Encyclopedia

Minifigure Minifigures are small, plastic figural toys produced by Danish toy manufacturer Lego, which are usually sold with Lego sets, as characters intended to populate modular Lego environments. Although many Lego sets include minifigures, Lego also sells collections of minifigures separate from other sets.
Minigames of Final Fantasy Several games in Square Enix's Final Fantasy series have featured minigames, games found inside of the main game, particularly the more recent games. Progression in these games generally does not affect achievement in the storyline, and vice versa.
Minigir language Minigir is spoken by a small number of the Tolai people of Papua New Guinea, who live on the Gazelle Peninsula in East New Britain Province. It is often referred to in the linguistics literature as the Tolai dialect/language with an /s/.
Minigun A minigun is a multibarreled machine gun with a high rate of fire (several thousand rounds per minute), employing Gatling-style rotating barrels. More technically, a minigun is an externally powered Gatling gun of rifle caliber, though the term is sometimes used more generally to refer to guns of similar rates of fire and configuration regardless of power source.
MiniGL The term MiniGL was applied to a wide range of incomplete OpenGL implementations provided by graphics card hardware companies including 3dfx, PowerVR and Rendition in the late 1990s. They owe their genesis to the computer game, Quake.
MiniGLX MiniGLX is a unix programming library that provides a means to use DRI (Direct Rendering Infrastructure, a facility in the linux kernel that allows access to the OpenGL features of graphics cards) without needing to use the X windows system. In essence it provides functions that mimic those of X, so that programs written using MiniGLX should be compileable as X windows programs.
Minichiello (surname) The Italian surname Minichiello is of patronymic origin, being one of those surnames based on the first name of the father of the original bearer. In this case, the surname originates from the personal name Domenico, which in turn derives from the Latin “Dominicus”.
Minilla , or Minya, is a monster from the Godzilla series of films and is the first of several young Godzillas in the series. He first appeared in Son of Godzilla and also appeared in Destroy All Monsters, Godzilla's Revenge, and Godzilla: Final Wars.
Minim (religious order) Minims (also called the Minimi or The Order of the Minims) are followers of a Roman Catholic religious order founded by Francis of Paola in the fifteenth century in Italy. The order flourished in France until the time of the French Revolution.
Minimal (song) "Minimal" is a song by British synthpop band Pet Shop Boys and is featured on their 2006 album Fundamental. It was released 24 July 2006 as the second single from that album in the UK, entering the UK Singles Chart at #19 in the first week of its release (see 2006 in British music).
Minimal counterexample In mathematics, the method of considering a minimal counterexample combines the ideas of inductive proof and proof by contradiction. Abstractly, in trying to prove a proposition P, one assumes that it is false, and that therefore there is at least one counterexample.
Minimal evaluation Minimal evaluation or short circuit evaluation is an evaluation strategy in which an expression is only evaluated until the point where its final value is known. In some cases, it is not necessary to evaluate all the parts of an expression.
Minimal impact code The Minimal Impact Code is the practice of reducing by as much as possible the amount of physical damage one does to a natural ecosystem. Many environmental groups and individual naturalists - especially, but not specifically, those involved with mountaineering practices such as hiking and trekking - site the Code and state its importance for the preservation of ecosystems.
Minimal incision The minimal incision technique is a specialized surgical technique practiced by some physicians to remove masses or growths with minimal scarring and less recovery time. Most surgeons usually cut along 3/4 to the full length of the mass to access it or remove it.
Minimal instruction set computer MISC (Minimal Instruction Set Computer) is a processor architecture with a very small number of basic operations and corresponding opcodes. Such instruction sets are commonly stack based rather than register based to reduce the size of operand specifiers.
Minimal models In theoretical physics, the minimal models are a very concrete well-defined type of rational conformal field theory. The individual minimal models are parameterized by two integers p,q that are moreover related for the unitary minimal models.
Minimal pair In phonology, minimal pairs are pairs of words or phrases in a particular language, which differ in only one phone, phoneme, toneme or chroneme and have a distinct meaning. They are used to demonstrate that two phones constitute two separate phonemes in the language.
Minimal polynomial In mathematics, the minimal polynomial of an object α is the monic polynomial p of least degree such that p(α)=0. The properties of the minimal polynomial depend on the algebraic structure to which α belongs.
Minimal realization Given any transfer function, any state model that is both controllable and observable and has the same input-output behaviour as the transfer function, is said to be a minimal realization of the transfer function.
Minimal subtraction scheme In quantum field theory, the minimal subtraction scheme, or MS scheme is a particular renormalization scheme used to absorb the infinities that arise in perturbative calculations beyond leading order. The MS scheme consists of absorbing only the divergent part of the radiative corrections into the counterterms.
Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model The Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) is the minimal extension to the Standard Model that realizes supersymmetry (non-minimal extensions) exist. Supersymmetry pairs bosons with fermions, therefore every Standard Model particle has a partner that has yet to be discovered.
Minimalism Minimalism describes movements in various forms of art and design, especially visual art and music, where the work is stripped down to its most fundamental features and core self expression. In other fields of art it has been used to describe the plays of Samuel Beckett, the films of Robert Bresson, the editing and stories of Gordon Lish and the stories of Raymond Carver, and even the automobile designs of Colin Chapman.
Minimality If S is an infinite definable set of some structure (mathematical logic) and A:={a_1,a_2,ldots,a_n} is any finite subset, then A is definable via the formula (mathematical logic) (x=a_1) lor (x=a_2) lor ldots lor (x=a_n).
Minimally conscious state A minimally conscious state (MCS) is a condition distinct from coma or the vegetative state, in which a patient exhibits deliberate, or cognitively mediated, behavior often enough, or consistently enough, for clinicians to be able to distinguish it from entirely unconscious, reflexive responses.
Minimally invasive procedure A minimally invasive medical procedure is defined as one that is carried out by entering the body through the skin or through a body cavity or anatomical opening, but with the smallest damage possible to these structures. According to this classification, the two other kinds of procedures are: invasive and non-invasive.
Minimally Invasive Education Minimally Invasive Education (or MIE) is a term used to describe how children learn in unsupervised environments. It was derived from an experiment done by Sugata Mitra in 1999 often called The Hole in the Wall.
Minimizing dictionary A dictionary is minimizing if it attempts to include only a limited selection of words from a particular speech community. An example of a minimizing dictionary (also spelled minimising dictionary) is a dictionary containing the 2,000 most frequently used words in the English language, as it attempts to lemmatise (i.
Minimo Minimo (from "Mini Mozilla") is a project to create a version of the Mozilla web browser for small devices like PDAs and mobile phones. The project also aims to make it easier for developers to embed parts of Mozilla into systems with limited system resources (for example, machines with low amounts of RAM).
Minimoog Voyager The Minimoog Voyager or Voyager is a monophonic analog synthesizer, designed by Robert Moog and released in 2002 by Moog Music. The Voyager was modeled after the classic Minimoog synthesizer that was popular in the 1970s.
Minimum alveolar concentration Minimum alveolar concentration or MAC is a concept used to compare the strengths of anaesthetic vapours; in simple terms, it is defined as the concentration of the vapour in the lungs that is needed to prevent movement in 50% of subjects in response to surgical stimulus. Thus, it is actually a median value; the use of minimum would appear to be descended from the original paper in which the concept appeared, although the term there was minimal alveolar concentration.
Minimum Age Convention, 1973 The Minimum Age Convention, 1973, is a Convention adopted in 1973 by the International Labour Organization. It requires ratifying states to pursue a national policy designed to ensure the effective abolition of child labour and to raise progressively the minimum age for admission to employment or work.
Minimum bend radius The minimum bend radius is the radius below which an object such as a cable should not be bent. The minimum bend radius is of particular importance in the handling of fiber-optic cables, which are often used in telecommunications.
Minimum contacts Minimum contacts is a term used in the United States law of civil procedure to determine when it is appropriate for a court in one state to assert personal jurisdiction over a defendant from another state. The United States Supreme Court has decided a number of cases that have established and refined the principle that it is unfair for a court to assert jurisdiction over a party unless that party's contacts with the state in which that court sits are such that the party "could reasonably expect to be haled into court" in that state.
Minimum Credible Deterrence Minimum Credible Deterrence is the principle on which India's nuclear doctrine is based. It underlines no first use (NFU) with a second strike capability, and falls under minimal deterrence as opposed to mutually assured destruction.
Minimum degree algorithm In numerical analysis the minimum degree algorithm is an algorithm used to permute the rows and columns of a symmetric sparse matrix before applying the Cholesky decomposition, to reduce the number of non-zeros in the Cholesky factor.
Minimum description length The minimum description length principle is a formalization of Occam's Razor in which the best hypothesis for a given set of data is the one that leads to the largest compression of the data. MDL was introduced by Jorma Rissanen in 1978; it is an important concept in information theory and learning theory.
Minimum deterrence Minimum deterrence is the capability of inflicting damage upon enemies with the use of a small arsenal of nuclear weapons. The state with minimum deterrence capability could in effect deter other nations (possibly armed with nuclear weapons themselves) from aggression.
Minimum enroute altitude Minimum Enroute Altitude (MEA) is the recommended minimum altitude that an aircraft should fly on a segment of an airway in Instrument meteorological conditions, ensuring that it safely clear of terrain and obstacles (see MOCA) and high enough to receive ground-based navigation aids (see MRA).
Minimum funding requirement The Minimum Funding Requirement (MFR) was a part of United Kingdom legislation in the Pensions Act 1995, and was introduced on 6 April 1997. The Pensions Act 2004 abolishes the MFR replaces it with new "scheme specific funding" standard; this came into force on 30 December, 2005 for all pension schemes with a valuation date after September 22,2005.
Minimum gauge railway Minimum Gauge Railways have a gauge of less than , most commonly , , or . The notion of minimum gauge railways was originally developed by Sir Arthur Heywood in the 1870s for estate railways and by the French company of Decauville for industrial railways.
Minimum inhibitory concentration Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), in microbiology, is the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial that will inhibit the visible growth of a microorganism after overnight incubation. Minimum inhibitory concentrations are important in diagnostic laboratories to confirm resistance of microorganisms to an antimicrobial agent and also to monitor the activity of new anitmicrobial agents.
Minimum Information Standards Minimum Information (MI) standards or reporting guidelines specify the minimum amount of meta data(information) and data required to meet a specific aims or aims. Usually the aim is to provide enough meta data and data to enable the unambiguous reproduction and interpretation of an experiment.
Minimum Intelligent Signal Test The Minimum Intelligent Signal Test, or MIST, is a variation of the Turing test proposed by Chris McKinstry in which only binary (yes/no or true/false) answers may be given to questions. The purpose of such a test is to provide a quantitative statistical measure of humanness, which may subsequently be used to optimize the performance of artificial intelligence systems intended to imitate human responses.
Minimum lease payments Rental payments over the lease term including the amount of any bargain purchase option, premium and any guaranteed residual value and excluding any rental relating to costs to be met by the lessor and any contingent rentals.
Minimum message length Minimum message length (MML) is a formal information theory restatement of Occam's Razor: even when models are not equal in goodness of fit accuracy to the observed data, the one generating the shortest overall message is more likely to be correct (where the message consists of a statement of the model, followed by a statement of data encoded concisely using that model). MML was invented by Chris Wallace, first appearing in the seminal (Wallace and Boulton, 1968).
Minimum metal mine A Minimum metal mine is a landmine that is designed to use the minimum amount of metal in its construction. Typically this is achieved by using either a wooden, plastic or glass body holding the explosive charge, with a few small metallic components inside the detonator.
Minimum obstacle clearance altitude Minimum Obstacle Clearance Altitude, or MOCA, is the lowest altitude that an aircraft can fly on an airway in Instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) and still keep safe clearance from terrain and obstacles (like buildings or towers). MOCA is often lower than Minimum enroute altitude (MEA), and may put an aircraft below air traffic control RADAR coverage and also below Minimum reception altitude (MRA) for navigation aids; as a result, it is typically used only in emergencies, especially to get below icing.
Minimum reception altitude In aviation, minimum reception altitude (MRA) is the lowest altitude on an airway segment where an aircraft can be assured of receiving signals from navigation aids like VOR or NDB. Typically, the greater the distance between navigation aids, the higher the MRA.
Minimum total potential energy principle The principle of minimum total potential energy is a fundamental concept used in physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering. It asserts that a structure or body shall deform or displace to a position that minimizes the total potential energy, with the lost potential energy being dissipated as heat.
Minimum Viable Population Minimum Viable Population (MVP) is a lower bound assigned to the population of an organism, such that the population can survive in the wild. This term is used in the fields of biology, ecology and conservation biology.
Minimum wage The minimum wage is the minimum hourly, daily or monthly wage that must be paid to employees or workers, according to law. Each country sets its own minimum wage laws and regulations, and more than 90% of all countries have some kind of minimum wage legislation.
Minimum-Maximum (DVD) Minimum-Maximum is a double DVD created by Kraftwerk, consisting of live shows performed during their 2004 world tour. The DVD was released in Germany on December 2 2005 on the EMI label (and in the UK on December 5 2005; December 6 2005 in the US and Japan and Australia).
Minimum-Maximum Notebook Notebook is the expanded version of the Minimum-Maximum live album by Kraftwerk, released in December 2005. It contains the live concert DVD and audio CD albums, plus an 88 page commemorative hardback book of tour photographs.
Minimum-variance unbiased estimator In statistics, and more specifically in estimation theory, a minimum-variance unbiased estimator (MVUE or MVU estimator) is an unbiased estimator of parameters, whose variance is minimized for all values of the parameters. If an estimator is unbiased, then its mean squared error is equal to its variance, i.
Minimus The Minimus books are a series of school textbooks, created by Dr Helen Forte, and published by the Cambridge University Press, designed to help children of primay school age to learn Latin. The books are named after the mouse Minimus (Latin: Small) who is known as "The mouse that made Latin cool".
MiniMAX Discount miniMAX Discount is a supermarket chain operating in Romania. miniMAX supermarkets are mainly found in smaller urban areas, with populations below 200,000, which are not served by international retail chains such as Carrefour, Billa or Metro Cash and Carry.
MiniMed MiniMed Technologies is the insulin pump manufacturing and sales division of Medtronic Diabetes. The company was founded in the early 1980s and spunoff from Pacesetter Systems, in order to design a practical insulin pump for lifelong wear.
Mining Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually (but not always) from an ore body, vein, or (coal) seam. Materials recovered by mining include bauxite, coal, copper, gold, silver, diamonds, iron, precious metals, lead, limestone, nickel, phosphate, oil shale, rock salt, tin, uranium, and molybdenum.
Mining accident A mining accident is a dangerous and often deadly accident that occurs in the process of mining minerals from underneath the surface of the earth. Thousand of miners die from mining accidents each year, especially in the process of coal mining and hard rock mining.
Mining Heritage Trust of Ireland The Mining Heritage Trust of Ireland Ltd is a voluntary, not for profit organisation to celebrate and promote awareness, appreciation and conservation of remains of what is arguably Ireland's oldest industry. This is an industry which commenced more than 7000 years ago during the Stone Age, and which has, right up to the present day, played an intimate and pivotal role in the evolution of human society, culture and economic activity in Ireland - a contribution most eloquently attested in the names given to the earliest phases of human cultural and societal evolution - the Stone, Copper, Bronze and Iron Ages.
Mining in Japan Mining was a rapidly declining industry in Japan in the 1980s. Domestic coal production shrank from a peak of 55 million tons in 1960 to slightly more than 16 million tons in 1985, while coal imports grew to nearly 91 million tons in 1987.
Mining in Limburg Around the Augustinian Abbey of Rolduc, coal is found very close to the surface, and since the 16th century it has been extracted for sale as fuel. The abbey was the coal owner, and hired groups of local miners to carry out the work underground.
Mining in Western Australia The Western Australian mining industry is the largest and most diversified resource industry in Australia. The state encompasses about one-third of the Australian continent and includes rich mineral resources including iron ore, nickel, diamonds, bauxite, uranium, gold, coal and mineral sands
Mining Simulation A ‘’’mining simulator’’’ is a system used to replicate elements of mining operations, for training or efficiency analysis. Mining simulation application can range from pure statistical analysis, to scale models, all the way to replica cabins mounted on pneumatic actuators surrounded by screens displaying three dimensional imagery.
Minion (solver) Minion is a solver for constraint satisfaction problems. Unlike constraint programming toolkits, which expect users to write programs in a traditional programming language like C++, Java or Prolog, Minion takes a text file which specifies the problem, and solves using only this.
Minion Hunter Minion Hunter is a board game originally released in 1992 by GDW in conjunction with their Dark Conspiracy Role Playing Game. The game is designed to encourage the players to work together to stall and/or defeat the plans of four Dark Minion races as a primary goal, with the individual advancement of the players as a secondary objective.
Minipops Minipops was a television series broadcast in 1983 on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom. It consisted of music videos created specially for the show, featuring preteen children singing pop music hits of the time.
Miniprop A DOS application written by Sheldon Shallon (W6EL), Miniprop is used to predict the probability of a high frequency (HF) radio signal path between two points on the Earth's surface. For example, if an amateur radio operator or a shipboard marine radio operator with an HF radio wanted to estimate which frequencies might reach a shore-based station, she could enter data into the program.
Miniscule of Sound The Miniscule of Sound opened in London as the world's smallest nightclub in August 1998, in the changing booth of a disused outdoor swimming pool, as a parody of Ministry of Sound. The nightclub has a maximum capacity of 14 people (including DJ) in an area of 4 feet (1.
Minisink Valley High School Minisink Valley High School is a secondary school located in Slate Hill, New York. It contains an enrollment of approximately 1400 students, making it one of the larger high schools in Orange County, New York.
Miniskirt The miniskirt (often hyphenated as mini-skirt) is a skirt with a hemline well above the knees (generally 20 cm - about 8 inches - or more above knee level). Another way to tell whether a skirt is in fact a mini is to check if the wearer can reach past the hemline of the skirt with her ring and index finger while standing straight; if she cannot, it is not a mini.
Ministère AMER The Ministère AMER (Amour, Musique Et Rap) is a French hip hop group from Sarcelles, consisting of the rappers Passi and Stomy Bugsy (both of whom are also major solo artists in the French hip hop scene), DJ Ghetch, and the producer/manager Kenzy. The group is also associated with other major French hip hop artists such as Doc Gyneco and Hamed Daye.
Minister (Catholic Church) In the Catholic Church the term minister refers to the person whether lay or ordained who is commissioned to perform some work on behalf of the Church. The term minister is not commonly used to refer to a member of the clergy nor as a common term of address.
Minister (government) A minister or a secretary is a politician who holds significant public office in a national or regional government. Senior ministers are members of the cabinet, usually led by a monarch, Governor General, or president.
Minister affair at the announcement of the Reinfeldt cabinet The minister affair at the announcement of the Reinfeldt cabinet in Sweden is a political scandal which started on October 7, 2006 when the Cabinet of Fredrik Reinfeldt, which had been announced on October 6, immediately became affected by media allegations on past errors on the part of several cabinet ministers, in particular Maria Borelius, Cecilia Stegö Chilò and Tobias Billström. The affair centred around the use of domestic workers (nannies and maids) without paying employment (payroll) tax, employer's contribution (), unpaid TV licences and other issues.
Minister for Communications (Ireland) The Minister for Communications was the minister in the Irish Government created by the Ministers and Secretaries (Amendment) Act, 1983 to replace the Minister for Posts & Telegraphs. In 1991 the ministers functions were passed to the retitled Minister for Tourism, Transport & Communications and the department ceased to exist.
Minister for Communications, Marine and Natural Resources (Ireland) The Minister for Communications, Marine and Natural Resources is the senior minister at the Department of Communications, Marine and Natural Resources () in the Irish Government. The current Minister is Noel Dempsey, TD; he is assisted by John Browne, TD, Minister of State with special responsibility for the Marine.
Minister for Community, Rural and Gaeltacht Affairs The Minister for Community, Rural and Gaeltacht Affairs is the senior minister at the Department of Community, Rural and Gaeltacht Affairs () in the Irish Government. The current Minister is Éamon Ó Cuív, TD; he is assisted by Noel Ahern, Minister of State with special responsibility for Drugs Strategy and Community Affairs.
Minister for Economic Affairs (Ireland) The Minister for Economic Affairs was the name of a government department in the Government of the Irish Republic, the self-declared state which was established in 1919 by Dáil Éireann, the extra-legal parliamentary assembly made up of the majority of Irish MPs elected in the 1918 general election. The portfolio was created to promote economic growth and development throughout the country.
Minister for Family and Consumer Affairs of Denmark Minister for Family and Consumer Affairs of Denmark (Danish: Minister for Familie- og Forbrugeranliggender) is a new political office in the Danish government created in August 2004 and works primarily for families and with consumption-related topics. The main purpose of the ministry is to protect the interests of families in a wide sense.
Minister for Fijian Affairs The Minister for Fijian Affairs is the Cabinet Minister responsible for the preservation of Fijian culture and for the economic and social development of indigenous Fijians. Prior to 1999, the Minister for Fijian Affairs also presided over the Great Council of Chiefs, but since then the Great Council has elected its own Chairman.
Minister for Finance (Ireland) The Minister for Finance is the title held by the Irish government minister responsible for all financial and monetary matters. The office-holder controls the Department of Finance () and is considered one of the most important members of the Irish government.
Minister for Finance and Administration (Australia) In the Australian political system, the Minister for Finance and Administration supplements the role of the Treasurer, being responsible for areas such as budget policy advice, reviewing governmental programs, tendering and government financial accountability. The portfolio was first created in 1976 by Malcolm Fraser's Liberal Party of Australia government as Finance.
Minister for Fine Arts (Ireland) The Minister for Fine Arts was the name of a government department in the Government of the Irish Republic, the self-declared state which was established in 1919 by Dáil Éireann, the extra-legal parliamentary assembly made up of the majority of Irish MPs elected in the 1918 general election. The post was abolished after little over three months in existence.
Minister for Food, Agriculture and Fisheries (Denmark) Minister for Food, Agriculture and Fisheries of Denmark (Danish: Minister for Fødevarer, Landbrug og Fiskeri) is the politically appointed head of the Danish Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries, and a member of the Cabinet. The current Minister for Food, Agriculture and Fisheries in the Cabinet of Anders Fogh Rasmussen II is Hans Christian Schmidt from the Venstre party.
Minister for Foreign Affairs (Fiji) The Minister for Foreign Affairs (commonly known as the Foreign Minister) is Fiji's Cabinet Minister responsible for international relations and diplomacy. Especially since two military coups in 1987 harmed Fiji's relationship with other countries, with another setback following the civilian insurrection which toppled the elected government in 2000, the Foreign Minister's position has been a very important one.
Minister for Foreign Affairs (Sweden) The office of the Minister for Foreign Affairs has existed in Sweden since 1809, its creation was a result of the constitutional Instrument of Government promulgated in the same year. Until 1876 the office was called Prime Minister for Foreign Affairs (), similar to the office of Prime Minister for Justice ().
Minister for Health and Children (Ireland) The Minister for Health and Children is the senior minister at the Department of Health and Children () in the Irish Government and is responsible for health care in the Republic of Ireland and related services.
Minister for Home Affairs (India) The Home Minister, or more properly the Minister for Home Affairs, is a position in the Indian Cabinet, at both State and Union levels. Union Home Ministers are in charge of the internal administration of the country, with responsibility for Central police forces and domestic counter-intelligence, as well as supervision of the Indian Administrative Service.
Minister for Home Affairs (Singapore) The Minister for Home Affairs is an appointment in the Cabinet of Singapore. Formed in 1970, it replaced the post of Minister for the Interior and Defence with the split of the Ministry of the Interior and Defence into the Ministry of Defence and the Ministry of Home Affairs.
Minister for Internal Trade (Canada) The Minister for Internal Trade is a member of the Cabinet of Canada. The minister can be appointed under the Agreement on Internal Trade Implementation Act of 1996, however it was not used until 2005 and by default the Minister of Industry was responsible for the administration of the act.
Minister for International Cooperation (Canada) In the Cabinet of Canada, the Minister for International Cooperation (French: Ministre de la Coopération internationale) is responsible for overseeing Canadian international development strategy within the federal government's foreign department, Foreign Affairs Canada. This includes responsibility for the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA).
Minister for Irish (Ireland) The Minister for Irish was the title of a Ministry of a government department in the Government of the Irish Republic, the self-declared state which was established in 1919 by Dáil Éireann, the extra-legal parliamentary assembly made up of the majority of Irish MPs elected in the 1918 general election. The portfolio was created to promoted the use of the Irish Language throughout the country.
Minister for Justice (Scotland) The Minister for Justice in Scotland is the head of the Scottish Executive Justice Department and is a cabinet position in the devolved Scottish Executive. The position was created in 1999, with the advent of devolution and the institution of the Scottish Parliament, taking over some of the roles and functions of the former Scottish Office Minister for Home and Health that existed prior to 1999.
Minister for National Education and Religious Affairs (Greece) The Minister for National Education and Religious Affairs of Greece (Υπουργός Εθνικής Παιδείας και Θρησκευμάτων) is a government minister responsible for the running of the Ministry of National Education and Religious Affairs (Υπουργείο Εθνικής Παιδείας και Θρησκευμάτων).
Minister for Parliamentary Business The Minister for Parliamentary Business is a member the Scottish Executive whose job it is to steer government business through the Scottish Parliament. The role combines the duties of Chief Whip and Leader of the House in other national legislatures.
Minister for Posts and Telegraphs (Ireland) The Minister for Posts and Telegraphs (Irish: An t-Áire Puist agus Telegrafa; sometimes called the P&T) was a senior post in the government of the Irish Free State and the Republic of Ireland from 1924 to 1984, when the post and the department was abolished.
Minister for Publicity (Ireland) The Minister for Publicity was the name of a government department in the Government of the Irish Republic, the self-declared state which was established in 1919 by Dáil Éireann, the extra-legal parliamentary assembly made up of the majority of Irish MPs elected in the 1918 general election. The portfolio was created to the new government of Ireland throughout the country.
Minister for Refugees, Immigrants and Integration (Denmark) Minister for Refugees, Immigrants and Integration of Denmark (Danish: Minister for flygtninge, indvandrere og integration) is a Danish ministerial office. The office was created by Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen on 27 November 2001 when he formed the Cabinet of Anders Fogh Rasmussen I after winning the 2001 Danish parliamentary election, where refugees, immigration, and integration of people from non-western countries had been important issues in the election campaign.
Minister for Social Exclusion The Minister for Social Exclusion is a ministerial position within the cabinet of the British government. It was first created as a position outside the cabinet by Tony Blair in 1999 and charged with "tackling social exclusion"Since May] 2006 it has been a full cabinet position in order to put such issues at the forefront of the government's agenda.

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