Encyclopedia

Law and Disorder (radio program) Law and Disorder is an hour long radio program that broadcasts weekly from WBAI, part of the Pacifica Radio Network. The program focuses on legal issues and is hosted by the President of the Center for Constitutional Rights Michael Ratner, former ACLU attorney advocate Dalia Hashad, civil rights attorney Michael Steven Smith of the National Lawyers Guild, and Heidi Boghosian Executive Director of the National Lawyers Guild.
Law and economics Law and economics, or economic analysis of law, is the term usually applied to an approach to legal theory that incorporates methods and ideas borrowed from the discipline of economics. Historically, it has been strongly tied to the University of Chicago.
Law and Gospel The relationship between God's Law and the Gospel is a major topic in Lutheran and Reformed theology. In these traditions, the distinction between the doctrines of Law, which demands obedience to God's will, and Gospel, which promises the forgiveness of sins for the sake of the sacrificial death and resurrection of Jesus Christ, is critical.
Law and Chaos Law and Chaos are the dominant metaphysical forces in the fantasy stories of Michael Moorcock, which he derived from Poul Anderson (especially his Three Hearts and Three Lions). Law and Chaos are in constant struggle, but they are kept in check by the Cosmic Balance, an even more powerful force for neutrality.
Law and Inequality Law and Inequality: A Journal of Theory and Practice is a journal of legal scholarship published by a student-run group at University of Minnesota Law School. The journal is published twice a year, summer and winter.
Law and Justice Prawo i Sprawiedliwość () (English: Law and Justice) is a Polish conservative political party, currently part of the governing coalition. The party was established in 2001, by the Kaczyński twins: Lech, current President of Poland, and Jarosław, current party president and Prime Minster of Poland.
Law and order (politics) In politics, law and order refers to a political platform which supports a strict criminal justice system, especially in relation to violent crime and property crimes, through harsher criminal penalties. These penalties may include longer terms of imprisonment, mandatory sentencing, and in some countries, capital punishment.
Law and Order Offensive Party The Law and Order Offensive Party (German: Partei Rechtsstaatlicher Offensive), short form Offensive D (the "D" means "Deutschland"/"Germany") is a minor political party in Germany. It was founded in July 2000 by Hamburg judge Ronald Schill.
Law and Society Association The Law and Society Association (LSA) is an association founded in 1964. Its members come from many fields and countries and are interested in "the place of law in social, political, economic and cultural life.
Law broker In Australia and New Zealand, a law broker is a professional that assists individuals who are searching for a lawyer. A law broker will analyze an individual's case or legal issue and provide a customized referral to an appropriate lawyer.
Law clerk In the United States and Canada, a law clerk is a person who provides assistance to a judge in researching issues before the court and in writing opinions. Those unfamiliar with court operations often incorrectly assume that a law clerk is a court clerk, essentially a secretary for the court.
Law collective A law collective is a non-hierarchical organization which provides legal services to a community or communities in need. Such work ranges from traditional criminal defense, to advocacy on behalf of immigrants, to legal support at large and small protests, to "Know Your Rights" and other law-related workshops.
Law costs draftsman In English law, a law costs draftsman is a lawyer specialising in calculating the costs of a case. The role of the costs draftsman centres around a procedure known as the "detailed assessment of costs", which is controlled by statute in England and Wales.
Law Commission A Law Commission, or Law Reform Commission, is an independent body set up by a government to consider the state of laws in a jurisdiction and make recommendations on those laws. Their functions include drafting revised versions of confusing laws, preparing consolidated versions of laws, making recommendations on updating outdated laws and making recommendations on repealing obsolete or spent laws.
Law Council of Australia The Law Council of Australia is an association of law societies and bar associations from the States and territories of Australia, and the peak body representing the legal profession in Australia. The Council was formed in 1933 to unite the various state legal associations, in order to represent the profession at a national level and at an international level.
Law Courts of Brussels The Law Courts of Brussels (Dutch: Justitiepaleis van Brussel, French: Palais de Justice de Bruxelles) is the most important Court building in Belgium and is a notable landmark of Brussels. It was built between 1866 and 1883 in the eclectic style by architect Joseph Poelaert.
Law Dome Law Dome () is a large ice dome which rises to 1,395 m directly south of Cape Poinsett, Antarctica. The feature was roughly mapped by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) from aerial photographs taken by USN Operation Highjump, 1946-47.
Law enforcement agency A law enforcement agency (LEA) is a term used to describe any agency which enforces the law. This may be a local or state police, federal agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) or the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).
Law enforcement in Afghanistan Plans call for Afghanistan to have a national police force of 50,000. Although the police officially are responsible for maintaining civil order, local and regional military commanders continue to exercise control in the hinterland.
Law enforcement in Algeria Responsibility for maintaining law and order in Algeria is shared by the 60,000-member Gendarmerie Nationale, under the Ministry of National Defense, and the 30,000-member Sûreté Nationale, or national police force, under the Ministry of Interior. The Gendarmerie Nationale is mainly active in rural and remote areas of the country, while the Sûreté Nationale is primarily an urban police force.
Law enforcement in Australia Law enforcement in Australia is served by police, sheriffs and bailiffs under the control of state, territory and the Federal governments. A number of state, territory and federal agencies also administer a wide variety of legislation related to white-collar crime.
Law enforcement in Bolivia Bolivia has a national police force of 31,000 officers that is responsible for internal security and maintaining law and order. Unlike in most Latin American countries, the Bolivian police force always has been responsible to the national government rather than to state or local officials.
Law enforcement in Bulgaria Bulgarian law enforcement organisations are overseen by the Ministry of Interior. The National Police Service is responsible for combating general crime and for supporting the operations of other law-enforcement agencies, the National Investigative Service and the Central Service for Combating Organized Crime.
Law enforcement in Haiti Other than the temporary United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) force, the Haitian National Police (Police Nationale d’Haïti⎯PNH) is the only security force in the country following the disbandment of the Haitian military. According to the U.
Law enforcement in Indonesia The strength of the Indonesian National Police stood at approximately 285,000 in 2004. The national police force was formally separated as a branch of the armed forces and placed under the Office of the President in 1999.
Law enforcement in Iraq During the regime of Saddam Hussein, Iraq’s law enforcement system was marked by corruption and inhumane practices. After the previous police force was completely disbanded, in 2003 a new Iraqi Police Service was established to act as a municipal law enforcement agency under the authority of the Ministry of Interior.
Law enforcement in Singapore Law enforcement in Singapore comes under the direct purview of the Singapore Police Force, the main government agency entrusted with the maintenance of law and order in Singapore. Assisting the police force, are a range of governmental as well as private sector organisations and companies who engage in specialised roles and allow the main force to concentrate on their main public policing roles.
Law enforcement in Westchester County There are currently 46 local police agencies located in Westchester County. As well as other County, State, and Federal Law Enforcement agencies responsible for protecting Westchester County, these agencies frequently work with one another and other agencies located in the surrounding counties and states as well as the NYPD.
Law Enforcement Against Prohibition Law Enforcement Against Prohibition, or LEAP, is a non-profit, international, educational organization comprised of former and current police officers, government agents and other law enforcement agents who oppose the current War on Drugs.
Law Enforcement Agency Resource Network Law Enforcement Agency Resource Network (LEARN) is a website run by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) designed to help law enforcement. It provides news, information and analysis but it also facilitates inquiries, on a daily basis, from law enforcement officials looking for information.
Law Enforcement Detachments The United States Coast Guard (USCG) officially established the Law Enforcement Detachment or LEDET program in 1982. The first LEDETs operated directly under Coast Guard groups and districts, where they served as law enforcement specialists, conducting training and local operations.
Law Enforcement Exploring Law Enforcement Exploring or Police Explorers is a volunteer program designed for young adults interested in law enforcement. This program gives young people, ages 14-21 (may vary), the chance to explore a career in law enforcement or simply learn more about the job.
Law Enforcement Intelligence Unit The Law Enforcement Intelligence Unit (LEIU) is an organization designed to facilitate intelligence sharing between law enforcement and intelligence agencies. Since the LEIU is not a government agency, it is not subject to the provisions of the U.
Law Enforcement Purple Heart A Law Enforcement Purple Heart is a generic term to describe a United States law enforcement medal which may be issued to any police officer who is wounded or killed in the line of duty. The term is based on the Purple Heart Medal issued by the United States armed forces.
Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring Law for the Prevention of Genetically Diseased Offspring (Gr. Gesetz zur VerhĂĽtung erbkranken Nachwuchses) or "Sterilization Law" was a statute in Nazi Germany enacted on July 14, 1933, which allowed the compulsory sterilization of any citizen who in the opinion of a "Genetic Health Court" (Gr.
Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service The Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service (in German: Gesetz zur Wiederherstellung des Berufsbeamtentums or short: Berufsbeamtengesetz), also known as Civil Service Law, Civil Service Restoration Act, and Law to Re-establish the Civil Service, was a law passed by the National Socialist regime on April 7 1933, two months after Adolf Hitler attained power.
Law for Temporary Measures concerning University Management The Law for Temporary Measures concerning University Management (大学の運営に関する臨時措置法, Daigaku no Un'ei ni Kansuru Rinjisochihou) of Japan was passed as Law No. 70 on August 7, 1969, which defined urgent measures to normalize management of universities disordered by student activism.
Law Chun Bong Law Chun Bong (Chinese: 羅振邦, born January 25, 1981 in Hong Kong), is a Hong Kong professional football player who currently plays for Hong Kong representative football team and Happy Valley. He can play as a winger or striker.
Law in Star Trek Law in Star Trek refers to the legal procedures and processes as seen in the Star Trek fictional universe. In several TV episodes and films since its inception in the 1960s, Star Trek has used legal constraints and consequences as a plot device to explore the society and politics of the future.
Law Institute of Victoria The Law Institute of Victoria (LIV) is the peak legal society in the Australian State of Victoria. It is the professional association for solicitors in Victoria, making rules to regulate their practice, and representing them to governments and other bodies.
Law Islands Law Islands is a group of small islands lying off the E end of Law Promontory, at the West side of the entrance to Stefansson Bay. They were mapped by Norwegian cartographers from aerial photos taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition (1936-37), and first visited by an ANARE party led by P.
Law label A law label is the term used by the United States mattress, upholstery and stuffed article (eg: pillows, plush toys, Comforters, etc) industry for the legally required tag or label on new items describing the fabric and filling. Typically these tags begin with a phrase such as This tag may not be removed under penalty of law except by the consumer.
Law of 22 Floréal Year VI The Law of 22 Floréal Year VI (loi du 22 floréal an VI) was a law—arguably constituting a bloodless coup—passed on 11 May 1798 (22 Floréal Year VI by the French Republican Calendar) by which 106 left-wing deputies were deprived of their seats in the Council of Five Hundred, the lower house of the legislature under the French Directory.
Law of 22 Prairial The Law of 22 Prairial, also known as the loi de la Grande Terreur, the law of the Reign of Terror, was enacted on June 10 1794 (22 Prairial of the Year II under the French Revolutionary Calendar). It was proposed by Georges Auguste Couthon and lent support by Robespierre.
Law of abode The Law of Abode is a law in Greek mythology that is older than Zeus and all are powerless to revoke. The Law of Abode states that if any food or drink should pass through your lips while in the realm of Hades, then you may not go back above to Earth.
Law of averages The law of averages is a lay term used to express the view that eventually, everything "evens out." For example: Two very similar people who drive similar cars in similar circumstances over a long period of time will have roughly the same number of accidents.
Law of Administration for the State of Iraq for the Transitional Period The Law of Administration for the State of Iraq for the Transitional Period (also called the transitional administrative law or TAL)is the Iraqi constitution signed on March 8, 2004 by the Iraq Interim Governing Council. It came into effect on June 28, 2004 following the official transfer of power from the Coalition Provisional Authority (led by the United States), to a sovereign Iraqi government.
Law of Africa The law of Africa is a diverse mix of common law, civil law and religious law systems. For instance, the primary sources of South Africa legislation were Roman-Dutch and English Common law, imports of Dutch settlements and British colonialism.
Law of Arms The Law of Arms or laws of heraldry, governs the "bearing of arms", that is, the possession, use or display of arms, also called coats of arms, coat armour or armorial bearings. Although it is believed that the original function of coats of arms was to enable knights to identify each other on the battlefield, they soon acquired wider, more decorative uses.
Law of Asia The Law of Asia is undergoing rapid change and modernisation, especially given the economic growth in China and India. Asian countries share a substantial heritage with European law, whilst keeping their own distinct identity.
Law of Attraction The Law of Attraction is an idea that is widespread in New Age and New Thought philosophy. It posits to never dwell on the negative, as the metaphysical principle of life is embodied in a "law of attraction': "you get what you think about, your thoughts determine your destiny.
Law of Australia The law of Australia consists of the Australian common law (which is based on the English common law), federal laws enacted by the Parliament of Australia, and laws enacted by the Parliaments of the Australian states and territories. The most important law of Australia is the Constitution of Australia, which describes Australia's system of constitutional monarchy, and forms the basis for the government of Australia.
Law of Bulgaria Bulgarian law is a largely civil, as opposed to a common, law system, based on epitomes in the French and German systems. It still contains elements of Soviet legal thinking, atlhough these are now increasingly on the wane.
Law of conservation of matter The Law of Conservation of Matter states that matter cannot be created or destroyed, only redistributed. In chemistry, it is represented by the fact that the sum of the masses of the reactants are equal to the sum of the products formed in a chemical reaction.
Law of cosines In trigonometry, the law of cosines (also known as the cosine formula or cosine rule) is a statement about a general triangle which relates the lengths of its sides to the cosine of one of its angles. Using notation as in Fig.
Law of cosines (spherical) In spherical trigonometry, the law of cosines (also called the cosine rule for sides) refers to a theorem relating the sides and angles of spherical triangles, analogous to the ordinary law of cosines from plane trigonometry.
Law of costs The law of costs in England and Wales is typical of common law jurisdictions. While generally the successful party to litigation is entitled to seek an order that the unsuccessful party pay his or her costs it is by no means certain that this will be granted and the Judge hearing the case has a wide discretion as to which party (if any) costs will be awarded.
Law of equal liberty The law of equal liberty (aka the law of equal freedom) is a doctrine first named, though not first conceived, by Herbert Spencer which says "...that every man may claim the fullest liberty to exercise his faculties compatible with the possession of like liberty to ever other man.
Law of France In academic terms, French law can be divided into two areas: private law ("droit privé") and public law ("droit public"). Private law includes, in particular, civil law ("droit civil") and criminal law ("droit pénal").
Law of Germany The modern German legal system is a system of law which is grounded in part on the principles laid out by the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, though much of the civil code (BĂĽrgerliches Gesetzbuch, or BGB) was developed prior to the 1949 constitution.
Law of Guarantees After the overthrow of the Papal States in 1870, Italy's Law of Guarantees accorded the Pope certain honors and privileges similar to those enjoyed by the King of Italy, including the right to send and receive ambassadors who would have full diplomatic immunity, just as if he still had temporal power as ruler of a state.
Law of horizontality Law of Horizontality in archaeology means that any archaeological layer deposited in an unconsolidated form will tend towards a horizontal position. Strata which are found with tilted surfaces were originally deposited that way, or lie in conformity with the contours of a pre-existing basin of deposition.
Law of Hostages In 1799, late in the French Revolution, the Law of Hostages was enacted by the Executive Directory (Fr. Directoire exécutif, also referred to as the French Directory) in order to assure itself of domination in the provinces.
Law of Chastity The "Law of Chastity" is a part of the Mormon (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) belief system. The Law of Chastity states that men and women should have no sexual relations except with the person to whom they are legally and lawfully wedded.
Law of increasing relative cost In economics, the Law of increasing relative cost is the observation that the opportunity cost of additional units of a good generally increases as a society attempts to produce more of that good. This explains the bowed-out shape of the Production Possiblities Curve.
Law of Iraq The Republic of Iraq legal system is in a period of transition in light of the 2003 regime change that led to the fall of the Baath Party, and the current state of civil war and unrest. However, Iraq does have a written constitutional, civil, criminal and personal status law.
Law of land warfare The Law of Land Warfare is that part of the Laws of War applicable to the conduct of warfare on land (territory) and to relationships between belligerents and neutral states. This article, derived from public domain government sources, generally describes the law as internationally understood.
Law of large numbers The law of large numbers is a fundamental concept in statistics and probability that describes how the average of a randomly selected large sample from a population is likely to be close to the average of the whole population. The term "law of large numbers" was introduced by S.
Law of majestas The Law of Majestas, or lex maiestas, refers to any one of several ancient Roman laws (leges maiestatis) throughout the republican and Imperial periods dealing with crimes against the Roman people, state, or Emperor.
Law of multiple proportions In chemistry, the law of multiple proportions is one of the most basic laws of stoichiometry, alongside the law of definite proportions. It is sometimes called Dalton's Law after its discoverer, the English chemist John Dalton, though this usually refers to his law of partial pressures.
Law of noncontradiction In logic, the law of noncontradiction (also called the law of contradiction) states, in the words of Aristotle, that "one cannot say of something that it is and that it is not in the same respect and at the same time". In the symbolism of propositional logic, this is expressed as:
Law of North America The law of North America is diverse and influential. The law of the United States has worldwide renown, in its codified constitution, and bill of rights, while the law of Cuba differs vastly in its regulation of private property.
Law of obligations The Law of Obligations is one of the component private law elements of the civil law system of law (as well as of mixed legal systems, such as Scotland, South Africa, and Louisiana) and encompasses contractual obligations, quasi-contractual obligations such as unjust enrichment and extra-contractual obligations. The Law of Obligations is one of the branches of the civil law which includes the Property law, the Law of Persons, Family Law, Succession law, Law of Hypothecs, the Law of Prescription.
Law of occupation The portions of the law of war which particularly relate to military occupation may be called the law of occupation. Military occupation is not annexation, the difference between the two being originally expounded upon by Emmerich de Vattel in The Law of Nations (1758).
Law of Oceania The law of Oceania refers to the different legal systems within the geographical area of Oceania. Countries such as Australia and New Zealand follow in the Commonwealth tradition of common law, and until recently were subject to the United Kingdom House of Lords.
Law of Portugal The Portuguese legal system is a civil law or continental legal system, based on Roman law. It is similar to other civil law legal systems found in other European countries such as France, Italy, Spain and Germany.
Law of Protection of Commerce and Investments from Foreign Policies that Contravene International Law The Law of Protection of Commerce and Investments from Foreign Policies that Contravene International Law (Spanish: Ley de ProtecciĂłn al Comercio y la InversiĂłn de Normas Extranjeras que Contravengan el Derecho Internacional) is the law passed by the government of Mexico in response to the Helms-Burton Act, a United States federal law. The Helms-Burton Act, passed in March 1996, was designed to strengthen the United States embargo against Cuba.
Law of Rent The Law of Rent was formulated by David Ricardo around 1809. It was the first clear exposition of the source and magnitude of land rents, and is among the most important and firmly established principles of economics.
Law of Return The Law of Return (Hebrew: חוק השבות) is an Israeli legislation that allows Jews and those with Jewish parents or grandparents, and spouses of the aforementioned, to settle in Israel and gain citizenship.
Law of sines In trigonometry, the law of sines (or sine law) is a statement about arbitrary triangles in the plane. If the sides of the triangle are a, b and c and the angles opposite those sides are A, B and C, then the law of sines states:
Law of specific nerve energies The Law of Specific Nerve Energies, first proposed by Johannes Peter MĂĽller in 1826, is that the nature of perception is defined by the pathway over which the sensory information is carried. Hence, the origin of the sensation is not important.
Law of superposition The law of superposition is an axiom that forms one of the bases of the sciences of geology, archaeology, and other fields dealing with stratigraphy. In its plainest form, that is: layers are arranged in a time sequence, with the oldest on the bottom and the youngest on the top, unless later processes disturb this arrangement.
Law of Singapore The legal system of Singapore is based on the English common law system. Major areas of law – particularly administrative law, contract law, equity and trust law, property law and tort law – are largely judge-made, though certain aspects have now been modified to some extent by statutes.
Law of South America The law of South America is one of the most unified in the world. All countries can be said to follow civil law systems, though recent developments in the law of Brazil suggest a move towards the stare decisis doctrine.
Law of Spikelets Law of Spikelets (закон о колосках) was a common name of the law based on the decree of Central Executive Committee and Sovnarkom of the USSR "About protection of the property of state enterprises, kolkhozes and cooperatives, and strengthening of the public (socialist) property" (Об охране имущества государственных предприятий, колхозов и кооперативов и укреплении общественной (социалистической) собственности) dated August 7, 1932.
Law of State Responsibility The Law of State Responsibility is concerned with the imputation of acts to State parties in the context of international law. For example, a question of state responsibility may revolve around whether the act of an organ of the state can be imputed to the state, or whether an official acting outside of their authority can breach treaties that will lead to the State being found responsible.
Law of Suspects The Law of Suspects is a term which is used to refer to an enactment passed on September 17 1793 during the course of the French Revolution. It allowed for the creation of revolutionary tribunals to try those who were suspected of treason against the Republic and to punish those convicted with death.
Law of the case As generally used the term law of the case designates the principle that if an appellate court has passed on a legal question and remanded the cause to the court below for further proceedings, the legal question not determined by the appellate court will not be differently determined on a subsequent appeal in the same case where the facts remain the same. Allen v.
Law of the Dominican Republic The Dominican Republic legal system (Dominican law), for the most part, is derived from laws or statutes known as Napoleonic codes, which were introduced to the country during the period from 1822 to 1844. The Dominican Civil and Commercial Codes are actually just a mere translation of the Napoleonic Codes, and the influence of the French government and ideals permeates the Dominican legal system.
Law of the Infinite Cornucopia The Law of the Infinite Cornucopia, put forth by Polish philosopher Leszek Kołakowski suggests that for any given doctrine one wants to believe, there is never a shortage of arguments by which one can support it.
Law of the Land Law of the Land (1993 to 1999) was an Australian television drama series that screened on the Nine Network. Law of the Land was set in the fictional country town of Merringanee and centred on the unique way that locals dealt with and enforced the law.
Law of the Netherlands The Netherlands is a civil law country. Laws are written down, the application of customary law is the exception and the role of case law is small in theory although in practice it is impossible to understand the law in many fields without also taking into account the relevant case law.
Law of the Playground Law Of The Playground is the name of a website, book and television series which features members of the publics memories about school life. It styles itself "The least coherent encyclopaedia of playground insults on the internet"
Law of the United States The law of the United States was originally largely derived from the common law of the system of English law, which was in force at the time of the Revolutionary War. However, the supreme law of the land is the United States Constitution and, under the Constitution's Supremacy Clause, laws enacted by Congress and treaties to which the U.
Law of thought The laws of thought are fundamental logical rules, with a long tradition in the history of philosophy, which collectively prescribe how a rational mind must think. To break any of the laws of thought (for example, to contradict oneself) is to be irrational.
Law of total cumulance In probability theory and mathematical statistics, the law of total cumulance is a generalization to cumulants of the law of total probability, the law of total expectation, and the law of total variance. It has applications in the analysis of time series.
Law of total expectation The proposition in probability theory known as the law of total expectation, the law of iterated expectations, the tower rule, the smoothing theorem, or perhaps by any of a variety of other names, states that if X is an integrable random variable (i.e.
Law of total tricks In contract bridge, the Law of total tricks (abbreviated as LoTT) is a guideline used to help determine how high to bid in a competitive auction. It is not really a law (because counterexamples are easy to find) but a method of hand evaluation which describes a relationship that seems to exist somewhat regularly.
Law of treaties The law of treaties is that part of international law which deals with legally binding agreements between states, generally referred to as treaties. In 1969, the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties codified the existing customary international law of treaties.
Law of value The law of value is a concept in Karl Marx's critique of political economy. Most generally, it refers to a regulative principle of the economic exchange of the products of human work: the relative exchange-values of those products in trade, usually expressed by money-prices, are determined (in some way) by the average amounts of human labour-time which are currently socially necessary to produce them.

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