be done by comparing the compressibility of the text to the compressibility of texts in the known languages.
Language ideology Language Ideology is a term used in sociolinguistics to refer to the implicit assumptions and values held by people about language. A common type of Language Ideology is Standard Language Ideology, which refers to the belief that language homogeneity is beneficial to a society.
Language in Thought and Action Language in Thought and Action is a book on semantics by Samuel Ichiye Hayakawa in consultation with Leo Hamalian and Geoffrey Wagner. It was originally published in 1939; its Library of Congress catalog number is 64-10333.
Language interpretation Language interpretation may be roughly understood as the restating, in speech or a signed language, language spoken (uttered out loud) or signed in another language. Interpreters usually distinguish interpretation from translation, which deals with the written word.
Language isolate A language isolate, in the absolute sense, is a natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic") relationship with other living languages; that is, one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common to any other language. They are in effect language families consisting of a single language.
Language Interface Pack Microsoft Language Interface Pack (LIP) is a localized "skin" for emerging or minority language markets, such as Catalan, Lithuanian, Tamil and Thai. Based on MUI technology, LIP provides the desktop user with an approximately 80% localized user experience by translating a reduced set of user interface elements.
Language localisation Language localisationThe spelling "localisation", a variant of "localization", is the preferred spelling in the UK and other Commonwealth countries. is the process of translating a product into different languages (see Language translation) or adapting a language for a specific country or region.
Language merger Language merger, in linguistics, is a theoretical phenomenon whereby two or more distinct languages combine to form a single language. It is a controversial concept among linguists, who are divided over whether it represents an actual phenomenon, or merely a mistaken view of another process (e.
Language Made Plain Language Made Plain, by Anthony Burgess, is a brief overview of the field of linguistics. Without dealing specifically with any one language, it provides an introduction to semantics, phonetics, and the development of language.
Language Movement Day Language Movement Day or Language Revolution Day (ŕ¦ŕ¦ľŕ¦·ŕ¦ľ আন্দোলন দিবস Bhasha Andolon Dibosh), which is also referred to as Language Martyrs' Day or Martyrs' Day (শহীদ দিবস Shohid Dibosh), is a national day of Bangladesh to commemorate protests and sacrifices to protect Bengali as a national language during the Pakistani regime in 1952.
Language observatory As a general term, a "language observatory" is something which is built or implemented to observe language activities in our society. The need for creating such an observatory-like instrument for language activities is becoming more and more evident when taking into account the fact that increasing number of languages are facing danger of disappearing in our current world.
Language of Flowers (band) Language of Flowers are a 5-piece indie-pop band originally from Belfast in Northern Ireland signed to San Francisco indie label Shelflife Records. As of 2006 its members are located in London, Manchester and Belfast.
Language of the birds A language of the birds, a mystical, perfect or divine language, or a mythical or magical language used by birds to communicate with the initiated, is postulated in mythology, medieval literature and occultism.
Language of thought Fodor's language of thought (LOT) hypothesis states that cognition is a process of computation over compositional mental representations. This means that thoughts are represented in a "language" (sometimes known as mentalese) which allows complex thoughts to be built up by combining simpler thoughts in various ways.
Language on Vacation: An Olio of Orthographical Oddities Language on Vacation: An Olio of Orthographical Oddities is a 1965 book written by Dmitri Borgmann. It is generally considered to be the first book solely devoted to logology that was more about supplying information than giving puzzles.
Language Of Temporal Ordering Specification Language Of Temporal Ordering Specification (LOTOS) is a formal specification language based on temporal ordering used for protocol specification in ISO OSI standards. It was published as ISO 8807 in 1990 and describes the order in which events occur.
Language personality theory This is a new personality theory on the basis of language phenomenology of personality. On the basis of theoretical analysis of the contemporary "methodological market" of personological formulations the author, Dr.
Language planning Language planning refers to deliberate efforts to influence the behaviour of others with respect to the acquisition, structure, or functional allocation of language. Typically it will involve the development of goals, objectives and strategies to change the way language is used.
Language poets The Language poets (or L=A=N=G=U=A=G=E poets, after the magazine that bears that name) are an avant garde group or tendency in United States poetry that emerged in the late 1960s and early 1970s; its central figures are all actively writing, teaching, and performing their work today. In developing their poetics, members of the Language school took as their starting point the emphasis on method evident in the modernist tradition, particularly as represented by Gertrude Stein and Louis Zukofsky.
Language policy Many countries have a language policy designed to favour or discourage the use of a particular language or set of languages. Although nations historically have used language policies most often to promote one official language at the expense of others, many countries now have policies designed to protect and promote regional and ethnic languages whose viability is threatened.
Language policy in France France has one official language, the French language. The French government does not regulate the choice of language in publications by individuals or private organisations (save for certain commercial purposes).
Language politics Language politics is a term used to describe political (and sometimes social) consequences of linguistic differences between people, or on occasion the political consequences of the way a language is spoken and what words are used. Examples include:
Language proficiency Language proficiency or linguistic proficiency is the ability of an individual to speak or perform in an acquired language. As theories vary among pedagogues as to what constitutes proficiencythere is little consistency as to how different organisations classify it.
Language Problems and Language Planning Language Problems and Language Planning (LPLP) is a linguistic journal published by the John Benjamins Publishing Company, in cooperation with the Center for Research and Documentation on World Language Problems. Its core topics are issues of language policy as well as economic and sociological aspects of linguistics.
Language Proficiency Assessment for Teachers The Language Proficiency Assessment for Teachers (abbreviation: LPAT ; ) is an assessment examination for the language proficiency of teachers in Hong Kong. According to regulations, any teachers teaching English language or Putonghua (a.
Language Proficiency Index The Language Proficiency Index or LPI is a Canadian standardized test for English proficiency . The results of this test are used mostly by post secondary institutions and professional organizations within the Province of British Columbia.
Language revival Language revival is the revival, by governments, political authorities, or enthusiasts, to recover the spoken use of a language that is no longer spoken or is endangered. Language death is the process by which a language ceases to be used by the people who formerly spoke it.
Language Report The Language Report (or, strictly, the language report) was an account of the state and use of the English language published by the Oxford University Press (OUP) in 2003. It was compiled by lexicographer Susie Dent (b.
Language shift Language shift, sometimes referred to as language transfer or rate of assimilation, is the progressive process whereby a speech community of a language shifts to speaking another language. The rate of assimilation is the percentage of individuals with a given mother tongue who speak another language more often in the home.
Language school A language school is a place of learning where one can study a foreign language. In most cases, classes at a language school are geared towards, but not limited to, communicative competence in a foreign language.
Language speaker data This page preserves some of the data used for List of languages by number of native speakers and other articles. Note that lists such as this may vary somewhat depending upon the definition given to certain terms.
Language Spoken at Home (U.S. Census) Language Spoken at Home is a data set published by the United States Census Bureau on languages in the United States. In 2000 and 1990 it was a part of Summary File 3, collected from the long-form questionnaire which was distributed to 1 out of 6 households.
Language tax The language tax is an economic concept proposed by the Belgian economist Philippe Van ParijsPhilippe Van Parijs, Europe's three language problems, in: Multilingualism in Law and Politics. It is intended to compensate countries with a less wide-spread language for their expenses for teaching and translation.
Language technology Language technology is often called Human Language Technology (HLT) and consists of computational linguistics (or CL) and speech technology as its core but includes also many application oriented aspects of them. Language technology is closely connected to computer science and general linguistics.
Language transfer Language transfer (also known as L1 interference, linguistic interference, cross-linguistic interference or interference) is the effect of a speaker or writer's first language (L1) on the production or perception of his or her second language (L2). The result affects various aspects of language: grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, spelling, meaning (semantics), and so on.
Language Weaver Language Weaver is a Los Angeles, California based company that was founded by USC's Kevin Knight and Daniel Marcu, marketing a new software product that learns a language by itself by reading a lot of text (extracting probabilistic translation dictionaries, patterns, and rules), and therefore is able to translate it.
Language-independent specification A language-independent specification (LIS) is a programming language specification providing a common interface usable for defining semantics applicable toward arbitrary language bindings; in other words, LISs are language-agnostic. LISs also mitigate the risk that a certain language binding might reduce compatibility with other languages; an ideal LIS allows the language bindings to take advantage of features of a programming language uncompromisingly.
Language-oriented programming Language oriented programming is a style of programming in which, rather than solving problems in general-purpose programming languages, the programmer creates one or more domain-specific programming languages for the problem first and solves the problem in those languages. This concept is described in details in the article by Sergey Dmitriev entitled Language Oriented Programming: The Next Programming Paradigm.
Language, Truth, and Logic Language, Truth and Logic is a work of philosophy by Alfred Jules Ayer, published in 1936. It defines, explains, and argues for the verification principle of logical positivism, sometimes referred to as the "criterion of significance" or "criterion of meaning".
Language/action perspective Language/Action Perspective (LAP) is based upon the notion as proposed by Terry Winograd that "expert behavior requires an exquisite sensitivity to context" Two Decades of the Language-Action Perspective, Communications of the ACM, May 2006 and that such sensitivity is more in the realm of the human than in that of the artificial. The Language/Action Perspective International Workshop on Communication Modeling (LAP'96) Tilburg, The Netherlands, JULY 1-2 1996
Languages of Afghanistan There are two official languages of Afghanistan, in addition to other languages that are spoken. The two official languages are also the most commonly spoken; Dari, a dialect of the Persian language, is spoken by half of the population.
Languages of Algeria The official language of Algeria is Arabic, as specified in its constitution since 1963. In addition to this, Berber has been recognized as a "national language" by constitutional amendment since May 8, 2002.
Languages of Andorra Although Catalan, a Western Romance language somewhat close to Spanish and quite similar to Occitan is the only official language in Andorra and has traditionally been the national language (Andorra is normally included in the Catalan Countries), it is not the language spoken by the majority of the population, as only 33% of the population are Andorran. The majority of the population consists mainly of Spanish (43%), Portuguese (11%) and French (7%) expatriates, meaning that Spanish, Portugese, and French all have some presence in Andorra, although that is not to say that Catalan is only spoken by those of Andorran ethnicity.
Languages of Angola Using the data from the 1983 census of Angola, Portuguese is both the official and predominant language in the black, mestiço and white populations, as it is spoken in the homes of about two-thirds of the population and as a second language by many more throughout the country. Of the 60% Portuguese native speakers, half could only speak Portuguese, while the other half spoke a Bantu language as a second tongue.
Languages of Argentina The Languages of Argentina number at least 40 spoken and 1 signed, including native and immigrant languages; two languages are extinct and others are endangered, spoken by elderly people whose descendants don't speak the languages.
Languages of Australia Although Australia has no official language, it is largely monolingual with English being the de facto national language. It is also home to over 200 indigenous languages, as well as relatively recent arrivals besides English.
Languages of Belgium The Kingdom of Belgium has three official languages, which are, in order from the greatest speaker population to the smallest, Dutch, French, and German. A number of non-official, minority languages are spoken as well.
Languages of Belize The official language of Belize is English, which is the sole language of instruction in its school systems. Around 80% of the population is literate in English and as much as 90% of the population is able to speak some English.
Languages of Canada There are a multitude of languages spoken in Canada, but only English, French and certain aboriginal languages have official status. The Constitution of Canada itself recognizes two official languages, English and French, and all constitutional acts since 1982 have themselves been enacted in these two official languages.
Languages of Denmark The Kingdom of Denmark has only one official language, Danish, the national language of the Danish people, but there are several minority languages spoken throught the territory. These include German, Faroese, and Greenlandic.
Languages of East Timor The lingua franca and national language of East Timor is Tetum, an Austronesian language influenced by Portuguese, with which it has equal status as an official language. Fataluku, a Papuan language widely used in the eastern part of the country (often more so than Tetum) has official recognition under the constitution, as do other indigenous languages, including: Bekais, Bunak, Dawan, Fataluku, Galoli, Habun, Idalaka, Kawaimina, Kemak, Lovaia, Makalero, Makasai, Mambai, Tokodede and Wetarese.
Languages of Egypt There are a number of languages spoken in Egypt, Egyptian Arabic (Mari) is by far the most widely spoken in the country. Coptic, the last stage of the indigenous Egyptian language, is used by the Coptic Orthodox Church.
Languages of Eritrea Eritrea is generally considered to have nine ethno-linguistic groups. Each of these has their own language: Afar, Arabic (spoken by the Rashaida), Beja (spoken by the Hedareb), Blin, Kunama, Nara, Saho, Tigre and Tigrinya.
Languages of Guernsey The linguistic situation of the Bailiwick of Guernsey is quite similar to that of Jersey, the other Bailiwick in the Channel Islands. English is the official language, French is used for administration, there are several varieties of Norman language used by a minority of the population, and Portuguese is spoken by immigrants in the workforce.
Languages of Chile Republic of Chile is an overwealmingly Spanish speaking country, with perhaps the exception of Mapudungun, and isolated native and immigrant communities. There are 9 living languages, several of which are endangered and 7 extinct ones.
Languages of China China's many different ethnic groups speak many different languages, collectively called ZhĹŤngguĂł YÇ”wĂ©n (ä¸ĺ›˝čŻć–‡), literally "Speech and writing of China" which mainly span six linguistic families. Most of them are dissimilar morphologically and phonetically and are mutually unintelligible.
Languages of India The languages of India primarily belong to two major linguistic families, Indo-European (whose branch Indo-Aryan is spoken by about 74% of the population) and Dravidian (spoken by about 24%). Other languages spoken in India come from the Austro-Asiatic and Tibeto-Burman linguistic families, as well as numerous language isolates.
Languages of Israel The Israeli population is a linguistically and culturally diverse community. The 15th edition of Ethnologue lists 33 languages and dialects spoken in local communities, whether small or large The main language used for communication among Israeli citizens is Modern Hebrew], a language that emerged in the late 19th century, based on different dialects of [[ancient Hebrew and heavily influenced by European languages.
Languages of Jersey The Bailiwick of Jersey, a crown dependency in the Channel Islands, off the coast of Normandy, has two official languages: English and French. Traditionally, Jèrriais, a variety of the ancient Norman language, has been the dominant language of the Bailiwick, but the past century has seen a great decline in its use, as well as the use of French.
Languages of Kenya Kenya's official languages are Swahili and English but there are a total of 62 languages spoken in Kenya, most being African languages with a minority of Middle-Eastern and Asian languages spoken by descendants of settlers.
Languages of Liechtenstein Liechtenstein's official language is German, and the principality is the smallest three countries in Europe populated by a majority of German speakers. Other languages are also spoken by the foreign-born population, which makes up about 14% of the country (and two thirds of the workforce).
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