Encyclopedia

Network traffic control In computer networking, network traffic control is the process of managing, prioritising, controlling or reducing the network traffic, particularly Internet bandwidth, used by network users, to reduce congestion, latency and packet loss. This is part of the article on bandwidth management.
Network transparency Network Transparency in its most general sense refers to the ability of a protocol to transmit data over the network in a manner which is transparent to those using the applications that are using the protocol.
Network Theory of Aging The network theory of aging supports the idea that multiple connected processes contribute to the biology of aging. Kirkwood and Kowald helped to establish the first model of this kind by connecting theories and predict specific mechanisms.
Network TwentyOne Network TwentyOne, also known as N21 or Network 21, is an education and training company supplying Professional Development Programs to Independent Business Owners (IBOs) working with the Quixtar and Amway network marketing business opportunities. It represents a system for building stable, profitable marketing networks.
Network utilities Computer programmers have developed several network utilities — small computer programs utilised to test various aspects of computer networks. The majority of them originated on Unix systems, but several later ports to other operating systems exist.
Network Video Network Video is Australia's largest group of non-franchised, independently owned and operated video rental stores (AFC) . The group opened in 1993 with a dozen founding stores and within 12 months increased this to 100 stores 1.
Network Voice Protocol The Network Voice Protocol (NVP) was a pioneering computer network protocol for transporting human speech over packetized communications networks. It may be viewed as an ancestor of today's Voice over IP protocol suite.
Network-attached storage Network-attached storage (NAS) is the name given to dedicated data storage technology that can be connected directly to a computer network to provide centralized data access and storage to heterogeneous network clients.
Network-Attached Secure Disks Network-Attached Secure Disks(NASD), a research project of Carnegie Mellon University provides cost-effective scalable storage bandwidth.NASD reduces the overhead on file server(file manager) by allowing storage devices to transfer data directly to clients.
Network-centric warfare Network-centric warfare (NCW), now commonly called network-centric operations (NCO), is a new military doctrine or theory of war pioneered by the United States Department of Defense. NCW/NCO is an emerging theory of war in the information age that seeks to translate an information advantage into a competitive warfighting advantage through the robust networking of well informed geographically dispersed forces allowing new forms of organizational behavior.
Networked and Electronic Media The Networked and Electronic Media (NEM) initiative is part of the European Industrial Initiatives, or European Technology Platforms. The NEM addresses the convergence of media, communications, consumer electronics, and IT in Europe.
Networked control system A Networked Control System (NCS) is a feedback control system wherein the control loops are closed through a real-time network. The defining feature of an NCS is that information (reference input, plant output, control input, etc.
Networked innovation Networked Innovation is the creative process that takes place when a number of partners share ideas, resources and risks in the pursuit of a common vision for improvement. Partners can be private or public organizations, institutions, entrepreneurs, NGOs etc.
Networked learning Networked learning is an activity that focuses on establishing and maintaining connections with people and information, and to collaborate in such a way so as to support one another's learning, hence - a networked learning.
Networked narrative A networked narrative is a conversation over time and space, inherently multilinear, that holds a specific set of values, or rules at its core. It is not driven by the specificity of details; instead, details emerge through a co-construction of the ‘story’ by various participants.
Networks II Networks II is an Apple II-based single-tasking BBS package, written by Nick Naimo. It is one of the earlier BBS software programs to be written for the Apple II, which was at the time dominated by mini and mainframe-based BBS', including CBBS.
NetworkVirginia NetworkVirginia is an advanced, broadband network delivering Internet and intranet services within the Commonwealth of Virginia. It is the result of a project led by Virginia Tech in association with Old Dominion University and the Virginia Community College System to develop universal access to competitive, advanced digital communications services for all of Virginia.
NetWare Core Protocol The NetWare Core Protocol (NCP) is a network protocol used in some products from Novell, Inc. It is usually associated with the NetWare operating system, but parts of it have been implemented on other platforms such as Linux, Windows NT and various flavors of Unix.
NetWeaver SAP NetWeaver is an application builder platform from SAP for integrating business processes across various systems, databases and sources. It is the technological foundation for all SAP products since the SAP Business Suite.
Netzah Yehuda Battalion The Netzah Yehuda Battalion (also known as Nahal Haredi) is a battalion in the IDF. The purpose of the battalion is to allow Haredi Israelis to serve in the IDF in an atmosphere conducive to their religious convictions.
Netzarim Netzarim was an Israeli settlement originally established in 1972 as a secular Nahal (Young Pioneer) outpost of the Hashomer Hatzair movement and morphed into a religiously observant kibbutz in 1984 (the residents decided to change from a kibbutz to a village a few years later). The 60 family village included about 150 adults and 350 children and was often referred to in the media as a stronghold for Religious Zionism.
Netze District The Netze District or District of the Netze (; ) was a territory in the Kingdom of Prussia from 1772 to 1793. It included the urban centers of Bromberg (Bydgoszcz), Inowrazlaw (Inowrocław), and Schneidemühl (Piła) and was named for the Noteć River (German: Netze) that traversed it.
Netzer Hazani Netzer Hazani (נצר חזני) was an Israeli settlement located in the northeast corner of the Gush Katif settlement bloc and evacuated in Israel's disengagement of 2005. The yishuv was named after the late Michael Hazani, Minister of Social Welfare and Agriculture and one of the pioneers of the settlement movement.
Netzer Olami Netzer Olami (נצ"ר עולמי) is a worldwide Jewish organization for youth. "Netzer" is an acronym in Hebrew for Reform Zionist Youth (נוער ציוני רפורמי), and Netzer Olami means 'Global Netzer.
Neu Wien Neu Wien (New Vienna) op. 342 is a waltz written by Johann Strauss II in 1870 and dedicated to Nicolaus Dumba, who was a fervent patron of Arts and was the Chairman of the Wiener Männergesang-Verein (Vienna's Men Choral Association) and Vice-President of the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde in Wien (Society of Friends of Music in Vienna).
Neu-Ulm (district) Neu-Ulm is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the east and clockwise) the districts of Günzburg and Unterallgäu and the state of Baden-Württemberg (districts Biberach and Alb-Donau, city of Ulm).
Neu! Neu! (the German word for "new", pronounced "noy") was a German band, probably the archetypal example of what the UK music press at the time dubbed Krautrock. The band had minimal commercial success when active, but are credited with being a huge influence on a diverse group of artists, including The Sex Pistols, Joy Division, David Bowie, Stereolab, Gary Numan, Ultravox, Simple Minds as well as the current electronic music scene.
Neubaufahrzeug The German Neubaufahrzeug series of tank prototypes were a first attempt to create a heavy tank for the Wehrmacht after Adolf Hitler had come to power. Multi-turreted, heavy and slow, they did not fit in with the Blitzkrieg tactics and there were only five made.
Neuberg Abbey Neuberg Abbey (Stift Neuberg) is a former Cistercian monastery in Neuberg an der MĂĽrz in Styria, Austria, and is the only extant set of monastic buildings in Austria to have retained its medieval character to any great extent.
Neuburg-Schrobenhausen Neuburg-Schrobenhausen is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the east and clockwise) the districts of Pfaffenhofen, Aichach-Friedberg, Donau-Ries and Eichstätt, and by the city of Ingolstadt.
Neudeck Neudeck was the ancestral country estate of the Hindenburg family near Rosenberg, West Prussia. The property had gone into debt and was in need of great repair when the German government and contributions from Big Business, gave Paul von Hindenburg clear title to Neudeck in 1927, for his services in World War I, and for his sevices as President.
Neue Bach-Ausgabe The Neue Bach-Ausgabe (in English, New Bach Edition) is the second complete edition of the music of Johann Sebastian Bach, published by Bärenreiter. Its first volumes appeared in 1954 and, when fully complete, it is projected to extend over more than 100 volumes.
Neue Deutsche Härte The Neue Deutsche Härte (New German hardness) is a direction in hard rock/metal music that developed in Germany in the 1990s. The combination of deep, clean vocals with a sound based on heavily distorted electric guitar and drums also usually includes keyboard and the use of synths, samples, and sometimes drum-machines.
Neue Deutsche Welle Neue Deutsche Welle (New German Wave, often abbreviated NDW) was a genre of German music originally derived from punk rock and New Wave music in 1976. The term "Neue Deutsche Welle" was first coined by journalist Alfred Hilsberg, whose article about the movement titled "Neue Deutsche Welle - Aus grauer Städte Mauern" was published in the magazine Sounds in 1979.
Neue Galerie The Neue Galerie New York (German: "New Gallery") is a museum of early twentieth-century German and Austrian art and design located at 86th Street and Fifth Avenue in New York City. It is one of the most recent additions to New York City's famed Museum Mile, which runs from 83rd to 105th streets on Fifth Avenue in the Upper East Side of Manhattan.
Neue KĂĽnstlervereinigung MĂĽnchen The Neue KĂĽnstlervereinigung MĂĽnchen e.V (NKVM), ("Munich New Artist's Association", if literally translated from German) formed in 1909 in Munich around Wassily Kandinsky, and prefigured Der Blaue Reiter, the first modernist secession established by former members of the NKVM.
Neue Mozart-Ausgabe The Neue Mozart-Ausgabe (abbreviated as "NMA"; in English, New Mozart Edition) is the second complete works edition of the music of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. A longer and more formal title for the edition is Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
Neue Nationalgalerie Neue Nationalgalerie at the Kulturforum is a museum for classical modern art in Berlin, with main focus on early the 20th century. The museum building was designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and opened in 1968.
Neue Pinakothek The Neue Pinakothek (New Pinakothek) is an art museum in Munich, Germany. Its focus is European Art of the 18th and 19th century and is one of the most important museums of art of the nineteenth century in the world.
Neue Rechte Neue Rechte () is a German political movement, founded as opposition to the New Left generation of the 1960s. Ideologically, they are linked to the French Nouvelle Droite and the ideologues of the Weimar Conservative Revolution, which included such people as Carl Schmitt, Ernst JĂĽnger, Oswald Spengler and Ernst von Salomon.
Neue Rheinische Zeitung The Neue Rheinische Zeitung ("New Rhenish Newspaper") was a German (specifically Rhenish, from the Rhineland) daily newspaper, published by Karl Marx from Cologne in 1848 and 1849. Its name refers to a paper earlier edited by Marx, the Rheinische Zeitung.
Neue Slowenische Kunst Neue Slowenische Kunst (a German phrase meaning "New Slovenian Art"), aka NSK, is a controversial political art collective that announced itself in Slovenia in 1984, when Slovenia was still part of Yugoslavia. (The name is itself an attempt to stir up controversy through evoking memories of the Nazi occupation of Slovenia during the Second World War.
Neue Zeitschrift fĂĽr Musik [page banner of NZM, issue of 30April 1850]Die Neue Zeitschrift fĂĽr Musik (English - New Journal of Music) was a music magazine published in Leipzig, founded by Robert Schumann. Its first issue appeared on 3 April 1834.
Neuenstadt am Kocher Neuenstadt is a town in Baden-WĂĽrttemberg in south-western Germany with 9,600 inhabitants. It consists of Neuenstadt, the villages of Stein am Kocher, KochertĂĽrn, Cleversulzbach and BĂĽrg and the hamlets Brambacher Hof (to KochertĂĽrn), Buchhof and Lobenbacher Hof (to Stein).
Neues Deutschland Neues Deutschland (literally: New Germany) is a national German daily newspaper. It was the official party newspaper of the Socialist Unity Party (SED) which governed East Germany, and as such served as one of the party's most important organs.
Neues Museum The Neues Museum, located north of (behind) the Altes Museum on Berlin's Museum Island (a World Heritage Site), was built between 1843 and 1855 according to plans by Friedrich August StĂĽler, a student of Karl Friedrich Schinkel. The museum was partly destroyed in World War II (in some areas, only the outer walls remained) and is currently being rebuilt.
Neuf mois Neuf mois (English: Nine Months) is a 1994 romantic comedy film stars Philippine Leroy-Beaulieu, Catherine Jacob, Patrick Braoudé, Daniel Russo, Patrick Bouchitey, and Pascal Légitimus. The movie resulted in the US remake Nine Months.
Neuf-Brisach Neuf-Brisach (German: Neu-Breisach; both names mean New Breisach, referring to the German town, Breisach, which is located just on the other side of the Rhine) is a commune of the Haut-Rhin département, in France.
Neuhausen am Rheinfall Neuhausen am Rheinfall (which was officially called "Neuhausen" until 1938) is a border municipality in the Canton of Schaffhausen. The little town is well known for the Rhine Falls, a tourist attraction and mainland Europe's largest waterfall.
Neuchâtel Observatory The Observatoire Cantonal de Neuchâtel (Neuchâtel Observatory) is an astronomical observatory funded by the Public Economy Department of the Neuchâtel State (Switzerland) . It is located in Neuchâtel and was founded in 1858.
Neukamerun Neukamerun (German for New Cameroon) was the name of Central African territories ceded by France to Germany in 1911. Upon taking office in 1907, Theodor Seitz, governor of German Kamerun, advocated for the acquisition of territories from the French Congo.
Neuköln "Neuköln" is an instrumental piece written by David Bowie in 1977 for the album "Heroes". It was the last of three consecutive instrumentals on Side Two of the original vinyl album, following "Sense of Doubt" and "Moss Garden".
Neukirch (Lusatia) Neukirch is a town in upper Lusatia, situated in the eastern part of the federal Free State of Saxony in eastern Germany. It belongs to the district of Bautzen and is situated in several valleys of the mountain region Lausitzer Bergland near the hill "Valtenberg" that reaches about 587 metres.
Neukirchen am Grossvenediger Neukirchen am Grossvenediger is a pleasant Austrian village that finds itself in the Salzburgerland, between Zell am See and Krimml. Neukirchen lies on an altitude of 856 meters and has more than 2,800 inhabitants.
Neumann line Neumann lines (or bands) are fine patterns of parallel lines seen in cross-sections of many hexahedrite iron meteorites in the kamacite phase, although they may appear also appear in octahedrites provided the kamacite phase is about 30 micrometres wide. They can be seen after a polished meteorite cross-section is treated with acid.
Neumann-Morgenstern utility Von Neumann-Morgenstern Utility is a method used to measure choice in situations of uncertainty. To determine utility according to this method, the decision maker must rank their preferences according to the outcomes of various decision options.
Neume Neumes are the basic elements of Western and Eastern systems of musical notation prior to the invention of five-line staff notation. The earliest neumes were inflective marks which indicated the general shape but not necessarily the exact notes or rhythms to be sung.
Neumeister Chorales A recently discovered set of chorale preludes compiled by Johann Gottfried Neumeister (1757-1840). The manuscript was passed onto Christian Heinrich Rinck (1770-1846), whose library was bought by Lowell Mason in 1852.
Neumi Leweni Neumi Leweni is a Fijian Army officer, who currently holds the rank of Major. He is one of two official spokesmen for the Military, the other being Lieutenant Colonel Orisi Rabukawaqa, and is also conductor of the Military band.
Neumune Neumune (HE2100) is a radiation countermeasure being developed by Hollis-Eden Pharmaceuticals for the treatment of acute radiation syndrome. The drug was introduced as a radiation countermeasure by, and is being co-developed with, the United States Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute.
Neunkirchen-Seelscheid Neunkirchen-Seelscheid is a municipality in the Rhein-Sieg district in the southern part of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Beside the two principal places Neunkirchen and Seelscheid there are numerous smaller localities among the municipality.
Neuqua Valley High School Neuqua Valley High School, or NVHS, is a public four-year high school located near the corner of Illinois Route 59 and 95th Street in Naperville, Illinois, a western suburb of Chicago, Illinois, in the United States. Neuqua Valley is the counterpart to Waubonsie Valley High School of Indian Prairie School District 204.
Neuquén Group The Neuquén Group is a group of geologic formations found in Argentina. Rocks in the Neuquén Group fall within the Cenomanian to early Campanian stages of the Late Cretaceous Period, about 100 million to 80 million years in age.
Neuquén, Argentina Neuquén is the capital city of the Argentine province of Neuquén, located on the east of the province, at the confluence of the Limay and Neuquén rivers. The city has a population of more than 265,000, making it the largest city in Patagonia.
Neuquensaurus Neuquensaurus (meaning "Neuquen lizard") was a titanosaur that appeared in the lateCretaceous period 71 million years ago in Argentina and Uruguay in South America. This dinosaur was 34-51 feet (10-15 meters) long.
Neural basis of synesthesia Synesthesia is a neurological condition in which two or more bodily senses are coupled. For example, in a form of synesthesia known as Grapheme → color synesthesia, letters or numbers may be perceived as inherently colored.
Neural binding According to neural binding hypothesis, neurons within different neuronal assemblies fire in synchrony to unite different features of neuronal representations together. Neural oscillations have been suggested as the mechanism of binding.
Neural correlate A neural correlate of a content of experience is any bodily component, such as an electro-neuro-biological state or the state assumed by some biophysical subsystem of the brain, whose presence necessarily and regularly correlates with such a specific content of experience.
Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule (NCAM, also the cluster of differentiation CD56) is a homophilic binding glycoprotein expressed on the surface of neurons, glia and skeletal muscle. NCAM has been implicated as having a role in cell-cell adhesion, neurite outgrowth, synaptic plasticity, and learning and memory.
Neural development The study of neural development draws on both neuroscience and developmental biology to describe the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which complex nervous systems emerge during embryonic development and throughout life.
Neural Darwinism The term Neural Darwinism is used in two distinct contexts that may be interrelated. One usage describes the theory that human intelligence and consciousness can be explained by Darwinian selection and evolution of neural states.
Neural engineering In the physical sciences, neural engineering is an emerging interdisciplinary field of research that uses engineering techniques to investigate the function and manipulate the behavior of the central or peripheral nervous systems. The field draws heavily on the fields of computational neuroscience, experimental neuroscience, clinical neurology, electrical engineering and signal processing of living neural tissue, and encompasses elements from robotics, computer engineering, tissue engineering, materials science, and nanotechnology.
Neural Information Processing Systems Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS) is a machine learning and computational neuroscience conference held every December in Vancouver, Canada. It began in 1987 as a computational cognitive science conference, and was held in Denver, Colorado until 2000.
Neural mechanisms behind shifts of attention The environment around us is full of various objects, features and scenes that compete for our attention. Unfortunately the human mind is limited in its ability to process information, and simultaneous processing cannot occur without a substantial cost (Gazzaniga et al.
Neural network A neural network, also known as a parallel distributed processing network, is a computing solution that is loosely modeled after cortical structures of the brain. It consists of interconnected processing elements called nodes or neurons that work together to produce an output function.
Neural oscillations The concept of neural oscillations is close to the concept of brain waves. However, the latter usually refers to EEG recordings obtained from the skull, and the former refers to more invasive recording techniques such as single-unit recordings with extracellular electrodes, intracellular recordings of neuronal potentials and recordings of local field potentials (LFPs) using electrodes directly contacting the brain.
Neural pathway A neural pathway is a neural tract connecting one part of the nervous system with another, usually consisting of bundles of elongated, myelin insultated neurons, known collectively as white matter. Neural pathways serve to connect relatively distant areas of the brain or nervous system, compared to the local communication of grey matter.
Neural Workflow Neural Workflow is a concept for a workflow system to be used in software, which is based upon the neural function of a human brain as opposed to a more traditional workflow system. In a neural workflow system, the following holds true:
Neurally controlled animat A Neurally Controlled Animat is the conjunction of (1) a neural network cultivated on a multiple electrode array and (2) a virtual body, the Animat, "living" in a virtual computer generated environment, connected to this array. Patterns of neural activity are used to control the virtual body, and the computer is used as a sensory device to provide electrical feedback to the neural network about the Animat's movement in the virtual environment.
Neuraminic acid Neuraminic acid (5-amino-3,5-dideoxy- D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-ulosonic acid) is a 9-carbon monosaccharide. It may be theoretically visualized as the aldol-condensation product of pyruvic acid and D-mannosamine (2-amino-2-deoxy-mannose).
Neuri According to Herodotus the Neuri were a tribe living beyond the Scythian cultivators, one of the nations along the course of the river Hypanis (Bug river), west of the Borysthenes (Dniepr river). (Roughly the area of modern Poland).
Neurinoma Neurinoma is a tumor, usually benign but sometimes cancerous, which forms on the myelinous sheath of a nerve. Neurinomas commonly affect the ear, where they are called acoustic neuromas; however, they can afflict any nerve.
Neuro cybernetics In the physical sciences, neuro cybernetics is the study of communication and automatic control systems in mutual relation to machines and living organisms. The underlying mathematical descriptions are control theory, extended for complex systems, and mean field theory for neural networks and neural field theory.
Neuro Emotional Technique Neuro Emotional Technique (NET) is a chiropractic healing methodology used to normalize unresolved physical and/or behavioral patterns in the bodyA mind/body approach that uses speech, general semantics], emotions, [[Meridian (Chinese medicine)|acupuncture meridians and chiropractic principles and elements of traditional psychology. Although the originators of NET state that NET is not a form of Psychotherapy as it does not involve talk therapy or counselling it has been adapted for use by Psychologists and other mind/body healing professionals.
Neuro-fuzzy In the field of artificial intelligence, neuro-fuzzy refers to hybrids of artificial neural networks and fuzzy logic. Neuro-fuzzy hybridization results in a hybrid intelligent system that synergizes these two techniques by combining the human-like reasoning style of fuzzy systems with the learning and connectionist structure of neural networks.
Neuro-linguistic programming Neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) is a set of techniques, axioms and beliefs that adherents use primarily as an approach to personal development. It is based on the idea that mind, body and language interact to create an individual's perception of the world and that perceptions, and hence behaviors, can be changed by the application of a variety of techniques; in particular, "modeling" which involves the careful reproduction of the behaviors and beliefs of those who have achieved 'excellence'.
Neuro-linguistic psychotherapy Neurolinguistic Psychotherapy or NLPt is the agreed name of psychotherapy which is practiced by individuals trained in both psychotherapy and Neuro-linguistic programming (NLP). The relevant professional body is the NLPtCA; the Neurolinguistic Psychotherapy and Counselling Association.
Neuro-ophthalmology Neuro-ophthalmology is the subspecialty of both neurology and ophthalmology concerning visual problems that are related to the nervous system neuro-ophthalmologist is a physician (neurologist or ophthalmologist) specializing in diseases affecting vision that originate from the nervous system.
Neuroacanthocytosis Neuroacanthocytosis (also known as Levine-Critchley syndrome or choreoacanthocytosis) is a rare movement disorder marked by progressive muscle weakness and atrophy, progressive cognitive loss, chorea (involuntary twisting movements of the body), and acanthocytosis (spiked red blood cells associated with several inherited neurological disorders). Other symptoms include facial tics, uncontrolled muscle movement, instability when walking, seizures, biting of the tongue and lips and changes in personality, comprehension and judgment.
Neuroactive steroid Apart from exerting effects on the genome via intracellular steroid receptors, neuroactive steroids (or neurosteroids) rapidly alter neuronal excitability through interaction with neurotransmitter-gated ion channels. Several of these steroids accumulate in the brain after local synthesis or after metabolism of adrenal steroids.
Neuroanatomy Neuroanatomy is the branch of anatomy that studies the anatomical organization of the nervous system. In vertebrate animals, the routes that the myriad nerves take from the brain to the rest of the body (or "periphery",) and the internal structure of the brain in particular, are both extremely elaborate.
Neuroanthropology Neuroanthropology is the study of culture and the brain. In one way or another, neuroanthropologists ground their research and explanations in how the human brain develops, how it is structured and how it functions within the genetic limits of its biology (see Biogenetic Structuralism and related website).
Neurobiological Brain Disorder A Neurobiological Brain Disorder (NBD), also referred to as a Neurobiological Disorder (NBD), is an illness caused by genetic, metabolic, endocrinological or other biological factors, that affects the functioning of the brain.
Neurobiologist Neurobiologist is a life scientist who is devoted to the study of neurobiology. Although the term is sometimes synonymous with neuroscientist, neurobiologists nevertheless take a biological approach to the study of the nervous system.
Neuroblast A neuroblast is a dividing cell that will develop into neurons or glia. The characterisation of neuroblasts and their development in Drosophila melanogaster was widely achieved by Chris Doe, Corey Goodman and Mike Bate.
Neurocardiology The new field of neurocardiology hypothesizes that the heart is not just a muscle which pumps blood throughout the body but is a sensory organ. The heart is now seen as an extensive nervous system with a sophisticated information encoding and processing center, sufficient to qualify it as a "heart-brain.
Neurocognitive Neurocognitive is a term used to describe cognitive functions closely linked to the function of particular areas, neural pathways, or cortical networks in the brain. Therefore their understanding is closely linked to the practice of neuropsychology and cognitive neuroscience, two disciplines which broadly seek to understand how the structure and function of the brain relates to thought and behaviour.
Neuroconstructivism In this psychological approach, gene/gene interaction, gene/environment interaction and, crucially, the process of ontogeny (pre- and post-natal development) are all considered to play a vital role in how the brain progressively sculpts itself and how it gradually becomes specialised over developmental time.
Neurodegenerative disease Neurodegenerative disease (Greek νέυρο-, néuro-, "nerval" and Latin dēgenerāre, "to decline" or "to worsen") is a condition which affects brain function. Neurodegenerative diseases result from deterioration of neurons.
Neurodynamics Neurodynamics is an area of research in the cognitive sciences which places a strong focus upon the spatio-temporal (dynamic) character of neural activity in describing brain function. Neurodynamics reflects a contemporary theoretical neurobiology which has embraced recent advances in nonlinear dynamics, complexity theory and statistical physics.

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