Encyclopedia

Non-bank subsidiary Non-bank subsidiaries, are firms owned by bank holding companies which offer non-bank products and services, such as insurance and investment advice, and do not offer FDIC insured banking products, such as checking and savings accounts. Such companies customarily use the term "banc" to define themselves - denoting that while being associated with a bank or holding company, they do not offer bank services.
Non-binding arbitration Non-binding arbitration is a type of arbitration where the arbitrator makes a determination of the rights of the parties to the dispute, but this determination is not binding upon them, and no enforceable arbitration award is issued. The "award" is in effect an advisory opinion of the arbitrator's view of the respective merits of the parties cases.
Non-blocking synchronization In computer science, non-blocking synchronization ensures that threads competing for a shared resource do not have their execution indefinitely postponed by mutual exclusion. Literature up to the turn of the century used "non-blocking" synonymously with lock-free: an algorithm with guaranteed system-wide progress.
Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible Several texts are mentioned in the Tanakh and New Testament, yet do not appear in the canon of the respective works. Scholars consider some of these to be lost works, while others are viewed as pseudepigraphal.
Non-certified biodynamic approaches The main 'new' development of Biodynamics has been in the use of homeopathic techniques for preparing and applying the preparations. This work is developed from initial work by Drs Kolisko based upon Dr Steiners' instructions.
Non-circular gear A non-circular gear (NCG) is a special gear design with special characteristics and purpose. While a regular gear is optimized to transmit torque to another engaged member with minimum noise and wear and with maximum efficiency, a non-circular gear's main objective might be ratio variations, axle displacement oscillations and more.
Non-classical ion Non-classical ions in organic chemistry are a special type of carbonium ions displaying delocalization of sigma bonds in 3-center-2-electron bonds of bridged systems . The term non-classical ion was first used by J.
Non-coding strand DNA is composed of two strands of nucleotides that are bound together through several types of chemical interactions. RNA polymerase reads one of these strands, the template or coding strand, and produces an mRNA transcript, which is later translated into a protein.
Non-commercial A non-commercial enterprise is work that values other considerations above and beyond that of making a profit. It differs from a non-profit enterprise in that seeking a profit is a part of their business, just not the main part.
Non-commercial advertising Non-commercial advertising is sponsored by or for a charitable institution or civic group or religious or political organization. Many noncommercial advertisements seek money and placed in the hope of raising funds.
Non-commissioned officer A non-commissioned officer (sometimes noncommissioned officer), also known as an NCO or Noncom, is an enlisted member of an armed force who has been given authority by a commissioned officer. "Noncom" is the lesser-used term in many militaries since it may also refer to non-combatants.
Non-commutative harmonic analysis In mathematics, non-commutative harmonic analysis is the field in which results from Fourier analysis are extended to topological groups which are not commutative. Since for locally compact abelian groups have a well-understood theory, Pontryagin duality, which includes the basic structures of Fourier series and Fourier transforms, the major business of non-commutative harmonic analysis is usually taken to be the extension of the theory to all groups G that are locally compact.
Non-compete clause A non-compete clause, or covenant not to compete (CNC), is a term used in contract law under which one party (usually an employee) agrees to not pursue a similar profession or trade in competition against another party (usually the employer). As contract provisions, a CNC is bound by traditional contract requirements, including the consideration doctrine.
Non-competitive inhibition Non-competitive inhibition is a type of inhibition that reduces the maximum rate of a chemical reaction (Vmax) without changing the apparent binding affinity of the catalyst for the substrate (KmApp in the case of enzyme inhibition, – see Michaelis-Menten kinetics).
Non-conformist In English history, a non-conformist is any member of a Protestant congregation not affiliated with the Church of England. The earliest non-conformist groups included Presbyterians, Independents (Congregationalists), Baptists, and Quakers.
Non-conventional literature Non-conventional literature (NCL, also called grey literature) comprises scientific and technical reports, patent documents, conference papers, internal reports, government documents, newsletters, factsheets and theses, which are not readily available through commercial channels. NCL specifically does not include normal scientific journals, books or popular publications that are available through traditional commercial publication channels.
Non-conventional oil Non-conventional oil is oil produced or extracted using techniques other than the traditional oil well method. Currently, non-conventional oil production is less efficient and some types have a larger environmental impact relative to conventional oil production.
Non-conventional trademark A non-conventional trademark, also known as a nontraditional trademark, is any new type of trademark which does not belong to a pre-existing, conventional category of trade mark, and which is often difficult to register, but which may nevertheless fulfill the essential trademark function of uniquely identifying the commercial origin of products or services.
Non-convergent discourse A non-convergent discourse (NCD) is a discourse in which the participants do not accommodate on the language level, which results in the use of different languages. Alternative names for this phenomenon are asymmetric and bilingual discourse.
Non-cooperation movement The Non-Cooperation Movement was the first-ever series of nationwide people's movements of nonviolent resistance, led by Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National Congress. The Movement opened the Gandhi Era in the Indian Independence Movement.
Non-cooperative game In game theory, a non-cooperative game is a one in which players can cooperate, but any cooperation must be self-enforcing. A game in which players can enforce contracts through third parties is a cooperative game.
Non-critical race A non-critical race is a specific type of race hazard found in digital logic circuits. A non-critical race occurs when the order in which internal variables are changed does not alter the eventual state that the state machine will end up in.
Non-critical string theory The non-critical string theory describes the relativistic string without enforcing the critical dimension. Although this allows the construction of a string theory in 4 spacetime dimensions, such a theory does not describe a Lorentz invariant background.
Non-Commissioned Officer Development Ribbon A Non-Commissioned Officer Development Ribbon is an award issued by the United States Army and Air Force to recognize those non-commissioned officers who have completed a prescribed leadership course at an NCO training school.
Non-Corporate Credit Non-Corporate Credit is a catch-all term used to include types of bonds that are forms of credit, but not issued by private corporations - and therefore cannot be considered corporate debt. Non-Corporate Credit generally includes sovereign debt, regional governments and government agencies in a currency other than other than that of the issuer, and bonds issued by supranational entities.
Non-dairy creamer Non-dairy creamer is a substance used as a substitute for milk or cream as an addition to coffee or other beverages. Unlike "real" milk and cream, powdered creamers do not require refrigeration and have a long shelf life.
Non-denial denial Non-denial denial is a term for a particular kind of equivocation; specifically, an apparent denial that, though it appeared clearcut and unambiguous when heard, on examination turns out to be ambiguous and not a denial at all. The phrase is particularly associated with politics and means in effect "something made to sound like a denial without actually being one.
Non-denominational Christianity In Christianity, the term non-denominational refers to those churches which have not formally aligned themselves with an established denomination. Non-denominational churches establish their own internal means and methods of policy and worship without interference from the policies and worship practices of regional, national, or multinational organizations.
Non-directional beacon A Non-Directional Beacon (NDB) is a radio broadcast station in a known location, used as an aviation or marine navigational aid. NDB usage for aviation is standardized by ICAO Annex 10 which specifies that NDB's be operated on a frequency between 190 kHz and 1700 kHzU.
Non-disclosure agreement A non-disclosure agreement (NDA), also called a confidential disclosure agreement (CDA), confidentiality agreement or secrecy agreement, is a legal contract between at least two parties which outlines confidential materials or knowledge the parties wish to share with one another for certain purposes, but wish to restrict from generalized use. In other words, it is a contract through which the parties agree not to disclose information covered by the agreement.
Non-Deliverable Forwards Non-Deliverable Forwards (NDF) are a kind of financial instrument used in various markets such as foreign exchange and commodities. A forward or Future is a kind of a derivative instrument that gives the owner the right to buy or sell something at a certain future date at a certain price.
Non-Departmental Public Bodies (Health) Non-Departmental Public Bodies (Health) are the government bodies - see Non-Departmental Public Body - managed by the Department of Health in the United Kingdom as part of its functions in relation to the National Health Service. The current listDoH website list of arm's length bodies includes:
Non-Departmental Public Body In the United Kingdom, a Non-Departmental Public Body (NDPB) is a classification applied by the Cabinet Office, Treasury and Scottish Executive (see Scottish public bodies) to certain types of public bodies. They have, essentially, two types of functions: advisory and executive.
Non-Detention Act The Non-Detention Act of 1971 is Title 18 of the United States Code. It was passed in response to the Emergency Detention Act of 1950, which allowed for detention of suspects of subversion that was not subject to the normal Constitutional checks required for imprisonment.
Non-DVP Non-DVP trading is defined as securities trading where a client custodian will have to release payment or deliver securities on behalf of its client before it is certain that it will receive the counter-value. There is incurring settlement risk.
Non-epileptic seizures Non-epileptic seizures are paroxysmal events that mimic an epileptic seizure but do not involve abnormal, rhythmic discharges of cortical neurons. They are caused by either physiological or psychological conditions.
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics Non-equilibrium thermodynamics is a branch of thermodynamics concerned with studying time-dependent thermodynamic systems, irreversible transformations and open systems. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics, as contrasted with equilibrium thermodynamics, is most successful in the study of stationary states, where there are nonzero forces, flows and entropy production, but no time variation.
Non-essentialism In philosophy, non-essentialism is the belief that, for any given entity or subject, there are no specified values or characteristics which that entity must have in order to be defined as that entity. For example, humanists have an idea of what the essence of being human is.
Non-event A non-event is an anticipated or highly publicized event that either does not occur, or simply turns out to be very anticlimactic, boring or is a hoax. Non-events are disappointing, as they are often much hyped prior to their occurrence.
Non-executive director A non-executive director or outside director is a member of the board of directors of a company who does not form part of the executive management team. He or she is not an employee of the company or affiliated with it in any other way.
Non-explosive demolition agents Non-explosive demolition agents are commercial products that are an alternative to explosives in demolition, mining, and quarrying. To use non-explosive demolition agents in demolition or quarrying, holes are drilled in the base rock like they would be drilled for use with conventional explosives.
Non-Euclidean geometry The term non-Euclidean geometry (also spelled: non-Euclidian geometry) describes hyperbolic, elliptic and absolute geometry, which are contrasted with Euclidean geometry. The essential difference between Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometry is the nature of parallel lines.
Non-finite clause In linguistics, a non-finite clause is a subordinate clause whose verb is non-finite; for example, many languages can form non-finite clauses from infinitives. Like any subordinate clause, a non-finite clause serves a grammatical role — commonly that of a noun, adjective, or adverb — in a greater clause that contains it.
Non-finite verb In linguistics, a non-finite verb (or a verbal) is a verb form that is not limited by a subject; and more generally, it is not fully inflected by categories that are marked inflectionally in language, such as tense, aspect, mood, number, gender, and person. As a result, a non-finite verb cannot generally serve as the main verb in an independent clause; rather, it heads a non-finite clause.
Non-fixed access Non-fixed access: In personal communications service (PCS), terminal access to a network in which there is no set relationship between a terminal and the access interface. The access interface and the terminal each has its own separate "identifiers.
Non-functional requirements In systems engineering and requirements engineering, non-functional requirements are requirements which specify criteria that can be used to judge the operation of a system, rather than specific behaviors. This should be contrasted with functional requirements that specify specific behavior or functions.
Non-FIFA Football Despite FIFA's mandate to oversee the sport of football worldwide, there is a thriving international scene outside of its auspices, consisting of tournaments and matches between nations that have little or no international recognition and, therefore, little or no chance of being recognised by FIFA or its continental organisations.
Non-Format Non-Format is a contemporary London-based Anglo-Scandinavian graphic design team specializing in design projects for the publishing and music industries. The firm was founded by Kjell Ekhorn and Jon Forss in 2000.
Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation The Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation (NFFO) refers to a collection of orders requiring the electricity Distribution Network Operators in the England and Wales to purchase electricity from the nuclear power and renewable energy sectors. Similar mechanisms operate in Scotland (the Scottish Renewable Orders under the Scottish Renewables Obligation) and Northern Ireland (the Northern Ireland Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation).
Non-governmental organization The term non-governmental organization (NGO) is used in a variety of ways all over the world and, depending on the context in which it is used, can refer to many different types of organizations. In its broadest sense, a non-governmental organization is one that is not directly part of the structure of government.
Non-German cooperation with Nazis during World War II Non-German cooperation with Nazis during World War II existed in all the countries occupied by Germany during World War II. The special word all over Europe was "Kollaboration" (collaboration in negative and usually in the specific sense.
Non-heterosexuals Non-heterosexuals is a neologism, used to describe a group of people whose sexual orientation is other than heterosexuality. It is used primarily as a non-exclusionary term for homosexuals (male and female), and bisexuals, although could also mean asexual.
Non-histone protein In chromatin, those proteins which remain after the histones have been removed, are classified as non-histone proteins. Scaffold proteins, DNA polymerase, Heterochromatin Protein 1 and Polycomb are common non-histone proteins.
Non-homogeneous Poisson process In probability theory, a non-homogeneous Poisson process is a Poisson process with rate parameter lambda (t) such that the rate parameter of the process is a function of time. An example of a non-homogeneous Poisson process would be the arrival rate of customers to a restaurant over a day.
Non-homologous end joining Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) is a pathway that can be used to repair double-strand breaks in DNA. NHEJ is referred to as "non-homologous" because the break ends are directly ligated without the need for a homologous template, in contrast to homologous recombination, which requires a homologous sequence to guide repair.
Non-human primate experiments Non-human primates (NHPs) are used in toxicology tests, studies of neurology, behavior and cognition, reproduction, genetics, and xenotransplantation. They are caught in the wild, taken from zoos, circuses and animal trainers, or purpose-bred.
Non-imaging optics Non-imaging optics is the branch of optics concerned with the optimal transfer of light radiation between a source and a target. Unlike traditional imaging optics, the techniques involved do not attempt to form an image of the source; instead an optimized optical system for optical radiative transfer from a source to a target is desired.
Non-inertial reference frame A non-inertial reference frame is one in which a body violates Newton's Laws of Motion, mainly the First Law. In such a frame, despite no real force acting on a body at rest, it might move; or one that was already moving come at rest or change it's direction of motion.
Non-interactive demo A Non-interactive demo is a term used to describe prolonged commercials or promotions. Static game content, FMV or technology demos that are intended to illustrate the power of a new product are often referred to as a non-interactive demo.
Non-interventionism Non-interventionism is a foreign policy which holds that political rulers should avoid alliances with other nations and avoid all wars not related to direct territorial self-defense. A similar phrase is "strategic independence".
Non-ionizing radiation Non-ionizing radiation (or, esp. in British English, non-ionising radiation) refers to any type of electromagnetic radiation that does not carry enough energy to ionize atoms or molecules - that is, to completely remove an electron from an atom or molecule.
Non-Inscrits Non-Inscrits (abbreviated NI; English: Non-Attached Members, abbreviated NA; the English name is also official, but the French name is prevalent even in English texts) are Members of the European Parliament who do not sit in one of the political groups.
Non-Intentional Lifeform Non-Intentional Lifeform were an Australian band in the late 1990s. Members included Andrew Day (guitar, vocals, trombone, mandolin, didjeridoo), Declan Barry (vocals), Hywel Stoakes (bass) and Adam Pedretti (drums).
Non-Intercourse Act In the last days of President Thomas Jefferson's presidency, the United States Congress replaced the Embargo Act of 1807 with the almost unenforceable Non-Intercourse Act of March 1809. This Act lifted all embargoes on American shipping except for those bound for British or French ports.
Non-Kekulé molecule A non-Kekulé molecule is a conjugated hydrocarbon that cannot be assigned classical Kekulé structures. Since non-Kekulé molecules have two or more formal radical centers, their spin-spin interactions can cause conductivity or ferromagnetism, and applications to functional materials are expected.
Non-lethal force Non-lethal force, also called less-than-lethal or less-lethal force, is force which is intended to be unlikely to kill or to cause great bodily injury to a living target. In the past, police (or soldiers in Military Aid to the Civil Power) called to a riot were primarily limited to use of bayonet or sabre charges, or firing live ammunition into the mob.
Non-life In the physical sciences, non-life is an umbrella term set to distinguish or characterize those inanimate chemical precursors found in the primeval soup of the early years of planetary evolution from which life, theoretically, evolved or came into existence. In the classic 1953 Urey-Miller experiment, for example, non-living chemical entities such as water (H2O), methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen (H2) were electrically stimulated, using sparks as simulating lightning, into forming the various precursors to life, such as hydrogen cyanide, amino acids, simple sugars, etc.
Non-linear control Non-linear control is a sub-division of control engineering which deals with the control of non-linear systems. The behaviour of a non-linear system cannot be described as a linear function of the state of that system or the input variables to that system.
Non-logical symbol The set of non-logical symbols is that part of a first-order language, which grants its “area of specialty” (rather than its overall expressiveness). An analogous idea can be seen at the distinction of logical axioms from the “own”, “professional” axioms of the specific theory being axiomatized or investigated.
Non-League football Non-League football refers to football in England played at a level below that of the FA Premier League and The Football League. The term non-League came into common use before 1992 when the top football clubs in England all belonged to The Football League; all clubs who were not a part of The Football League were therefore non-League clubs.
Non-Line-of-Sight Launch System The Non Line of Sight Launch System (NLOS-LS) is a self-contained missile launch system under development by NetFires LLC, a partnership between Lockheed Martin and Raytheon for the US Army's Future Combat Systems and the US Navy's Littoral Combat Ship. Each Container Launch Unit (CLU) consists of 15 missiles, and a computer communications system.
Non-maskable interrupt A non-maskable interrupt (NMI) is a computer processor interrupt that can not be ignored by standard interrupt masking techniques in the system. It is typically used to signal attention for non-recoverable hardware errors.
Non-medical use of dextromethorphan Dextromethorphan (DXM), the cough suppressant in many over-the-counter drugs, is pharmacologically classified as an NMDA receptor antagonist, a class of dissociative anesthetics that includes ketamine, phencyclidine (PCP), and nitrous oxide. Like all drugs of this class, DXM, at an appropriate dose, has the potential to act as an hallucinogen.
Non-mevalonate pathway The non-mevalonate pathway or 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate/1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate pathway (MEP/DOXP pathway) of isoprenoid biosynthesis is an alternative metabolic pathway leading to the formation of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) that has been elucidated only recently. The classical mevalonate pathway or HMG-CoA reductase pathway is an important cellular metabolic pathway present in all higher eukaryotes and many bacteria.
Non-monotonic logic A non-monotonic logic is a formal logic whose consequence relation is not monotonic. Most formal logics have a monotonic consequence relation, meaning that adding a formula to a theory never produces a reduction of its set of consequences.
Non-motorized access on freeways The concept of a freeway (a public way intended primarily for high speed travel over long distances) has resulted in a set of highways with engineering features such as long sight distances, wide marked lanes and the absence of cross traffic. These features provide faster and safer travel for all users.
Non-Manufacturing Business Activity Index The Non-Manufacturing Business Activity Index is a seasonally adjusted index released by the Institute for Supply Management measuring business activity in the United States service economy as part of the Non-Manufacturing ISM Report on Business.
Non-Manufacturing ISM Report on Business The Non-Manufacturing ISM Report on Business is a purchasing survey of the United States service economy, published by the Institute for Supply Management since June 1998. Its results are a popular economic indicator and forecaster.
Non-Muslim view of Umar The history of non-Muslim scholarship on Umar regards Umar as a pivotal figure in the history of Islam, since it was under his aegis that the Muslims expanded outwards from the Syro-Arabian steppe and fought the great powers of the time, the Sassanid and Byzantine empires.
Non-native pronunciations of English Non-native pronunciations of English result from the common linguistic phenomenon in which non-native users of any language tend to carry the intonation, phonological processes, and pronunciation rules from their mother tongue into their English speech. They may also create innovative pronunciations for English sounds not found in the speaker's first language.
Non-nude photography Non-nude photography (as called by its supporters) or non-nude pornography (as sometimes called by critics or outside observers) is an online movement, a genre of photography, and an assortment of like-minded online communities that focus on the collection, creation, and distribution of digital photographs and videos of human subjects. The material is often—but not always—sexually suggestive and provocative in nature, but never features full nudity or sexually explicit material.
Non-official cover Non-official cover (NOC) is a term used in espionage (particularly by the CIA) for agents or operatives who assume covert roles in organizations without ties to the government for which they work. Such agents or operatives are typically abbreviated in espionage lingo as a NOC (pronounced "knock").
Non-orientable wormhole In wormhole theory, a non-orientable wormhole is a wormhole connection that appears to reverse the chirality of anything passed through it. It is related to the "twisted" connections normally used to construct a Möbius strip or Klein bottle.
Non-partisan democracy Non-partisan democracy (also no-party democracy) is a system of representative government or organization such that universal and periodic elections (by secret ballot) take place without reference to political parties or even the speeches, campaigns, nominations, or other apparatus commonly associated with democracy.
Non-peptidic antigen Non-peptidic antigens are low molecular weight compounds that stimulate human Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells. The most potent activator for Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells is (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMB-PP), a natural intermediate of the non-mevalonate pathway of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) biosynthesis.
Non-permanent marker A non-permanent marker is a marker often used for making markings where permanence is not required or would be a drawback, as for example marking on overhead projectors or overhead transparencies, or whiteboards. It can be erased with a cloth or paper towel.
Non-pesticide management Non-pesticide management (NPM) describes various pest-control techniques which do not rely on pesticides. It is used in organic production of foodstuff, as well as in other situations in which the introduction of toxins is undesirable.
Non-philosophy Non-philosophy was developed by French philosopher François Laruelle formerly of the Collège international de philosophie and the University of Paris X: Nanterre. Laruelle published on non-philosophy throughout the 1980s and 1990s.
Non-photorealistic rendering Non-photorealistic rendering (NPR) is an area of computer graphics that focuses on enabling a wide variety of expressive styles for digital art. In contrast to traditional computer graphics, which has focused on photorealism, NPR is inspired by artistic styles such as painting, drawing, technical illustration, and animated cartoons.
Non-player character A non-player character (sometimes "non-playable character" or non-player class), shortened NPC, is a character in a role-playing game or computer game whose actions are not controlled by a human player.
Non-price competition Non-price competition is a marketing strategy "in which one firm tries to distinguish its product or service from competing products on the basis of attributes like design and workmanship" (McConnell-Brue, 2002, p. 437-438).
Non-profit hospital A non-profit hospital is a hospital which is organized as a non-profit corporation. Based on their charitable purpose and sometimes affiliated with a religious denomination they are a traditional means of delivering medical care in the United States.
Non-profit housing Non-profit housing is owned and managed by private non-profit groups such as churches, ethnocultural communities or by governments. Non-profit housing uses private funding and government subsidies to support a rent-geared-to-income program for low-income tenants.
Non-profit organization A nonprofit organization (abbreviated "NPO", or "non-profit" or "not-for-profit") is an organization whose primary objective is to support an issue or matter of private interest or public concern for non-commercial purposes. Nonprofits may be involved in an innumerable range of areas relating to the arts, charities, education, politics, religion, research, sports or some other endeavor.
Non-proprietary software Non-proprietary software is the opposite of proprietary software, which is software for which the source code has not been made available or is protected by restrictive licensing clauses. In its widest possible sense, it is software that has no associated proprietary restrictions, particularly restrictions about access to the source code.
Non-publication In the system of common law, each judicial decision becomes part of the body of law used in future decisions. However some courts reserve certain decisions, leaving them "unpublished", and thus not available for citation in future cases.
Non-Partisan Solidarity Union The Non-Partisan Solidarity Union (NPSU, ) is a political party in the Republic of China on Taiwan. It has refused to ally itself with either the Pan-Blue Coalition or Pan-Green Coalition or make any statements regarding the political status of Taiwan.
Non-Party Block for Supporting the Reforms The Non-Party Block for Supporting the Reforms (Bezpartyjny Blok Wspierania Reform), abbreviated BBWR, was officially a non-political organization (in fact a political party) affiliated with Lech Wałęsa. It was established 1993 and in 1997 it became part of the Akcja Wyborcza Solidarność.
Non-Permanent Active Militia The Non-Permanent Active Militia was the name of Canada's part-time volunteer military force from the time of Confederation to 1940. The NPAM (also called "the Militia" though that term could also encompass the full-time standing army known as the Permanent Active Militia) was composed of several dozen infantry battalions (redesignated as regiments in 1900) and cavalry regiments.
Non-recurring engineering Non-recurring engineering (NRE) refers to the one-time cost of researching, designing, and testing a new product. When budgeting for a project, NRE must be considered in order to analyze if a new product will be profitable.

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