Encyclopedia

Mode (computer interface) In user interface design, a mode is a distinct setting within a computer program or any physical machine interface, in which the same user input will produce perceived different results than it would in other settings.
Mode (statistics) In statistics, mode means the most frequent value assumed by a random variable, or occurring in a sampling of a random variable. The term is applied both to probability distributions and to collections of experimental data.
Mode 13h Mode 13h is the slang term for a specific standard 256 colour mode on IBM's VGA graphics hardware. It features a resolution of 320Ă—200 pixels and was used extensively in computer games and art/animation software of the late 1980s and early- to mid-1990s.
Mode 2 Mode 2 is a theory of knowledge production, put forth in 1994 by Michael Gibbons, Camille Limoges, Helga Nowotny, Simon Schwartzman, Peter Scott and Martin Trow in their book The new production of knowledge: the dynamics of science and research in contemporary societies(Sage). Gibbons and colleagues argued that a new form of knowledge production started emerging from the mid 20th century which is context-driven, problem-focused and interdisciplinary.
Mode 3 (telephone) In telephony, mode 3 is a method of line sharing in which the line passes through a device (the mode 3 device) to connect to other devices. This enables the mode 3 device to control the line, and gain priority in need.
Mode 7 The term Mode 7 originated on the Super NES video game console, on which it describes a simple texture mapping graphics mode that allows a background layer to be rotated and scaled. By modifying the scaling and positioning of the layer on a scanline-by-scanline basis a simple perspective effect can be applied, transforming the layer into a 2D horizontal texture-mapped plane that trades height for depth.
Mode error A mode is a state of the interface which influences the perceived effect of actions. A mode error occurs when a user of something performs an action that is appropriate to a different mode and gets an unexpected and undesired response.
Mode choice Mode choice analysis is the third step in the conventional four-step transportation forecasting model, following trip generation and trip distribution but before route assignment. Trip distribution's zonal interchange analysis yields a set of origin destination tables which tells where the trips will be made, mode choice analysis allows the modeler to determine what mode of transport will be used.
Mode of transport Mode of transport (or means of transport or transport mode or transport modality or form of transport) is a general term for the different kinds of transport facilities that are often used to transport people or cargo.
Mode scrambler In telecommunications, a mode scrambler or mode mixer is a device for inducing mode coupling in an optical fiber. Mode scramblers are used to provide a modal distribution that is independent of the optical source, for purposes of laboratory or field measurements or tests.
Mode series The Mode series is a quartet of novels by Piers Anthony. Like many of Anthony’s other fictional works, it explores themes of violence, the abuse of power, sexism and male dominance, gender roles, the environment, integrity and personal honor, sapient animal life, parallel and alternative evolution, space travel, alternate dimensions, paradox, obscure concepts in physics and mathematics, sexual assault and abuse, child and adolescent sexuality, and suicide.
Mode X Mode X is an alternative video graphics display mode of the IBM VGA graphics hardware that was popularized by Michael Abrash, first published in July 1991 in Dr. Dobb's Journal, republished in chapters 47-49 of Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book (now freely available online).
ModeFRONTIER modeFRONTIER is a multidisciplinary design optimization and multi-objective optimization and design environment, written to allow easy coupling to almost any computer aided engineering (CAE) tool whether commercial or in-house. Created by ESTECO srl, modeFRONTIER provides an environment which allows product engineers and designers to integrate their various CAE tools, such as CAD, Finite Element Structural Analysis and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software.
Model (abstract) An abstract model (or conceptual model) is a theoretical construct that represents something, with a set of variables and a set of logical and quantitative relationships between them. Models in this sense are constructed to enable reasoning within an idealized logical framework about these processes and are an important component of scientific theories.
Model (economics) In economics, a model is a theoretical construct that represents economic processes by a set of variables and a set of logical and quantitative relationships between them. As in other fields, models are simplified frameworks designed to illuminate complex processes.
Model (macroeconomics) A model in macroeconomics is designed to simulate the operation of a national or international economy in terms of factors including the total amount of goods and services produced, total income earned, the level of employment of productive resources, and the general behavior of prices.
Model (physical) A physical model is used in various contexts to mean a physical representation of some thing. That thing may be a single item or object (for example, a bolt) or a large system (for example, the Solar System).
Model 1795 Musket The Springfield Model 1795 Musket was the first musket to be made in the United States. It is estimated that about 40 people made 225 of these weapons in 1795, and 70,000 were made during the time of the War of 1812.
Model 1822 Musket The 1816 musket differed from earlier types mainly in the buttstock, with a low comb that flowed smoothly into the wrist. This musket featured a detachable brass pan, and was also distinguished by a frizzen with a forward angled tip.
Model 202 telephone The Model 202 telephone was produced by Western Electric from 1930 through 1936. It is sometimes referred to informally as a "Depression phone" since the years of its manufacture coincide with the core period of the Great Depression.
Model 24 grenade The Model 24 Stielhandgranate (In English: Stick Hand Grenade) was the standard hand grenade of the German Army from the end of World War I until the end of World War II. The very distinctive appearance led to it being called a "stick grenade", or "Potato Masher" in British Army slang, and is today one of the most easily recognised hand grenades of the 20th Century.
Model 302 telephone The Model 302 telephone subscriber set was manufactured by Western Electric from 1937; manufacture of entirely new units was ceased in shortly after the introduction of the Model 500, but Model 302 units were continually remanufactured as such at least until 1958, and as the Model 5302 well into the next decade. The Model 302 was in-plant from 1937 and never utterly retired.
Model 39 grenade The Model 39 Eihandgranate (or Eierhandgranate, "egg hand grenade") was a German hand grenade introduced in 1939 and produced until the end of World War II. The Eihandgranate used the same fuze assembly (the BZE 39) as the Model 43 Stielhandgranate (Stick Grenade), which was screwed into the top of the sheet-metal body.
Model 43 grenade The Model 43 Stielhandgranate was introduced by the German Army mid-way through World War II to replace the earlier Model 24 (the archetypal stick grenade). This development was intended to simplify production and to enhance its versatility, evidenced by even more simplification between the early and late versions.
Model 5 Model 5 (Hebrew: דוגמן 5, Doogman 5) is the name of an Israeli Air Force operation, and the common name for the ensuing anti-aircraft battle, which took place over the Syrian Golan on the October 7th, 1973, the 2nd day of the Yom HaKipurim War.
Model 500 telephone The Western Electric Model 500 telephone was the standard desk-style telephone set used by AT&T (the Bell System) in North America from the late 1940s through the divestiture of AT&T in 1984, with production continuing today. Many millions of Model 500 phones were produced and were once a familiar sight in almost every home in America; huge numbers are still in use today thanks to their unparalleled durability and to their cheap prices and ample availability on the secondhand market.
Model 5302 telephone The Western Electric Model 5302 was a transition set in the evolution of the Bell System desk telephone, utilizing a 500-styled case to cover a narrower 302 baseplate, ringer and network. While the dial displays its numbers and letters on the surround, exterior to the dial, like the 500, the dial is actually the smaller 5H dial of the 302 era that has been slugged with a black porcelained fingerplate made to resemble the inner part of a 500 series (plastic) dial insert.
Model aircraft Model aircraft are flying or non-flying models of existing or imaginary aircraft, often scaled down versions of full size planes, using materials such as balsa wood, foam and fiberglass. A vast array of designs are possible, from very simple gliders, to highly accurate scale models, some of which can be very large.
Model airport A new trend among aircraft model collectors is to build model airports. While airport models have been around, in a way, since air fields were open to the public, early model airports were basically restricted to public showcases about the airport and its surroundings to the public; these were usually located inside the airport themselves.
Model Arts and Niland Gallery The Model Arts and Niland Gallery is the premier venue for the arts in the North West of Ireland. It houses a cafe, several exhibition spaces focussing on contemporary art and education activities, a collection of 20th Century Irish art, a black box cinema/venue for concerts.
Model building (particle physics) In particle physics, the term model building usually refers to a construction of new quantum field theories beyond the Standard Model that have certain features making them attractive theoretically or for possible observations in the near future. If the model building physicist uses the tools of string theory, he or she is called "superstring model builder".
Model Business Corporation Act The Model Business Corporation Act of 1950 (MBCA) is a model set of law prepared by the American Bar Association, adopted by many states. It was created due to variation in how states defined corporations after WWII.
Model category In mathematics, particularly in homotopy theory, a model category is a category with distinguished classes of morphisms ('arrows'): 'weak equivalences', 'fibrations' and 'cofibrations'. These abstract from a conventional homotopy category, of topological spaces or of chain complexes (derived category theory).
Model culture A model culture is a term used in anthropology, archaeology, and paleontology for a method of intelligent guesswork. A people who are well studied are used as a substitute for a more ancient and poorly known culture that may have lived in a similar way.
Model Cities Program The Model Cities Program, was an element of United States President Lyndon Johnson's Great Society and War on Poverty, was an ambitious federal urban aid program that ultimately fell short of its goals. Authorized on November 3, 1966 by the Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act of 1966, the program ended in 1974, Model Cities originated in several concerns of the mid-1960s.
Model Citizens Model Citizens was a reality television show which aired on PAX TV in 2004. Models travelled to different parts of the United States and worked on community projects such as building a basketball court or an aviary.
Model engine In radio-controlled modeling, a model engine is an internal combustion engine used to power a radio-controlled aircraft, radio-controlled car, or radio-controlled boat; the fully-functional, albeit small, engines vary from the most common single cylinder two-stroke to the exotic multiple cylinder four-stroke, the latter taking shape in both the v-twin and radial form. Most model engines run on a blend of methanol, nitromethane, and lubricant (either castor or synthetic oil).
Model Engine Model Engine was an alternative rock band based in Santa Barbara, California. Prior to 1997 the trio, consisting of Jeremy Post (guitar/vocals), Brad McCarter (bass/vocals) and Brent Nims (drums) were known as Black Eyed Sceva.
Model Engineer magazine Model Engineer Magazine was first published (in the United Kingdom) to support the hobby of model engineering in 1898 by Percival Marshall, who was to remain its editor for over 50 years. It is currently published by Encanta Media.
Model Engineering College Model Engineering College (MEC) is a technology institute, located in the city of Kochi, in the state of Kerala, India. The college is affiliated with the Cochin University of Science and Technology and offers courses in Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Computer Science and Engineering.
Model European Communities Project The Model European Communities Project (MECP) is a yearly political simulation organised by the European Schools. Selected students from each of the 12 schools take on roles as politicians from the 25 member states of the EU, and take part in a 3 day run of council and plenary sessions.
Model figure A model figure is a scale model that represents a person, either a generic figure of a type (such as "World War II Luftwaffe pilot"), a historical personage (such as "King Henry VIII"), or a fictional character (such as "Conan").
Model for End-Stage Liver Disease The Model for End-Stage Liver Disease, or MELD, is a scoring system for assessing the severity of chronic liver disease. It was initially described by Kamath et al in 2001 and modified by Wiesner et al, also in 2001.
Model Farms High School Model Farms High School is a public (government) high school in Baulkham Hills, a suburb in the north west of Sydney, New South Wales. The school has a strong sense of community, both our community within and our ties with the local community.
Model house A Model House (also called a Model Home or Display House or House Portrait Model) is a term for a "display" version of manufactured homes, or houses in a subdivision. They are used to show the living space and features of different models of homes available to the consumer.
Model Laboratory School Model Laboratory School is a semi-private laboratory school located on the campus of Eastern Kentucky University, in Richmond, Kentucky, United States. It was founded in 1906 when EKU was strictly a teacher's college, and is now home to around 720 students in grades pre-k through 12.
Model mate A model mate is a checkmating position in chess in which the mated king and all vacant squares in its field are attacked only once, and squares in the king's field occupied by friendly units are not also attacked by the mating side (unless such a unit is necessarily pinned to the king to avoid it interposing to block the check or capturing of mating unit). Moreover, all units of the mating side, with the possible exception of the king and pawns, have to participate actively in forming the mating net.
Model military vehicle A model military vehicle is a scale replica which represents a military vehicle — tank or other armored fighting vehicle, artillery, truck (lorry), Jeep, etc. Scales for commercially produced kits vary from 1/16 to 1/300, with 1/35 and 1/72 being the most popular.
Model minority Model minority refers to a minority ethnic, racial, or religious group whose members achieve a higher degree of success than the population average. This success is typically measured in income, education, and related factors such as low crime rate and high family stability.
Model organism A model organism is a species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the organism model will provide insight into the workings of other organisms. In particular, model organisms are widely used to explore potential causes and treatments for human disease when experimentation on humans would be unfeasible or unethical.
Model parliament A Model Parliament (also referred to as a Mock Parliament) is a simulation of a the parliamentary proceedings of a legislature or other deliberative assembly, often based upon the Westminster Parliamentary system. Model Parliaments are usually held as an educational tool to promote understanding of the workings of government.
Model predictive control Model Predictive Control, or MPC, is an advanced method of process control that has been in use in the process industries such as chemical plants and oil refineries since the 1980s. Model predictive controllers rely on dynamic models of the process, most often linear empirical models obtained by system identification.
Model release A model release, known in similar contexts as a liability waiver, is a legal document typically signed by the subject of a photograph granting permission to publish the photograph in one form or another. The legal rights of the signatories in reference to the material is thereafter subject to the allowances and restrictions stated in the release, and also possibly in exchange for compensation paid to the photographed.
Model rocket motor classification Motors for model rockets and high powered rockets are classified by total impulse into a set of letter-designated ranges, from A (the smallest, though 1/2, 1/4, and 1/8-A motors are also available), up to O as the largest. A is from 1.
Model Railway Scales This page lists the most important model railway scale standards in the world. Most standards are regional, but some have followers in other parts of the world outside their native region, most notably NEM and NMRA.
Model selection Model selection is the task of selecting a mathematical model from a set of potential models, given evidence. There are many model selection methods, including Akaike information criterion (AIC), Bayesian information criteria (BIC), Deviance information criterion (DIC), various Linear regression methods, Minimum description length (MDL), Minimum Message Length (MML), and many more.
Model sheet In motion picture animation, a model sheet is a document used to help standardize the appearance, poses, and gestures of an animated character. Model sheets are required when large numbers of editors are involved in the production of an animated film to help maintain continuity in characters from scene to scene, as one animator may only do one shot out of the several hundred that are required to complete an animated feature film.
Model spectrum A model spectrum is an artificial spectrum of a star made by recreating the absorption or emission features seen in the spectrum. A model spectrum will usually be of a specific spectral type of star and may include other properties of the star, such as a surrounding nebula, presence or lack of an extended atmosphere or a circumstellar dust disc.
Model Shop (album) Model Shop is a 2005 album by the Los Angeles group, Spirit, which collects the material they recorded in 1968, for the soundtrack to Jacques Demy's film Model Shop. Chronologically, the album's material falls in between their second and third albums, The Family That Plays Together (1968) and Clear (1969).
Model Shop (film) Model Shop was a 1969 film by Jacques Demy that starred Gary Lockwood and Anouk Aimée. Demy made Model Shop, which was his only English-language film, following the international success of his film, The Umbrellas Of Cherbourg.
Model State Emergency Health Powers Act The Model State Emergency Health Powers Act (MSEHPA) is a proposal by the Center for Law and the Public's Health, a joint venture of Georgetown University and Johns Hopkins University, to aid America's state legislatures in revising their public health laws to, as proponents put it, more effectively control epidemics and respond to bioterrorism.
Model Tobacco Building Built from 1938-40, the Art Deco style Model Tobacco Building is a tobacco factory at 1100 Jefferson Davis Highway (Route 1), in Richmond, Virginia. Designed by the Chicago architecture firm of Schmidt, Garden and Erikson, it is known for the giant Moderne-looking MODEL TOBACCO letters which dominate the north end of the building.
Model Treaty On June 1, 1776 - Congress resolved to create three committees, one for drafting the Declaration of Independence, one for drafting the Articles of Confederation, and one for drafting a Model Treaty to guide foreign relations.
Model United Nations Model United Nations (also known as a "Model UN" or a "MUN") is a simulation education activity focusing on civics, communications, globalization and multilateral diplomacy. In MUN, students take on roles as foreign diplomats and participate in a simulated session of an intergovernmental organization (IGO).
Model United States Senate Model United States Senate (MUSS) is a conference held in Heidelberg, Germany every April for 4 days. High School students from all over DODDS Europe participate to simulate the United States Senate, lobby, pass bills, and have fun.
Model village Model villages were created in the United Kingdom by some of the first industrialists. Eighteenth-century industrialists such as Arkwright and Wedgwood built housing for their workers, but fully developed settlements are more typical of the nineteenth century and continue into the twentieth.
Model yachting Model yachting is the pastime of building and racing model yachts. It has always been customary for ship-builders to make a miniature model of the vessel under construction, which is in every respect a copy of the original on a small scale, whether steamship or sailing ship.
Model-driven architecture The Model-Driven Architecture (MDA™) is a software design approach that was officially launched in 2001 by its sponsor, the Object Management Group (OMG)"OMG pursues new strategic direction to build on success of past efforts". MDA is intended to support model-driven engineering of software systems.
Model-view-controller Model-view-controller (MVC) is a design pattern used in software engineering. In complex computer applications that present lots of data to the user, one often wishes to separate data (model) and user interface (view) concerns, so that changes to the
Modelguns Modelguns refers to Japanese firearms replicas or toys that began to be collected after the Second World War. Since the Japanese are forbidden by Japanese law(s) to possess "live" firearms, and swords (in rare cases, they may be permitted to possess live shotguns) they have developed a fascination for them.
Modeling (NLP) Neuro-linguistic programming approaches to human learning have led to the development of a method of NLP modelling (Bander & Grinder 1975, 1976; Grinder & Bostic St Clair 2001). This theory holds that masters of a skill often fail to take into account the implicit processes involved in carrying out complex skills when they are teaching novices.
Modeling and analysis of financial markets Much effort has gone into the study of financial markets and how prices vary with time. Charles Dow, one of the founders of Dow Jones & Company and The Wall Street Journal, enunciated a set of ideas on the subject which are now called Dow Theory.
Modeling language A modeling language is any artificial language that can be used to express information or knowledge or systems in a structure that is defined by a consistent set of rules. The rules are used for interpretation of the meaning of components in the structure.
Modeling perspectives Modeling perspectives is a set of different ways to describe aspects of an information system. Each perspective has a different focus, representation, dedication and visualization view of what the model is representing.
Modell's Modell's (full name "Modell's Sporting Goods") is a sporting goods retailer with various locations in the Northeast United States. Modell's offers a large collection of products from top name brands in the sporting goods and apparel business.
Modelling of General Systems The MGS (Modelling of General Systems) is a domain-specific language used for specification and simulation of dynamical systems with dynamical structure, developed in the LaMI (laboratory for Computer Methods) at the university of Evry. It is particularly aimed at modelling biological systems.
Models (band) Models were an alternative rock group from Melbourne, Australia, formed in August 1978 and splitting in 1987. Although often referred to as "The Models", the group's correct title was simply "Models".
Models of abnormality Models of Abnormality are general hypotheses as to the nature of psychological abnormalities. The four main models to explain psychological abnormality are the Biological, Behavioural, Cognitive, and Psychodynamic models.
Models of DNA evolution A number of different Markov models of DNA sequence evolution have been proposed. This is because evolutionary processes vary between genomes and between different regions of a genome, for example different evolutionary processes apply to coding and noncoding regions.
Models of Non-Euclidean geometry Models of Non-Euclidean geometry are mathematical models of geometries in which are Non-Euclidean in the sense that it is not the case that exactly one line can be drawn parallel to a given line l through a point that is not on l. In hyperbolic geometric models, by contrast, there are infinitely many lines through A parallel to l, and in elliptic geometric models, parallel lines do not exist.
Models of scientific inquiry A model of scientific inquiry has two functions, first, to provide a descriptive account of how scientific inquiry is carried out in practice, second, to provide an explanatory account of why scientific inquiry succeeds as well as it appears to do in arriving at genuine knowledge of its objects.
Modem A modem (from modulate and demodulate) is a device that modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital information, and also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted information. The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded to reproduce the original digital data.
Modem standards The CCITT, an international committee that specifies the way modems and fax machines transmit information to ensure compatibility among modems, has classified dial-up modems according to the following modulation standards:
Modem Sharing Device A Modem Sharing Device (MSD), also commonly known as a Line Sharing Device (LSD), modem sharer, or line sharer, allows multiple devices to share a serial connection. Only multipoint serial protocols such as bisync are supported.
Modena (racing team) Modena was a Formula One team from Italy, full name Modena Team. The team had a rather muddy history, and are often referred to as the Lambo or Lamborghini team - the former could be equally as correct as Modena, it should be noted.
Modenas Motosikal dan Enjin Nasional Sdn. Bhd (National Motorcycle and Engine Company), or known as Modenas for short is a Malaysian national motorcycle company producing various small motorcycle models below 200cc targeted for local market and export.
Moderate In politics and religion, a moderate is an individual who holds an intermediate position between two extreme or radical viewpoints. The word "moderate" can also be used as an adjective describing such a position.
Moderate Party The Moderate Party (Swedish: Moderata samlingspartiet: The Moderate Coalition Party, commonly referred to as Moderaterna: The Moderates) is a liberal conservative political party in Sweden. It is a member of the International Democrat Union and European People's Party.
Moderate Party (Scotland) Moderates, in church terms is, normally, though not exclusively, used to refer to an important party of clerics in the Church of Scotland during the 18th Century. They are often contrasted with Evangelicals, though this is very much a simplification.
Moderate realism Moderate realism as a position in the debate on the metaphysics of universals holds that there is no realm in which universals exist, but rather universals are located in space and time wherever they are manifest. Now, recall that a universal, like greenness, is supposed to be a single thing.
Moderate Shi'a A moderate Shi'a is a Sunni term for the Salaf who loved Ali. When Sunnis use this term, they mean to differentiate between the Salaf who were the partisians of Ali, and the present day Shi'a, labeling the present day Shi'a as extremists Rafidis.
Moderation League of New York The Moderation League of New York was founded in 1923 to change the legal definition of the "intoxicating liquors" prohibited by the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution establishing prohibition. This seemed to its members to be an achievable goal, whereas the repeal of prohibition seemed at that point an impossible achievement.
Moderation system On Internet websites which invite users to post comments, a moderation system is the method the webmaster chooses to sort contributions which are irrelevant, obscene, illegal or insulting from contributions which are useful or informative.
Moderator of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland The Moderator of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland is the most senior office-bearer within the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, which is Northern Ireland's largest Protestant denomination.
Moderator of the United Church of Canada The Moderator of the United Church of Canada is the presiding leader of the United Church of Canada, Canada's largest Protestant denomination. The church is highly decentralized and non-dogmatic and the moderator has only limited power.
Moderatus of Gades Moderatus of Gades was a Greek philosopher of the Neopythagorean school, contemporary with Apollonius of Tyana. He wrote a great work on the doctrines of the Pythagoreans, and tried to show that the successors of Pythagoras had made no additions to the views of their founder, but had merely borrowed and altered the phraseology.
Modern animation in the United States Modern animation of the United States describes the history of animation in the United States of America from the late 1980s to the start of the 21st century. This period is sometimes referred to as the American animation renaissance, during which many large American entertainment companies reformed and reinvigorated their animation departments following general decline during the 1970s and 1980s.
Modern antique Modern antique (an apparent oxymoron) can have various meanings. Since customs laws and dealers often stipulate an age of at least a hundred years for any item to be legitimately called an antique, the term is sometimes used to describe a collector's item that is technologically obsolete; for example, an older computer or retro toy.
Modern arcana Modern arcana is a genre of fantasy involving the combination of modern day (20th century) settings with trappings from popular fantasy (elves, magic, dragons). The name comes from the d20 Modern campaign setting Urban Arcana.
Modern architecture Modern architecture is a term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament, that first arose around 1900. By the 1940s these styles had been consolidated and identified as the International Style and became the dominant architectural style, particularly for institutional and corporate building, for several decades in the twentieth century.

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