Encyclopedia

Netter Digital Netter Digital was a CGI special effects company created by Douglas Netter in 1997. The company replaced Foundation Imaging in the final season of Babylon 5 as the sole producer of effects for that series as well as several of the B5 Made-For-TV movies, and did all the effects for its short-lived spinoff, Crusade.
Nettetal Nettetal is a municipality in the district of Viersen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is not a town itself, but a federation of villages that have developed around the river Nette, and the worked out gravel pits that now form five lakes.
Nettie Mayersohn Nettie Mayersohn is a member of the New York State Assembly, representing the 27th District in Flushing, Queens. After a long history of community activism, and after serving as was the Executive Director of the New York State Crime Victims Board, she was first elected to the Assembly in 1982 on the Democratic and Liberal Party tickets.
Nettie Tobin Esther Tobin, known as Nettie, was a widow, mother of two, who worked as a seamstress in Chicago around the turn to the 20th Century. Tobin, who wished to contribute to the construction of the Bahá'í House of Worship in Wilmette, Illinois was not able to contribute monetarily.
Nettime Nettime-l is a mailing list started in 1995 as a closed moderated mailinglist for net criticism, collaborative text filtering and cultural politics of the nets. Founded by Geert Lovink and Pit Schultz, it covers media, arts, and technology.
Nettle Nettle is the common name for any of between 30-45 species of flowering plants of the genus Urtica in the family Urticaceae, with a cosmopolitan though mainly temperate distribution. They are mostly herbaceous perennial plants, but some are annual and a few are shrubby.
Nettlebed Cave Nettlebed Cave is a limestone cave located in the Mount Arthur region of the northwest South Island of New Zealand. It is the deepest cave system in the southern hemisphere, dropping 889 metres below its upper entrance (Blizzard Pot) to its lower exit (Pearse Resurgence).
Nettlefold Studios Nettlefold Studios were located in what is now Hepworth Way, Walton-on-Thames. Cecil Hepworth began production there in 1899, but the name derives from the subsequent owner, Archibald Nettlefold, who rebuilt the studios on the original site.
Netto Koshien Netto Koshien (熱闘甲子園) is a television program in Japan providing a digest of the games of the summer National High School Baseball Championship, produced through a collaboration of TV Asahi and Asahi Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), and is shown as part of the ANN program.
Nettwerk Nettwerk is a large Vancouver, British Columbia based record label and music management firm. The label was founded in 1984 by Terry McBride, Mark Jowett, and Ric Arboit in McBride's small Vancouver apartment, initially to release albums by Jowett's band Moev.
NetTime NetTime is a deprecated NTP time-synchronization client for Microsoft Windows. It doesn't conform to NTP graceful-backoff requirements when time servers are unreachable and its built-in list of NTP servers is very outdated, causing network and time server performance problems.
NetTV, Inc. "Not TV's latest basketball/tennis/badminton network, NetTV actually makes high-definition digital televisions and monitors, which are used in classrooms, offices, retail outlets, and training centers. The company's products include digital monitors, plasma displays, and liquid crystal displays (LCD), as well as TV carts, remote controls, wireless keyboards, and other related accessories.
Netu Yukam Netu Yukam, according to Ayyavazhi mythology, was a time when another fragment of Kroni was created into two wicked persons called Thillaimallalan and Mallosivahanan. They ruled over the people most wickedly by extracting Uliyam and Iraikal (taxes) from them.
Netunalvatai Netunalvatai, is a Tamil poetic work in the Pathinenmaelkanakku anthology of Tamil literature, belonging to the Sangam period corresponding to between 100 BCE – 100 CE. "Netunalvatai" is part of the Pattupattu collection, which is the oldest available collection of long poems in Tamil literature.
Neturei Karta Neturei Karta (Aramaic: נטורי קרתא "Guardians of the City") is a tiny York Sungroup of Haredi] (Ultra-Orthodox) [[Jews who reject all forms of Zionism and actively oppose the existence of the State of Israel.
Netvibes Netvibes is a multi-lingual Ajax-based start page similar to Google Personalized Homepage. It is organized into tabs, with each tab containing user-defined modules, such as RSS/Atom feeds, iCal calendars, Gmail messages, notes, Web search, local weather forecasts, Box.
Netway Netway is a digital set-top box product to be offered by Reliance Infocomm that has been in field trials for over a year in Navi Mumbai, India and is expected to launch soon. It offers television, video on-demand, and a video recording functionality and can pause or rewind live television up to thirty minutes.
Network (computer game) Network is a real-time, two player economic simulation game developed by David Mullich for the Apple II in 1980. Two players play competitively against the computer, each taking the role of the programming chief for a major television network.
Network (film) Network is an Academy Award-winning 1976 satirical film about a fictional television network named Union Broadcasting System (UBS) and its struggle with poor TV ratings. It was written by Paddy Chayefsky and directed by Sidney Lumet, and stars Faye Dunaway, William Holden, Peter Finch, Robert Duvall, Wesley Addy, Ned Beatty and Beatrice Straight.
Network 23 (Games Developer) Network 23 was a British video game developer founded by teenagers Chris Lloyd and Russell Hughes in 1990. Located on the Isle of Wight, they produced games exclusively for the Acorn Archimedes range of computers from 1990 to 1996.
Network 7 (TV series) Network 7 was a shortlived but influential BAFTA award winning, youth music and current affairs programme screened on Channel 4 over two seasons in 1987 and 1988. The series was created by Jane Hewland and Janet Street-Porter who was also editor of the first series.
Network address translation In computer networking, the process of network address translation (NAT, also known as network masquerading, native address translation or IP-masquerading) involves re-writing the source and/or destination addresses of IP packets as they pass through a router or firewall. Most systems using NAT do so in order to enable multiple hosts on a private network to access the Internet using a single public IP address (see gateway).
Network analyzer (electrical) A network analyzer is an instrument used to analyze the properties of electrical networks, especially those properties associated with the reflection and transmission of electrical signals known as scattering parameters (S-parameters). Network analyzers are used mostly at high frequencies; operating frequencies can range from 9 kHz to 110 GHz Agilent - Network Analyzer products, as of 2 Jan 2007.
Network automaton A network automaton (plural network automata) is a mathematical system consisting of a network of nodes that evolves over time according to predetermined rules. It is similar in concept to a cellular automaton, but much less studied.
Network Abuse Clearinghouse The Network Abuse Clearinghouse assembles data on what its sponsors see as misuse of the Internet. It makes available (via web, dns, and whois) a database for tracking relevant contacts and provides an intermediary service for registered users to forward complaints by e-mail.
Network Access Control Network Access Control (NAC) aims to do exactly what the name implies: control access to a network. The term NAC is also sometimes used for Network Admission Control, which is focused on authenticating users and performing a posture check on the connecting device.
Network Access Protection Network Access Protection (NAP) is a Microsoft technology for controlling network access based on system health, first utilized in Windows Vista and Windows Server Code Name "Longhorn" (in beta testing).
Network Against Prohibition Network Against Prohibition (NAP) is the name given to the drug law reform and human rights activist group that began on March 7, 2002, in Darwin, Australia in response to the Northern Territory Labor Government's drug house legislation. NAP members aim to end the prohibition of drugs, and specifically, to end the War on Drugs and the human rights abuses faced by people who ingest illicit drugs.
Network Analysis and Ethnographic Problems Network Analysis and Ethnographic Problems: Process Models of a Turkish Nomad Clan 2006 in paperback, ISBN 0-7391-1892-7 and 2004 in hardcover is an anthropological and complexity science book by social anthropologists Douglas R. White, University of California, Irvine, and Ulla Johansen of the University of Cologne.
Network Attached Processing Network Attached Processing is a server infrastructure approach that uses purpose-built appliances to provide applications with massive amounts of scalable compute and memory capacity on demand as a shared network service. Network attached processing is pioneered by Azul Systems and is similar to how network attached storage provides shared storage capacity to multiple applications.
Network Aviation Network Aviation is an airline based in Belmont, Western Australia, Australia. It was established and started operations in 1998 and operates air taxi and charter services throughout Australasia Flight International 12-18 April 2005.
Network booting Network booting is the process of booting a computer from a network rather than a local drive. The initial software to be loaded is loaded from a server on the network; this is typically done using the Trivial File Transfer Protocol.
Network bridge A network bridge connects multiple network segments at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model . Bridges are similar to repeaters or network hubs, devices that connect network segments at the physical layer, however a bridge works by using bridging where traffic from one network is managed rather than simply rebroadcast to adjacent network segments.
Network calculus Network calculus is a theoretical framework for analysing performance guarantees in computer networks. As traffic flows through a network it is subject to constraints imposed by the system components, for example:
Network card A network card, network adapter or NIC (network interface controller) is a piece of computer hardware designed to allow computers to communicate over a computer network. It is both an OSI layer 1 (physical layer) and layer 2 (data link layer) device, as it provides physical access to a networking medium and provides a low-level addressing system through the use of MAC addresses.
Network centrics Network Centrics is the emerging discipline of applying and enhancing networking and computing concepts and implementation technologies in a variety of social, business, content distribution, and communication domains involving interactions amongst the domain entities. Network Centrics acts as a catalytic agent resulting in significant improvements in the definition, modeling, comprehension, performance, and effectivity associated with these interactions.
Network complexity Network complexity is the number of nodes and alternative paths that exist within a computer network, as well as the variety of communication media, communications equipment, protocols, and hardware and software platforms found in the network.
Network computer A network computer (NC) is a lightweight computer system that operates exclusively via a network connection. As such, it does not have secondary storage such as a hard disk drive – it boots off the network, but runs applications locally, using its own CPU and RAM.
Network computing The term network computing first appears informally in the late 1970's to denote computers working together over a network, as opposed to stand-alone computing. It later came to have a specific technical meaning, denoting a graphical form of remote computing.
Network congestion In data networking and queueing theory, network congestion occurs when incremental increases in offered load lead either only to small increases in network throughput, or to an actual reduction in network throughput.
Network congestion avoidance Network congestion avoidance is a process used in computer networks to avoid congestion. The fundamental problem is that all network resources are limited, including router processing time and link throughput.
Network Centric Operations Industry Consortium The Network Centric Operations Industry Consortium (NCOIC) is an international forum for collaboration among companies and organizations working in aerospace, defense, information technology, and other related industries.
Network Computer Reference Profile Network Computer Reference Profile (NC reference profle, NCRP) is a specification for a network computer compliance put forward by Oracle Corporation, endorsed by Sun Microsystems, IBM, Apple Computer, and Netscape, and finalized in 1996.
Network Control Program The ARPANET Network Control Program (NCP) provided the shared elements of the protocol stack running on an ARPANET host computer. NCP provided connections and flow control between processes running on different ARPANET host computers.
Network Control Protocol A Network Control Protocol is a protocol that runs atop the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) and that is used to negotiate options for a network layer protocol running atop PPP. Network Control Protocols include the Internet Protocol Control Protocol for the Internet Protocol, the Internetwork Packet Exchange Control Protocol for the Internet Packet Exchange protocol, and the AppleTalk Control Protocol for AppleTalk.
Network Driver Interface Specification The Network Driver Interface Specification (NDIS) is an application programming interface (API) for network interface cards (NICs). It was jointly developed by Microsoft and 3Com Corporation, and is nowadays mostly used in Microsoft Windows, but the open-source ndiswrapper and Project Evil driver wrapper projects allow many NDIS-compliant NICs to be used with Linux and FreeBSD, respectively.
Network emulation Network emulation is a technique where the properties of an existing, planned and/or non-ideal network are simulated in order assess performance, predict the impact of change, or otherwise optimize technology decision-making.
Network Enabled Capability Network Enabled Capability, or NEC, is the name given to the United Kingdom Ministry of Defence intent to achieve enhanced military effect through the better use of information systems towards the goal of "right information, right place, right time - and not too much".
Network file system A network file system is a file system that supports sharing of files, printers and resources in the form of persistent storage over a network. The first file servers were developed in the 1970s and Sun's Network File System (NFS) became the first widely used distributed file system after its introduction in 1985.
Network flow In graph theory, a network flow is an assignment of flow to the edges of a directed graph (called a flow network in this case) where each edge has a capacity, such that the amount of flow along an edge does not exceed its capacity. In addition you have the restriction that the amount of flow into a node equals the amount of flow out of it, except if it is a source, which only has outgoing flow, or sink, which has only incoming flow.
Network for Electronic Transfers The Network for Electronic Transfers (Singapore) or NETS is a common method of point-of-sale cashless transaction in Singapore. With just an ATM card and a Personal Identification Number (PIN), which is a 4 to 6-digit numeric code in Singapore (depends on card type and bank), customers can make payment at most stores that support NETS, top-up their cashcard, pay their phone bills at some machines, and much more.
Network File Management Network File Management (NFM) is a data storage management-related category that was identified and defined in 2004 by several prominent data storage analysts. The term is used interchangeably with NAS Virtualization and File Virtualization among data storage industry press, analysts and System Administrators.
Network File System (Sun) In computing, Network File System (NFS) is a network file system protocol originally developed by Sun Microsystems in 1984, allowing a user on a client computer to access files over a network as easily as if attached to its local disks. NFS, like many other protocols, builds on the Open Network Computing Remote Procedure Call (ONC RPC) system.
Network For A New Culture Network for a New Culture (NFNC) is a non-profit personal growth and empowerment organization centered out of Eugene, Oregon, but with activities in several locations around the US. NFNC seeks to build a sustainable, violence-free culture through exploring intimacy, personal growth, transparency, radical honesty, equality, compassion, sexual freedom, and the power of community.
Network General Network General is a company specializing in network and application performance analysis. The company developed the original network packet sniffer in 1986; it merged with McAfee Associates in 1997 to form Network Associates.
Network intrusion detection system A network intrusion detection system (NIDS) is an intrusion detection system that tries to detect malicious activity such as denial of service attacks, port scans or even attempts to crack into computers by monitoring network traffic.
Network Image Utility Network Image Utility is an application for making disk images to be used with Mac OS X Server, either to share from the server or to propagate onto client machines. It is available as part of the server admin tools package on a CD with the server software and as a download from Apple's website.
Network Information Service The Network Information Service or NIS is Sun Microsystems’ “Yellow Pages” (YP) client-server directory service protocol for distributing system configuration data such as user and host names between computers on a computer network.
Network Instruments Network Instruments develops software and hardware solutions for analyzing and managing network and application performance, such as network analyzers. They were founded in 1994, and are headquartered in Minneapolis, Minnesota.
Network Knowledge Network Knowledge is the brand name of West Central Illinois Educational Telecommunications Corporation, the not-for-profit organization that owns and operates public television stations in central and western Illinois. Before October 13, 2004; it used the name Convocom.
Network layer The network layer is level three of the seven level OSI model as well as of the five layer TCP/IP reference model. In the four layer TCP/IP reference model it is called Internet layer, which is the second layer from below.
Network layer firewall In computer networks, a network layer firewall works as a packet filter by deciding what packets will pass the firewall according to rules defined by the administrator. Filtering rules can act on the basis of source and destination address and on ports, in addition to whatever higher-level network protocols the packet contains.
Network Load Balancing Network Load Balancing (commonly referred to as dual-WAN routing or multi-homing) is the ability to balance traffic across two WAN links without using complex routing protocols like BGP (Border Gateway Protocol).
Network Load Balancing Services Network Load Balancing Services (NLBS) is a proprietary Microsoft implementation of clustering and load balancing that is intended to provide high availability and high reliability, as well as high scalability. NLBS is intended for applications with relatively small data sets that rarely change (one example would be web pages), and do not have long-running-in-memory states.
Network management station The Network Management Station (NMS) is the one that executes network management applications (NMA) that monitor and control network elements (NE) such as hosts, gateways and terminal servers. These network elements use a management agent (MA) to perform the network management functions requested by the network management stations.
Network mapping Network mapping or Internet mapping is the study of the physical connectivity of the Internet. It is not to be confused with the remote discovery of which operating system a computer is running, an activity more akin to hacking.
Network model The network model is a database model conceived as a flexible way of representing objects and their relationships. Its original inventor was Charles Bachman, and it was developed into a standard specification published in 1969 by the CODASYL Consortium.
Network monitoring The term network monitoring describes the use of a system that constantly monitors a computer network for slow or failing systems and that notifies the network administrator in case of outages via email, pager or other alarms. It is a subset of the functions involved in network management.
Network Management Application As defined by the ISO/OSI Network management model and it's subset of protocols namely SNMP and CMIP a Network Management Application (NMA) is the software that sits on the Network Management Station (NMS) and retrieves data from a Management Agent (MA)
Network neutrality in the US Network neutrality in the United States is an especially contentious issue. Currently there is full network neutrality in the United States, meaning that telecommunications companies do not offer different rates to internet consumers based on content or service type; however, there are no legal restrictions against this.
Network Neighborhood In the Microsoft Windows operating system, Network Neighborhood is a feature of Windows Explorer which provides a simplified means of browsing computers and other resources on a local area network. The Network Neighborhood window is usually accessed via an icon on the desktop, and is present in Windows 95, Windows 98 and Windows 98 Second Edition.
Network News Transfer Protocol The Network News Transfer Protocol or NNTP is an Internet application protocol used primarily for reading and posting Usenet articles, as well as transferring news among news servers. Brian Kantor of the University of California, San Diego and Phil Lapsley of the University of California, Berkeley completed RFC 977, the specification for the Network News Transfer Protocol, in March 1986.
Network of European Foundations for Innovative Cooperation The Network of European Foundations for Innovative Cooperation (NEF) is an international non-profit organization, with headquarters in Brussels (Belgium). The organization was created in order to strengthen the potential for cooperation between foundations at a European level.
Network of European Technocrats The Network of European Technocrats (or NET) is an organisation that promotes Technocracy in a European context as an alternative socioeconomic system for a sustainable future. The organisation is registered in Sweden but has a membership base across Europe and accepts members from outside Europe.
Network of practice Network of Practice builds on the work on communities of practice by Jean Lave and Etienne Wenger in the early 1990s, John Seely Brown and Paul Duguid (2000) developed the concept of networks of practice (often abbreviated as NoPs). This concept refers to the overall set of various types of informal, emergent social networks that facilitate learning and knowledge sharing between individuals conducting practice-related tasks.
Network of Workstations A Network of Workstations (NOW) is a computer network that connects several computer workstations together with special software forming a cluster. A Cluster of Workstations (COW) is sometimes used as an alternate terms.
Network One Network One was a small "independent" network, consisting of mostly low-powered television stations, scattered across the Continental United States, similar to today's Urban America Television, America One, or the almost-popularly-known i (formerly PAX). The network was started in the mid 1980s, around the same time as Channel America and the American Independent Network, but shut down at 12:00 a.
Network performance Network performance refers to the level of quality of service of a telecommunications product [1] as seen by the customer. It should not be seen merely as an attempt to get "more through" the network.
Network performance management Network performance management is the discipline of optimizing how networks function, trying to deliver the lowest latency, highest capacity, and maximum reliability despite intermittent failures and limited bandwidth.
Network Processing Forum The Network Processing Forum (NPF) was organized to facilitate and accelerate the development of next-generation networking and telecommunications products based on network processing technologies. The NPF was merged into the Optical Internetworking Forum in June of 2006.
Network Processing Unit Network Processing Unit or NPU is an array of one or more CPU whose instructions are specialized to handle networking-related functions. NPUs are generally targeted at efficient examination and manipulation of packet headers.
Network Professional Association Since 1991 the non-profit Network Professional Association (NPA) has served as the advocate for the international network computing professional. With a focus on professionalism, the NPA's international membership adheres to a code-of-ethics and strives for continual growth.
Network redirector A network redirector, or redirector, is an operating system driver that sends data to and receives data from a remote device. A network redirector provides mechanisms to locate, open, read, write, and delete files and submit print jobs.
Network Resource Management Network resource management is used in broadband networks to keep track of the way link resources are allocated to connections. The two primary resources that are tracked by network resource management are capacity (bandwidth) and connection identifiers (see Asynchronous Transfer Mode <CANT FIND IT THERE - Short description see below.
Network security Network security consists of the provisions made in an underlying computer network infrastructure, policies adopted by the network administrator to protect the network and the network-accessible resources from unauthorized access and the effectiveness (or lack) of these measures combined together.
Network security policy A network security policy is a generic document that outlines rules for computer network access, determines how policies are enforced and lays out some of the basic architecture of the company security/ network security environment. The document itself is usually several pages long and written by a committee.
Network segmentation Network segmentation in computer networking is the act or profession of splitting a computer network into subnetworks, each being a network segment or network layer. Advantages of such splitting are primarily for boosting performance and improving security.
Network service provider A network service provider (NSP) is a business or organization that sells bandwidth or network access by providing direct backbone access to the Internet and usually access to its network access points (NAPs). For such a reason, network service providers are sometimes referred to as backbone providers or internet providers.
Network simulation In computer network research, network simulation is a technique where a program simulates the behavior of a network. The program performs this simulation either by calculating the interaction between the different network entities (hosts/routers, data links, packets, etc) using mathematical formulas, or actually capturing and playing back network parameters from a production network.
Network society The term Network Society was coined by Jan van Dijk in his Dutch book 'De Netwerkmaatschappij' (1991) -translation: 'The Network Society' (1999, 2006)- and by Manuel Castells in the first part of his trilogy 'The Information Age' (1996). In 1978 James Martin used the related term 'The Wired Society' indicating a society that is connected by mass- and telecommunication networks.
Network switch A network switch (or just switch) is a networking device that performs transparent bridging (connection of multiple network segments with forwarding based on MAC addresses) at up to the speed of the hardware. Common hardware includes switches, which can connect at 10,100, or 1000 megabits per second, at half or full duplex.
Network Solutions [Solutions, LLC is a technology company which was founded in 1979. The domain name registration business has become the most important division of the company; as of 2006, Network Solutions manages more than 7.
Network SouthCentral Network SouthCentral (abbreviated NSC) was a "shadow" franchise (an independent train operating company) that existed from 4 February 1994 to 13 October 1996, when Connex Rail took over the running of the franchise, which became Connex South Central.
Network SouthEast Network SouthEast (NSE) was a sector of British Rail that principally operated commuter trains in the London area and inter-urban services in the densely populated South-East of England. It was formed in 1986 when BR was sectorised (see British Rail brand names for a full history).
Network Switching Subsystem Network Switching Subsystem, or NSS, is the component of a GSM system that carries out switching functions and manages the communications between mobile phones and the Public Switched Telephone Network. It is owned and deployed by mobile phone operators and allows mobile phones to communicate with each other and telephones in the wider telecommunications network.
Network tap A network tap is a hardware device which provides a way to access the data flowing across a computer network. Computer networks, including the Internet, are collections of devices, such as computers, routers, and switches, that are connected to each other.
Network telescope In Internet terminology, an Internet/network telescope is a system that allows us to observe different large-scale events taking place on the Internet. The basic idea is to observe traffic targeting the dark (unused) address-space of the network.
Network termination A Network Termination (NT) is a device connecting the customer's data or telephone equipment to the local exchange carrier's line. The NT device provides a connection for terminal equipment (TE) and terminal adaptor (TA) equipment to the local loop.
Network theory Network theory or diktyology is a subject within applied mathematics and physics, and coincides with graph theory. It has application in a varied range of disciplines including computer science, biology, economics, and sociology.
Network tomography Network tomography is the study of networks' internal characteristics from end point data. The word 'tomography' is used to link the field, in concept, to other processes that infer the internal characteristics of an object from external observations such as three-dimensional imaging of the internal structures of a human body by the observation and recording of the differences in the effects on the passage of waves of energy impinging on those structures.

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