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Neuroeconomics Neuroeconomics combines neuroscience, economics, and psychology to study how we make choices. It looks at the role of the brain when we evaluate decisions, categorize risks and rewards, and interact with each other.
Neuroendocrine cell Neuroendocrine cells are cells that receive neuronal input (neurotransmitters released by nerve cells) and, as a consequence of this input, release message molecules (hormones) to the blood. In this way they bring about and integration between the nervous system and the I am a dumb Ass.
Neuroendocrine hyperplasia Neuroendocrine hyperplasia is a hyperplastic] process that ultimately results in [[[fibrosis] of predominantly the [[lung|pulmonary tree. There is no currently recognized treatment for the relentless progression of this disorder.
Neuroendocrine tumors Neuroendocrine tumors, or more properly gastro-entero-pancreatic or gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs), are cancers of the interface between the endocrine (hormonal) system and the nervous system.
Neuroendocrinology Neuroendocrinology is the study of the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. The concept arose from the recognition that the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland was closely controlled by the brain, and especially by the hypothalamus.
Neuroergonomics The term Neuroergonomics was first used by Raja Parasuraman for describing the study of brain and behavior at work. This interdisciplinary field is concerned with investigations of the neural bases of human perception, cognition, and performance in relation to systems and technologies in the real world -- for example, in the use of computers and various other machines at home or in the workplace, and in operating vehicles such as aircraft, cars, trains, and ships.
Neuroesthetics Neuroesthetics is a rapidly growing subdiscipline of neuroscience seeking to explain and understand the esthetics of domains such as art and music at the neurological level. The field was pioneered by Semir Zeki of the University College London.
Neuroethology Neuroethology is a branch of neuroscience that emphasizes the study of neural mechanisms of natural behavior. This is in contrast to other approaches to neuroscience that study the nervous system in isolation, or in the context of artificial conditions.
Neuroevolution Neuroevolution, or neuro-evolution, is the use of genetic algorithms to train artificial neural networks. It is useful for applications such as games and robotic motor control, where it is easy to measure a network's performance at a task but difficult or impossible to create a syllabus of correct input-output pairs for use with a supervised learning algorithm.
NeuroEvolution of Augmented Topologies Neuro-Evolution of Augmenting Topologies (NEAT) is a genetic algorithm for evolving neural networks. Developed by Ken Stanley at University of Texas at Austin and published under the GPL; it integrates with Guile, a GNU scheme interpreter.
Neurofeedback Neurofeedback (NFB), also called neurotherapy, neurobiofeedback or EEG biofeedback is a controversial therapy technique that presents the user with realtime feedback on brainwave activity, as measured by electrodes on the scalp, typically in the form of a video display, sound or vibration. The aim is to enable conscious control of brainwave activity.
Neurofunk Neurofunk (commonly abbreviated neuro) is a subgenre of drum and bass pioneered by producers Ed Rush, Optical, Matrix, and MC/producer Ryme Tyme circa 1997/1998 in London, England as a progression of techstep. It was further developed by juxtaposed elements of heavier and darker forms of funk with multiple influences ranging from techno, house and jazz, characterized by consecutive stabs over the bassline and rhythmically structured by razor-sharp backbeats where highly nuanced, dark ambient atmospheric production is prominent.
Neurogastroenterology Neurogastroenterology is a research area in the field of Gastroenterology which regards interactions of the central nervous system (brain) and the gut - the so-called brain-gut axis. Important research focuses upon upward (sensory) and downward (motor and regulatory) nerval connections and upon endocrine influences on gut function.
Neurogenic bladder Dysfunction of the urinary bladder due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of micturition. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.
Neurogenic shock Neurogenic shock is shock caused by the sudden loss of the sympathetic nervous system signals to the smooth muscle in vessel walls. This can result from severe central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) damage.
Neuroglobin Neuroglobin is a member of the vertebrate globin family involved in cellular oxygen homeostasis. It is an intracellular hemoprotein expressed in the central and peripheral nervous system, cerebrospinal fluid, retina and endocrine tissues.
Neuroglycopenia Neuroglycopenia is a medical term that refers to a shortage of glucose (glycopenia) in the brain, usually due to hypoglycemia. Glycopenia affects the function of neurons, and alters brain function and behavior.
Neurognosis Neurognosis is a technical term used in biogenetic structuralism to refer to the initial organization of the experiencing and cognizing brainLaughlin, Charles D. (1991) "Pre- and Perinatal Brain Development and Enculturation: A Biogenetic Structural Approach.
Neuroheuristic Neuroheuristic or neuristic is that branch of science aimed at exploring the assumptions of the Neurosciences through an ongoing process continuously renewed at each successive step of the advancement towards the understanding of the brain in its entirety.
Neurohormone A neurohormone is any hormone produced by neurosecretory cells, usually in the brain. Neurohormonal activity is distinguished from that of classical neurotransmitters as it can have effects on cells distant from the source of the hormone.
Neuroimaging Neuroimaging includes the use of various techniques to either directly or indirectly image the structure, function/pharmacology of the brain. It is a relatively new discipline within medicine and neuroscience.
Neuroimmune System By definition the neuroimmune system is comprised of the immune system and those components of the nervous system that modulate immune response. In practice, the neuroimmune system also includes hormonal signals and cytokines that participate in signalling between the immune and nervous systems.
Neuroimmunology Neuroimmunology is a growing branch of biomedical science that studies of all aspects of the interactions between the immune system and nervous system. It deals with, among other things, the physiological functioning of the neuroimmune system in states of both health and disease; malfunctions of the neuroimmune system in disorders (autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency), the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the neuroimmune system in vitro, in situ, and in vivo.
Neurolinguistics Neurolinguistics is the science concerned with the human brain mechanisms underlying the comprehension, production, and abstract knowledge of language, be it spoken, signed, or written. By its nature an interdisciplinary endeavor, this field straddles the borders between linguistics, neurobiology, and computer science, among others.
Neurological examination The neurological examination is the physical examination of the nervous system. It attempts to identify or exclude signs of nervous system disease, and - if these signs are present - to produce a likely anatomical or physiological explanation that can be tested through medical imaging, neurophysiology, blood tests, lumbar puncture or a combination.
Neurological malignant syndrome Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a life-threatening, neurological disorder most often caused by an adverse reaction to neuroleptic or antipsychotic drugs. Symptoms include high fever, sweating, unstable blood pressure, stupor, muscular rigidity, and autonomic dysfunction.
Neurology Neurology is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the nervous system. Physicians specializing in the field of neurology are called neurologists and are trained to diagnose, treat, and manage patients with neurological disorders.
Neuromancer Neuromancer by William Gibson is the most famous early cyberpunk novel and won the so-called science-fiction "triple crown" (the Nebula Award, the Philip K. Dick Award, and the Hugo Award) after being published in 1984.
Neuromancer (game) Neuromancer is a computer adventure game created by Interplay Productions in 1988 and distributed by Mediagenic (a brand name that Activision was also known by). It was designed by Bruce Balfour, Michael Stackpole, Brian Fargo, and Troy A.
Neuromarketing Neuromarketing is a new field of marketing which uses medical technologies such as functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to study the brain's responses to marketing stimuli. Researchers use the fMRI to measure changes in activity in parts of the brain and to learn why consumers make the decisions they do, and what part of the brain is telling them to do it.
Neurometrics Neurometrics is the measurement of brain waves and activities in specific portions of the brain. Neurometrics are often used to compare the differences between a healthy and an unhealthy brain to determine what portions of a brain are afflicted by disease or psychological disorder.
Neuromodulation In neuroscience, Neuromodulation is the process in which several classes of neurotransmitters in the nervous system regulate diverse populations of neurons. As opposed to direct synaptic transmission in which one presynaptic neuron directly influences a postsynaptic partner, neuromodulatory transmitters secreted by a small group of neurons diffuse through large areas of the nervous system, having an effect on multiple neurons.
Neuromonitoring Neuromonitoring (also intraoperative neurological monitoring/IONM or surgical neurophysiology or simply intraoperative monitoring/IOM) is the practice of recording nerve signals and brainwaves during surgeries to reduce the risk of significant neuronal damage. Surgical procedures that most often require neuromonitoring include but are not limited to the following: carotid endarterectomy, anterior cervical diskectomy, instrumentation for spinal instability including pedicle screws, scoliosis correction, spinal cord untethering, and treatment of cranial base tumors, posterior fossa, microvascular decompression, intracranial aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations.
Neuromorphic The term neuromorphic was coined by Carver Mead, in the late 1980s to describe Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) systems containing electronic analog circuits that mimic neuro-biological architectures present in the nervous system. In recent times the term neuromorphic has been used to describe both analog, digital or mixed-mode analog/digital VLSI systems that implement models of neural systems (for perception, motor control, or sensory processing) as well as software algorithms.
Neuromuscular dentistry Neuromuscular dentistry is a form of dentistry that focuses on correcting misalignment of the jaw at the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). While conventional dentistry primarily concentrates on the teeth, gums, and bones, neuromuscular dentistry attempts to solve the root of the misalignment problem(s) by understanding the soft tissues, muscles, and nerves.
Neuromuscular disease Neuromuscular disease is a very broad term that encompasses many diseases and ailments that either directly (via intrinsic muscle pathology) or indirectly (via nerve pathology) impair the functioning of muscle. It tends to be particularly associated with human muscle, although most pathologies apply to animal muscle in general.
Neuromuscular Integrative Action Nia (Neuromuscular Integrative Action), pronounced "nee-ya", blends three dance arts (Isadora Duncan dance, modern dance, and jazz dance), three martial arts (aikido, tae kwon do, and tai chi) and three healing arts (Alexander Technique, yoga, and Feldenkrais). It is a form of aerobic exercise that can be practiced by people of nearly all ages and physical conditions.
Neuromuscular junction A neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the synapse or junction of the axon terminal of a motoneuron with the motor end plate, the highly-excitable region of muscle fiber plasma membrane responsible for initiation of action potentials across the muscle's surface, ultimately causing the muscle to contract. The signal passes through the neuromusclar junction via the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
Neuromuscular medicine The field of neuromuscular medicine is an emerging subspecialty of medicine which focuses on the comprehensive medical management of individuals with neuromuscular disorders. This includes, but is not limited to, disorders of peripheral nerves, muscle and neuromuscular junctions.
Neuromuscular therapy During the last several decades, neuromuscular therapy (NMT) has emerged as a significant methodology for assessing, treating and preventing soft tissue injuries and chronic pain. NMT, a series of manual treatment protocols based on the practitioner’s skill, anatomy knowledge and precise palpatory application, has found its home, not only in the treatment rooms of massage therapy, but also in occupational and physical therapy, nursing, chiropractic, osteopathic and physical medicine clinics worldwide, as well as in many forward-looking Primary Care practices.
Neuromuscular-blocking drugs Neuromuscular-blocking drugs block neuromuscular transmission at the neuromuscular junction, causing paralysis of the affected skeletal muscles. This is accomplished either by acting presynaptically via the inhibition of acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis or release, or by acting postsynaptically at the acetylcholine receptor.
Neuron Neurons (also known as neurones, nerve cells and nerve fibers) are electrically excitable cells in the nervous system that function to process and transmit information. In vertebrate animals, neurons are the core components of the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves.
Neuron (synthesizer) An electronic musical instrument designed and built by industry designer Axel Hartmann of the German company Hartmann Music in the years 2001-2005. The Neuron synthesizer used an Artificial Neural Network to create a digital computer model from sampled sounds, implementing a new synthesis technology which was developed by Stephan Bernsee at Prosoniq.
Neuron doctrine The neuron doctrine is the now fundamental idea that neurons are the basic structural and functional units of the nervous system. The theory was put forward by Santiago RamĂłn y Cajal in the late 19th century.
Neuronal calcium sensor Neuronal Calcium Sensor is a large family of proteins which work as calcium dependent molecular switch and includes members like Frequenin (NCS1), recoverin, GCAP, neurocalcin, visinin etc. All the members carry 4 EF hand motifs (out of which only 2 or 3 bind calcium) and an N-myristoyl group.
Neuronal calcium sensor-1 NCS1 or neuronal calcium sensor-1 is a member of Neuronal calcium sensor family which, are EF hand containing calcium-myristoyl-switch proteins. This neuronal protein is called frequenin in the invertebrates and thus named homolog of Drosophila Frequenin and its official symbol is FREQ.
Neuronal noise Neuronal noise is the term that describes random activity of neurons that presumably is not associated with encoding of behaviorally relevant variables. Many neuroscientists consider neuronal noise a factor that limits the capacity of information processing by the brain.
Neuronal tuning Neuronal tuning refers to the property of brain cells to selectively represent a particular kind of sensory, motor, or cognitive information. For example, an auditory system neuron best responding to the sound of particular frequency is said to be tuned to that frequency.
Neuropathy, ataxia, and retinitis pigmentosa Neuropathy, ataxia, and retinitis pigmentosa (NARP) is a condition that causes a variety of signs and symptoms chiefly affecting the nervous system. Beginning in childhood or early adulthood, most people with NARP experience numbness, tingling, or pain in the arms and legs (sensory neuropathy); muscle weakness; and problems with balance and coordination (ataxia).
Neurophenomenology Neurophenomenology is a hybrid scientific methodology that combines neuroscience with phenomenological philosophy in order to study consciousness. It is an interdisciplinary approach, the label for which was coined by Charles Laughlin, John McManus and Eugene d'Aquili in their 1990 book, Brain, Symbol and Experience: Toward a Neurophenomenology of Consciousness (New York: Columbia University Press).
Neurophysin I Neurophysin I is a carrier protein with a size of 10 KDa and containing 90 to 97 aminoacids that transports neurohypophysial hormones along axons, from the hypothalamus to the posterior lobe of the pituitary. This protein is necessary to prevent diffusion of peptide hormones out of the axons.
Neurophysiology Neurophysiology is a part of physiology as a science, which is concerned with the study of low-level functioning of the nervous system. It is closely connected with neurobiology, psychology, neurology, clinical neurophysiology, electrophysiology, ethology, higher nervous activity, neuroanatomy, cognitive science and other brain sciences.
Neuroplasticity Neuroplasticity (variously referred to as brain plasticity or cortical plasticity) refers to the changes that occur in the organization of the brain, and in particular changes that occur to the location of specific information processing functions, as a result of the effect of learning and experience. A common and surprising consequence of brain plasticity is that the location of a given function can "move" from one location to another in the brain due to repeated learning or brain trauma.
Neuropoiesis Neuropoiesis is the process by which conditionally non-specific cells, classically neural stem cells, differentiate into neurons or glia (not microglia which are proposed to have a monocytic or macrophage-like origin). The mechanisms involved are numerous and not completely understood.
Neuropreservation Neuropreservation is cryopreservation of the human brain with the intention of future resuscitation and regrowth of a healthy body around the brain. Usually the brain is left within the head for physical protection, so the whole head is cryopreserved.
Neuroprosthetics Neuroprosthetics is an area of neuroscience concerned with neural prostheses, developing artificial devices to replace or improve the function of an impaired nervous system. The neuroprosthetic seeing the most widespread use is the cochlear implant, with approximately 100,000 in use worldwide as of 2006.
Neuroprotection The term neuroprotection means mechanisms within the nervous system which protect neurons from apoptosis or degeneration, for example following a brain injury or as a result of chronic neurodegenerative diseases. The word derives from the words "neuron" (Greek for nerve cell) and "protection" (Latin for "saving").
Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychiatry, as a subspecialty of Psychiatry, is the branch of medicine dealing with mental disorders attributable to diseases of the nervous system. It is closely related to the field of Behavioral Neurology, which is a subspecialty of Neurology that addresses clinical problems of cognition and/or behavior caused by brain injury or brain disease.
Neuropsychological assessment Neuropsychological assessment was traditionally carried out to assess the extent of impairment to a particular skill and to attempt to locate an area of the brain which may have been damaged after brain injury or neurological illness. With the advent of neuroimaging techniques, location of space-occupying lesions can now be accurately determined so the focus has now moved onto the measurement of cognition and behaviour, including examining the effects of any brain injury or neuropathological process that a person may have experienced.
Neuropsychological test Neuropsychological tests are specifically designed tasks used to measure a psychological function known to be linked to a particular brain structure or pathway. They usually involve the systematic administration of clearly defined procedures in a formal environment.
Neuropsychopharmacology Technical advancements in recent years have allowed progress toward the understanding of the brain and how drugs can be made to affect it. The term increasingly used to include all of the biological science involved is,
Neuros Technology Neuros Technology is a Chicago-based company that produces a number of audio and video devices with the brand name Neuros. The company was previously a division of Digital Innovations and operated under the name Neuros Audio.
Neuroscience Neuroscience is a field that is devoted to the scientific study of the nervous system. Such studies may include the structure, function, development, genetics, biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology, and pathology of the nervous system.
Neurosciences Institute The Neurosciences Institute is a nonprofit research institute that is focused upon "high risk - high payoff" research designed to discover the biological basis of higher-brain function in humans and other animals. NSI was founded in 1981 by Nobel laureate Gerald Edelman in New York City.
Neuroscientist A neuroscientist is an individual who studies the scientific field of neuroscience or any of its related sub-fields. Neuroscience as a distinct discipline separate from anatomy, neurology, physiology, psychology, or psychiatry is fairly recent, aided in large part by the advent of newer, faster computing methods and neuroimaging techniques.
Neuroshima Neuroshima is a Polish role playing game system set in a postapocalyptic world, inspired by such games and films as Mad Max, Fallout, The Matrix, Terminator and Deadlands: Hell on Earth. It is published by Wydawnictwo Portal (Portal Publishing House) and it is currently available only in Polish.
Neurosis Neurosis, also known as psychoneurosis or neurotic disorder, is a "catch all" term that refers to any mental imbalance that causes distress, but, unlike a psychosis or some personality disorders, does not prevent rational thought or an individual's ability to function in daily life. It is particularly associated with the discipline/school of psychoanalysis, which is not to be confused with psychology or psychiatry.
Neurosis & Jarboe "Neurosis & Jarboe" was a collaboration effort between the metal/post-hardcore group Neurosis, and the former Swans keyboardist/vocalist Jarboe. They released their self-titled debut album in 2003 on Neurot Recordings.
NeuroSolutions NeuroSolutions is a neural network development environment developed by NeuroDimension. It combines a modular, icon-based (component based) network design interface with an implementation of advanced learning procedures, such as conjugate gradients, Levenberg-Marquardt and backpropagation through time.
Neurotechnology Neurotechnology is the set of tools that analyze and influence the human nervous system, especially the brain. These technologies include neural modeling simulations, biological computers, human-brain interfaces, any of various neuron and brain mapping technologies, and psychopharmaceuticals.
Neurotheology Neurotheology, also known as biotheology, is the study of the neural basis of spirituality. Neurotheology deals with the neurological and evolutionary basis for subjective experiences traditionally categorized as spiritual.
Neurotically Yours Neurotically Yours is a flash cartoon series created by iLL WiLL PreSS (the online pseudonym of Jonathan Ian Mathers, and the name of his online company) about a squirrel named Foamy, who is the pet of a goth girl named Germaine (voiced by Dawn Bennett). The cartoons are mainly located on the ill WiLL PreSS website, in addition to numerous external websites, such as Friends of Foamy.
Neuroticfish Neuroticfish is the name of a German musical project whose styles borrow from futurepop and synthpop, as well as other types of electronic music. It currently releases music on the Dancing Ferret Discs record label.
Neurotoxicity Neurotoxicity occurs when the exposure to natural or manmade toxic substances (neurotoxicants) alters the normal activity of the nervous system. This can eventually disrupt or even kill neurons, key cells that transmit and process signals in the brain and other parts of the nervous system.
Neurotoxin A neurotoxin is a toxin that acts specifically on nerve cells – neurons – usually by interacting with membrane proteins and ion channels. Many of the venoms and other toxins that organisms use in defense against vertebrates are neurotoxins.
Neurotransmitter Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are used to relay, amplify and modulate electrical signals between a neuron and another cell. According to the prevailing beliefs of the 1960s, a chemical can be classified as a neurotransmitter if it meets the following conditions:
Neurotransmitter receptor A neurotransmitter receptor is a receptor protein on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific ligand, such as a neurotransmitter, antagonist, etc. with a wide range of differing reactions from the cell receiving the sygnal, triggering anything from activation to inhibition.
Neurotransmitter transporter Neurotransmitter transporters are proteins that span cellular membranes and that serve to carry neurotransmitters across these membrans and to transport them specific locations. There are more than twenty types of neurotransmitter transporters.
Neurotrophin-1 Neurotrophin-1 (NNT-1) is also known as B cell-stimulating factor-3 (BSF-3) and is a cytokine belonging to the interleukin-6 family. It is a secreted protein, found predominantly in lymph nodes and spleen, which contains 225 amino acids with a molecular mass of 22 kDa in its mature form.
Neurotypical "Neurotypical" (or "NT") is a neologism used to describe a person whose neurological development and state are typical, conforming to what most people would perceive as normal. It is a combination of the prefix neuro- (referring to the nervous system) and word typical.
NeuRFon The neuRFon project (named for a combination of "neuron" and "RF") was a research program begun in 1999 at Motorola Labs to develop ad hoc wireless networking for wireless sensor network applications. The biological analogy was that, while individual neurons were not very useful, in a large network they became very powerful; the same was thought to hold true for simple, low power wireless devices.
Neusalza-Spremberg Neusalza-Spremberg is a town in the district Löbau-Zittau, in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It is situated on the border with the Czech Republic, on the river Spree, 6 km northwest of Ebersbach, and 17 km southeast of Bautzen.
Neuschwanstein Neuschwanstein Castle (German: Schloss Neuschwanstein, lit. New Swan Stone Castle; IPA pronunciation: ) is a late 19th century castle in Germany, near Hohenschwangau and FĂĽssen in southwest Bavaria, not far from the Austrian border at approximately .
Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the west and clockwise) the districts of Würzburg, Kitzingen, Bamberg, Erlangen-Höchstadt, Fürth and Ansbach, and by the state of Baden-Württemberg (district Main-Tauber).
Neustadt (Waldnaab) (district) Neustadt (Waldnaab) is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the south and clockwise) the districts of Schwandorf, Amberg-Sulzbach, Bayreuth and Tirschenreuth, and by the Czech Republic (Plzen Region).
Neustadt an der Aisch Neustadt an der Aisch (Neustadt/A.) is a small town in the northern part of Bavaria (Germany), within the franconian administrative region Middle Franconia, and it is the capital of the german district Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim (Abbreviation on German car number plates is NEA).
Neustadt in Sachsen Neustadt in Sachsen is a town in the Sächsische Schweiz district, in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It is situated near the border with the Czech Republic, 35 km east of Dresden (centre), and 23 km southwest of Bautzen.
Neustadt International Prize for Literature The Neustadt International Prize for Literature is a biennial award for literature sponsored by the University of Oklahoma and World Literature Today. Authors, including poets, novelists, and playwrights are eligible for the US$50,000 prize, which is unusual for an international literary prize.
Neustrašivi Učitelji Stranih Jezika Neustrašivi Učitelji Stranih Jezika (English: Fearless Teachers of Foreign Languages) is a Serbian pop band which has been selected to represent Serbia in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2006 in Bucharest, Romania. They sang the song Učimo strane Jezike (Learning foreign languages).
Neustria The territory of NeustriaSometimes Neustrasia. originated in 511, made up of the regions from Aquitaine to the English Channel, approximating most of the north of present-day France, with Paris and Soissons as its main cities.
Neutering Neutering, from the Latin neĹter (of neither type), is the removal of an animal's reproductive organ, either all of it or a considerably large part of it. It is the most drastic surgical procedure with sterilizing purposes.
Neutral buoyancy Neutral Buoyancy is a condition in which a physical body's mass equals the mass it displaces in a surrounding medium. This negates the effect of gravity that would otherwise cause the object to [An object that has neutral buoyancy will neither sink nor float.
Neutral Bay, New South Wales Neutral Bay is a suburb on the lower North Shore of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Neutral Bay is located 5kms north of the Sydney central business district, in the local government areas of North Sydney Council.
Neutral Beam Injection In order to initiate a sustained fusion reaction, it is usually necessary to use many methods to heat the plasma, including RF heating, electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH), ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH), and neutral beam injection.
Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory The Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory or NBL is a training facility for astronauts maintained by NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. The NBL consists of a large pool of water in which astronauts may perform simulated EVA tasks in preparation for upcoming missions, for example, construction activities related to the International Space Station (ISS).
Neutral country A neutral country takes no side in a war between other parties, and in return hopes to avoid being attacked by either of them. A neutralist policy aims at neutrality in case of an armed conflict that could involve the party in question.
Neutral current Weak Neutral current interactions are one of the ways in which subatomic particles can interact by means of the weak force. These interactions are mediated by the Z0 boson, and the interaction is called 'neutral' because the Z0 has no electric charge.
Neutral direct-current telegraph system In telecommunication, a neutral direct-current telegraph system (single-current system, single-current transmission system, single-More system) is a telegraph system in which (a) current flows during marking intervals and no current flows during spacing intervals for the transmission of signals over a line, and (b) the direction of current flow is immaterial.
Neutral level In semiotics the neutral level of a sign is the "trace" left behind, the physical or material creation or remains of esthesic and poietic processes, levels, and analyses of symbolic forms. A part of all signs according to a tripartitional definition, it corresponds to Saussure's "sound-image" (or "signified", thus Pierce's "representamen").
Neutral monism Neutral monism, in philosophy, is the metaphysical view that existence consists of one kind (hence monism) of primal substance, which in itself is neither mental nor physical, but is capable of mental and physical aspects or attributes.
Neuroendocrine cell Neuroendocrine cells are cells that receive neuronal input (neurotransmitters released by nerve cells) and, as a consequence of this input, release message molecules (hormones) to the blood. In this way they bring about and integration between the nervous system and the I am a dumb Ass.
Neuroendocrine hyperplasia Neuroendocrine hyperplasia is a hyperplastic] process that ultimately results in [[[fibrosis] of predominantly the [[lung|pulmonary tree. There is no currently recognized treatment for the relentless progression of this disorder.
Neuroendocrine tumors Neuroendocrine tumors, or more properly gastro-entero-pancreatic or gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs), are cancers of the interface between the endocrine (hormonal) system and the nervous system.
Neuroendocrinology Neuroendocrinology is the study of the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. The concept arose from the recognition that the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland was closely controlled by the brain, and especially by the hypothalamus.
Neuroergonomics The term Neuroergonomics was first used by Raja Parasuraman for describing the study of brain and behavior at work. This interdisciplinary field is concerned with investigations of the neural bases of human perception, cognition, and performance in relation to systems and technologies in the real world -- for example, in the use of computers and various other machines at home or in the workplace, and in operating vehicles such as aircraft, cars, trains, and ships.
Neuroesthetics Neuroesthetics is a rapidly growing subdiscipline of neuroscience seeking to explain and understand the esthetics of domains such as art and music at the neurological level. The field was pioneered by Semir Zeki of the University College London.
Neuroethology Neuroethology is a branch of neuroscience that emphasizes the study of neural mechanisms of natural behavior. This is in contrast to other approaches to neuroscience that study the nervous system in isolation, or in the context of artificial conditions.
Neuroevolution Neuroevolution, or neuro-evolution, is the use of genetic algorithms to train artificial neural networks. It is useful for applications such as games and robotic motor control, where it is easy to measure a network's performance at a task but difficult or impossible to create a syllabus of correct input-output pairs for use with a supervised learning algorithm.
NeuroEvolution of Augmented Topologies Neuro-Evolution of Augmenting Topologies (NEAT) is a genetic algorithm for evolving neural networks. Developed by Ken Stanley at University of Texas at Austin and published under the GPL; it integrates with Guile, a GNU scheme interpreter.
Neurofeedback Neurofeedback (NFB), also called neurotherapy, neurobiofeedback or EEG biofeedback is a controversial therapy technique that presents the user with realtime feedback on brainwave activity, as measured by electrodes on the scalp, typically in the form of a video display, sound or vibration. The aim is to enable conscious control of brainwave activity.
Neurofunk Neurofunk (commonly abbreviated neuro) is a subgenre of drum and bass pioneered by producers Ed Rush, Optical, Matrix, and MC/producer Ryme Tyme circa 1997/1998 in London, England as a progression of techstep. It was further developed by juxtaposed elements of heavier and darker forms of funk with multiple influences ranging from techno, house and jazz, characterized by consecutive stabs over the bassline and rhythmically structured by razor-sharp backbeats where highly nuanced, dark ambient atmospheric production is prominent.
Neurogastroenterology Neurogastroenterology is a research area in the field of Gastroenterology which regards interactions of the central nervous system (brain) and the gut - the so-called brain-gut axis. Important research focuses upon upward (sensory) and downward (motor and regulatory) nerval connections and upon endocrine influences on gut function.
Neurogenic bladder Dysfunction of the urinary bladder due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of micturition. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.
Neurogenic shock Neurogenic shock is shock caused by the sudden loss of the sympathetic nervous system signals to the smooth muscle in vessel walls. This can result from severe central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) damage.
Neuroglobin Neuroglobin is a member of the vertebrate globin family involved in cellular oxygen homeostasis. It is an intracellular hemoprotein expressed in the central and peripheral nervous system, cerebrospinal fluid, retina and endocrine tissues.
Neuroglycopenia Neuroglycopenia is a medical term that refers to a shortage of glucose (glycopenia) in the brain, usually due to hypoglycemia. Glycopenia affects the function of neurons, and alters brain function and behavior.
Neurognosis Neurognosis is a technical term used in biogenetic structuralism to refer to the initial organization of the experiencing and cognizing brainLaughlin, Charles D. (1991) "Pre- and Perinatal Brain Development and Enculturation: A Biogenetic Structural Approach.
Neuroheuristic Neuroheuristic or neuristic is that branch of science aimed at exploring the assumptions of the Neurosciences through an ongoing process continuously renewed at each successive step of the advancement towards the understanding of the brain in its entirety.
Neurohormone A neurohormone is any hormone produced by neurosecretory cells, usually in the brain. Neurohormonal activity is distinguished from that of classical neurotransmitters as it can have effects on cells distant from the source of the hormone.
Neuroimaging Neuroimaging includes the use of various techniques to either directly or indirectly image the structure, function/pharmacology of the brain. It is a relatively new discipline within medicine and neuroscience.
Neuroimmune System By definition the neuroimmune system is comprised of the immune system and those components of the nervous system that modulate immune response. In practice, the neuroimmune system also includes hormonal signals and cytokines that participate in signalling between the immune and nervous systems.
Neuroimmunology Neuroimmunology is a growing branch of biomedical science that studies of all aspects of the interactions between the immune system and nervous system. It deals with, among other things, the physiological functioning of the neuroimmune system in states of both health and disease; malfunctions of the neuroimmune system in disorders (autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency), the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the neuroimmune system in vitro, in situ, and in vivo.
Neurolinguistics Neurolinguistics is the science concerned with the human brain mechanisms underlying the comprehension, production, and abstract knowledge of language, be it spoken, signed, or written. By its nature an interdisciplinary endeavor, this field straddles the borders between linguistics, neurobiology, and computer science, among others.
Neurological examination The neurological examination is the physical examination of the nervous system. It attempts to identify or exclude signs of nervous system disease, and - if these signs are present - to produce a likely anatomical or physiological explanation that can be tested through medical imaging, neurophysiology, blood tests, lumbar puncture or a combination.
Neurological malignant syndrome Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a life-threatening, neurological disorder most often caused by an adverse reaction to neuroleptic or antipsychotic drugs. Symptoms include high fever, sweating, unstable blood pressure, stupor, muscular rigidity, and autonomic dysfunction.
Neurology Neurology is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the nervous system. Physicians specializing in the field of neurology are called neurologists and are trained to diagnose, treat, and manage patients with neurological disorders.
Neuromancer Neuromancer by William Gibson is the most famous early cyberpunk novel and won the so-called science-fiction "triple crown" (the Nebula Award, the Philip K. Dick Award, and the Hugo Award) after being published in 1984.
Neuromancer (game) Neuromancer is a computer adventure game created by Interplay Productions in 1988 and distributed by Mediagenic (a brand name that Activision was also known by). It was designed by Bruce Balfour, Michael Stackpole, Brian Fargo, and Troy A.
Neuromarketing Neuromarketing is a new field of marketing which uses medical technologies such as functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to study the brain's responses to marketing stimuli. Researchers use the fMRI to measure changes in activity in parts of the brain and to learn why consumers make the decisions they do, and what part of the brain is telling them to do it.
Neurometrics Neurometrics is the measurement of brain waves and activities in specific portions of the brain. Neurometrics are often used to compare the differences between a healthy and an unhealthy brain to determine what portions of a brain are afflicted by disease or psychological disorder.
Neuromodulation In neuroscience, Neuromodulation is the process in which several classes of neurotransmitters in the nervous system regulate diverse populations of neurons. As opposed to direct synaptic transmission in which one presynaptic neuron directly influences a postsynaptic partner, neuromodulatory transmitters secreted by a small group of neurons diffuse through large areas of the nervous system, having an effect on multiple neurons.
Neuromonitoring Neuromonitoring (also intraoperative neurological monitoring/IONM or surgical neurophysiology or simply intraoperative monitoring/IOM) is the practice of recording nerve signals and brainwaves during surgeries to reduce the risk of significant neuronal damage. Surgical procedures that most often require neuromonitoring include but are not limited to the following: carotid endarterectomy, anterior cervical diskectomy, instrumentation for spinal instability including pedicle screws, scoliosis correction, spinal cord untethering, and treatment of cranial base tumors, posterior fossa, microvascular decompression, intracranial aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations.
Neuromorphic The term neuromorphic was coined by Carver Mead, in the late 1980s to describe Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) systems containing electronic analog circuits that mimic neuro-biological architectures present in the nervous system. In recent times the term neuromorphic has been used to describe both analog, digital or mixed-mode analog/digital VLSI systems that implement models of neural systems (for perception, motor control, or sensory processing) as well as software algorithms.
Neuromuscular dentistry Neuromuscular dentistry is a form of dentistry that focuses on correcting misalignment of the jaw at the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). While conventional dentistry primarily concentrates on the teeth, gums, and bones, neuromuscular dentistry attempts to solve the root of the misalignment problem(s) by understanding the soft tissues, muscles, and nerves.
Neuromuscular disease Neuromuscular disease is a very broad term that encompasses many diseases and ailments that either directly (via intrinsic muscle pathology) or indirectly (via nerve pathology) impair the functioning of muscle. It tends to be particularly associated with human muscle, although most pathologies apply to animal muscle in general.
Neuromuscular Integrative Action Nia (Neuromuscular Integrative Action), pronounced "nee-ya", blends three dance arts (Isadora Duncan dance, modern dance, and jazz dance), three martial arts (aikido, tae kwon do, and tai chi) and three healing arts (Alexander Technique, yoga, and Feldenkrais). It is a form of aerobic exercise that can be practiced by people of nearly all ages and physical conditions.
Neuromuscular junction A neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the synapse or junction of the axon terminal of a motoneuron with the motor end plate, the highly-excitable region of muscle fiber plasma membrane responsible for initiation of action potentials across the muscle's surface, ultimately causing the muscle to contract. The signal passes through the neuromusclar junction via the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
Neuromuscular medicine The field of neuromuscular medicine is an emerging subspecialty of medicine which focuses on the comprehensive medical management of individuals with neuromuscular disorders. This includes, but is not limited to, disorders of peripheral nerves, muscle and neuromuscular junctions.
Neuromuscular therapy During the last several decades, neuromuscular therapy (NMT) has emerged as a significant methodology for assessing, treating and preventing soft tissue injuries and chronic pain. NMT, a series of manual treatment protocols based on the practitioner’s skill, anatomy knowledge and precise palpatory application, has found its home, not only in the treatment rooms of massage therapy, but also in occupational and physical therapy, nursing, chiropractic, osteopathic and physical medicine clinics worldwide, as well as in many forward-looking Primary Care practices.
Neuromuscular-blocking drugs Neuromuscular-blocking drugs block neuromuscular transmission at the neuromuscular junction, causing paralysis of the affected skeletal muscles. This is accomplished either by acting presynaptically via the inhibition of acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis or release, or by acting postsynaptically at the acetylcholine receptor.
Neuron Neurons (also known as neurones, nerve cells and nerve fibers) are electrically excitable cells in the nervous system that function to process and transmit information. In vertebrate animals, neurons are the core components of the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves.
Neuron (synthesizer) An electronic musical instrument designed and built by industry designer Axel Hartmann of the German company Hartmann Music in the years 2001-2005. The Neuron synthesizer used an Artificial Neural Network to create a digital computer model from sampled sounds, implementing a new synthesis technology which was developed by Stephan Bernsee at Prosoniq.
Neuron doctrine The neuron doctrine is the now fundamental idea that neurons are the basic structural and functional units of the nervous system. The theory was put forward by Santiago RamĂłn y Cajal in the late 19th century.
Neuronal calcium sensor Neuronal Calcium Sensor is a large family of proteins which work as calcium dependent molecular switch and includes members like Frequenin (NCS1), recoverin, GCAP, neurocalcin, visinin etc. All the members carry 4 EF hand motifs (out of which only 2 or 3 bind calcium) and an N-myristoyl group.
Neuronal calcium sensor-1 NCS1 or neuronal calcium sensor-1 is a member of Neuronal calcium sensor family which, are EF hand containing calcium-myristoyl-switch proteins. This neuronal protein is called frequenin in the invertebrates and thus named homolog of Drosophila Frequenin and its official symbol is FREQ.
Neuronal noise Neuronal noise is the term that describes random activity of neurons that presumably is not associated with encoding of behaviorally relevant variables. Many neuroscientists consider neuronal noise a factor that limits the capacity of information processing by the brain.
Neuronal tuning Neuronal tuning refers to the property of brain cells to selectively represent a particular kind of sensory, motor, or cognitive information. For example, an auditory system neuron best responding to the sound of particular frequency is said to be tuned to that frequency.
Neuropathy, ataxia, and retinitis pigmentosa Neuropathy, ataxia, and retinitis pigmentosa (NARP) is a condition that causes a variety of signs and symptoms chiefly affecting the nervous system. Beginning in childhood or early adulthood, most people with NARP experience numbness, tingling, or pain in the arms and legs (sensory neuropathy); muscle weakness; and problems with balance and coordination (ataxia).
Neurophenomenology Neurophenomenology is a hybrid scientific methodology that combines neuroscience with phenomenological philosophy in order to study consciousness. It is an interdisciplinary approach, the label for which was coined by Charles Laughlin, John McManus and Eugene d'Aquili in their 1990 book, Brain, Symbol and Experience: Toward a Neurophenomenology of Consciousness (New York: Columbia University Press).
Neurophysin I Neurophysin I is a carrier protein with a size of 10 KDa and containing 90 to 97 aminoacids that transports neurohypophysial hormones along axons, from the hypothalamus to the posterior lobe of the pituitary. This protein is necessary to prevent diffusion of peptide hormones out of the axons.
Neurophysiology Neurophysiology is a part of physiology as a science, which is concerned with the study of low-level functioning of the nervous system. It is closely connected with neurobiology, psychology, neurology, clinical neurophysiology, electrophysiology, ethology, higher nervous activity, neuroanatomy, cognitive science and other brain sciences.
Neuroplasticity Neuroplasticity (variously referred to as brain plasticity or cortical plasticity) refers to the changes that occur in the organization of the brain, and in particular changes that occur to the location of specific information processing functions, as a result of the effect of learning and experience. A common and surprising consequence of brain plasticity is that the location of a given function can "move" from one location to another in the brain due to repeated learning or brain trauma.
Neuropoiesis Neuropoiesis is the process by which conditionally non-specific cells, classically neural stem cells, differentiate into neurons or glia (not microglia which are proposed to have a monocytic or macrophage-like origin). The mechanisms involved are numerous and not completely understood.
Neuropreservation Neuropreservation is cryopreservation of the human brain with the intention of future resuscitation and regrowth of a healthy body around the brain. Usually the brain is left within the head for physical protection, so the whole head is cryopreserved.
Neuroprosthetics Neuroprosthetics is an area of neuroscience concerned with neural prostheses, developing artificial devices to replace or improve the function of an impaired nervous system. The neuroprosthetic seeing the most widespread use is the cochlear implant, with approximately 100,000 in use worldwide as of 2006.
Neuroprotection The term neuroprotection means mechanisms within the nervous system which protect neurons from apoptosis or degeneration, for example following a brain injury or as a result of chronic neurodegenerative diseases. The word derives from the words "neuron" (Greek for nerve cell) and "protection" (Latin for "saving").
Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychiatry, as a subspecialty of Psychiatry, is the branch of medicine dealing with mental disorders attributable to diseases of the nervous system. It is closely related to the field of Behavioral Neurology, which is a subspecialty of Neurology that addresses clinical problems of cognition and/or behavior caused by brain injury or brain disease.
Neuropsychological assessment Neuropsychological assessment was traditionally carried out to assess the extent of impairment to a particular skill and to attempt to locate an area of the brain which may have been damaged after brain injury or neurological illness. With the advent of neuroimaging techniques, location of space-occupying lesions can now be accurately determined so the focus has now moved onto the measurement of cognition and behaviour, including examining the effects of any brain injury or neuropathological process that a person may have experienced.
Neuropsychological test Neuropsychological tests are specifically designed tasks used to measure a psychological function known to be linked to a particular brain structure or pathway. They usually involve the systematic administration of clearly defined procedures in a formal environment.
Neuropsychopharmacology Technical advancements in recent years have allowed progress toward the understanding of the brain and how drugs can be made to affect it. The term increasingly used to include all of the biological science involved is,
Neuros Technology Neuros Technology is a Chicago-based company that produces a number of audio and video devices with the brand name Neuros. The company was previously a division of Digital Innovations and operated under the name Neuros Audio.
Neuroscience Neuroscience is a field that is devoted to the scientific study of the nervous system. Such studies may include the structure, function, development, genetics, biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology, and pathology of the nervous system.
Neurosciences Institute The Neurosciences Institute is a nonprofit research institute that is focused upon "high risk - high payoff" research designed to discover the biological basis of higher-brain function in humans and other animals. NSI was founded in 1981 by Nobel laureate Gerald Edelman in New York City.
Neuroscientist A neuroscientist is an individual who studies the scientific field of neuroscience or any of its related sub-fields. Neuroscience as a distinct discipline separate from anatomy, neurology, physiology, psychology, or psychiatry is fairly recent, aided in large part by the advent of newer, faster computing methods and neuroimaging techniques.
Neuroshima Neuroshima is a Polish role playing game system set in a postapocalyptic world, inspired by such games and films as Mad Max, Fallout, The Matrix, Terminator and Deadlands: Hell on Earth. It is published by Wydawnictwo Portal (Portal Publishing House) and it is currently available only in Polish.
Neurosis Neurosis, also known as psychoneurosis or neurotic disorder, is a "catch all" term that refers to any mental imbalance that causes distress, but, unlike a psychosis or some personality disorders, does not prevent rational thought or an individual's ability to function in daily life. It is particularly associated with the discipline/school of psychoanalysis, which is not to be confused with psychology or psychiatry.
Neurosis & Jarboe "Neurosis & Jarboe" was a collaboration effort between the metal/post-hardcore group Neurosis, and the former Swans keyboardist/vocalist Jarboe. They released their self-titled debut album in 2003 on Neurot Recordings.
NeuroSolutions NeuroSolutions is a neural network development environment developed by NeuroDimension. It combines a modular, icon-based (component based) network design interface with an implementation of advanced learning procedures, such as conjugate gradients, Levenberg-Marquardt and backpropagation through time.
Neurotechnology Neurotechnology is the set of tools that analyze and influence the human nervous system, especially the brain. These technologies include neural modeling simulations, biological computers, human-brain interfaces, any of various neuron and brain mapping technologies, and psychopharmaceuticals.
Neurotheology Neurotheology, also known as biotheology, is the study of the neural basis of spirituality. Neurotheology deals with the neurological and evolutionary basis for subjective experiences traditionally categorized as spiritual.
Neurotically Yours Neurotically Yours is a flash cartoon series created by iLL WiLL PreSS (the online pseudonym of Jonathan Ian Mathers, and the name of his online company) about a squirrel named Foamy, who is the pet of a goth girl named Germaine (voiced by Dawn Bennett). The cartoons are mainly located on the ill WiLL PreSS website, in addition to numerous external websites, such as Friends of Foamy.
Neuroticfish Neuroticfish is the name of a German musical project whose styles borrow from futurepop and synthpop, as well as other types of electronic music. It currently releases music on the Dancing Ferret Discs record label.
Neurotoxicity Neurotoxicity occurs when the exposure to natural or manmade toxic substances (neurotoxicants) alters the normal activity of the nervous system. This can eventually disrupt or even kill neurons, key cells that transmit and process signals in the brain and other parts of the nervous system.
Neurotoxin A neurotoxin is a toxin that acts specifically on nerve cells – neurons – usually by interacting with membrane proteins and ion channels. Many of the venoms and other toxins that organisms use in defense against vertebrates are neurotoxins.
Neurotransmitter Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are used to relay, amplify and modulate electrical signals between a neuron and another cell. According to the prevailing beliefs of the 1960s, a chemical can be classified as a neurotransmitter if it meets the following conditions:
Neurotransmitter receptor A neurotransmitter receptor is a receptor protein on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific ligand, such as a neurotransmitter, antagonist, etc. with a wide range of differing reactions from the cell receiving the sygnal, triggering anything from activation to inhibition.
Neurotransmitter transporter Neurotransmitter transporters are proteins that span cellular membranes and that serve to carry neurotransmitters across these membrans and to transport them specific locations. There are more than twenty types of neurotransmitter transporters.
Neurotrophin-1 Neurotrophin-1 (NNT-1) is also known as B cell-stimulating factor-3 (BSF-3) and is a cytokine belonging to the interleukin-6 family. It is a secreted protein, found predominantly in lymph nodes and spleen, which contains 225 amino acids with a molecular mass of 22 kDa in its mature form.
Neurotypical "Neurotypical" (or "NT") is a neologism used to describe a person whose neurological development and state are typical, conforming to what most people would perceive as normal. It is a combination of the prefix neuro- (referring to the nervous system) and word typical.
NeuRFon The neuRFon project (named for a combination of "neuron" and "RF") was a research program begun in 1999 at Motorola Labs to develop ad hoc wireless networking for wireless sensor network applications. The biological analogy was that, while individual neurons were not very useful, in a large network they became very powerful; the same was thought to hold true for simple, low power wireless devices.
Neusalza-Spremberg Neusalza-Spremberg is a town in the district Löbau-Zittau, in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It is situated on the border with the Czech Republic, on the river Spree, 6 km northwest of Ebersbach, and 17 km southeast of Bautzen.
Neuschwanstein Neuschwanstein Castle (German: Schloss Neuschwanstein, lit. New Swan Stone Castle; IPA pronunciation: ) is a late 19th century castle in Germany, near Hohenschwangau and FĂĽssen in southwest Bavaria, not far from the Austrian border at approximately .
Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the west and clockwise) the districts of Würzburg, Kitzingen, Bamberg, Erlangen-Höchstadt, Fürth and Ansbach, and by the state of Baden-Württemberg (district Main-Tauber).
Neustadt (Waldnaab) (district) Neustadt (Waldnaab) is a district in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the south and clockwise) the districts of Schwandorf, Amberg-Sulzbach, Bayreuth and Tirschenreuth, and by the Czech Republic (Plzen Region).
Neustadt an der Aisch Neustadt an der Aisch (Neustadt/A.) is a small town in the northern part of Bavaria (Germany), within the franconian administrative region Middle Franconia, and it is the capital of the german district Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim (Abbreviation on German car number plates is NEA).
Neustadt in Sachsen Neustadt in Sachsen is a town in the Sächsische Schweiz district, in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It is situated near the border with the Czech Republic, 35 km east of Dresden (centre), and 23 km southwest of Bautzen.
Neustadt International Prize for Literature The Neustadt International Prize for Literature is a biennial award for literature sponsored by the University of Oklahoma and World Literature Today. Authors, including poets, novelists, and playwrights are eligible for the US$50,000 prize, which is unusual for an international literary prize.
Neustrašivi Učitelji Stranih Jezika Neustrašivi Učitelji Stranih Jezika (English: Fearless Teachers of Foreign Languages) is a Serbian pop band which has been selected to represent Serbia in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2006 in Bucharest, Romania. They sang the song Učimo strane Jezike (Learning foreign languages).
Neustria The territory of NeustriaSometimes Neustrasia. originated in 511, made up of the regions from Aquitaine to the English Channel, approximating most of the north of present-day France, with Paris and Soissons as its main cities.
Neutering Neutering, from the Latin neĹter (of neither type), is the removal of an animal's reproductive organ, either all of it or a considerably large part of it. It is the most drastic surgical procedure with sterilizing purposes.
Neutral buoyancy Neutral Buoyancy is a condition in which a physical body's mass equals the mass it displaces in a surrounding medium. This negates the effect of gravity that would otherwise cause the object to [An object that has neutral buoyancy will neither sink nor float.
Neutral Bay, New South Wales Neutral Bay is a suburb on the lower North Shore of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Neutral Bay is located 5kms north of the Sydney central business district, in the local government areas of North Sydney Council.
Neutral Beam Injection In order to initiate a sustained fusion reaction, it is usually necessary to use many methods to heat the plasma, including RF heating, electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH), ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH), and neutral beam injection.
Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory The Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory or NBL is a training facility for astronauts maintained by NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. The NBL consists of a large pool of water in which astronauts may perform simulated EVA tasks in preparation for upcoming missions, for example, construction activities related to the International Space Station (ISS).
Neutral country A neutral country takes no side in a war between other parties, and in return hopes to avoid being attacked by either of them. A neutralist policy aims at neutrality in case of an armed conflict that could involve the party in question.
Neutral current Weak Neutral current interactions are one of the ways in which subatomic particles can interact by means of the weak force. These interactions are mediated by the Z0 boson, and the interaction is called 'neutral' because the Z0 has no electric charge.
Neutral direct-current telegraph system In telecommunication, a neutral direct-current telegraph system (single-current system, single-current transmission system, single-More system) is a telegraph system in which (a) current flows during marking intervals and no current flows during spacing intervals for the transmission of signals over a line, and (b) the direction of current flow is immaterial.
Neutral level In semiotics the neutral level of a sign is the "trace" left behind, the physical or material creation or remains of esthesic and poietic processes, levels, and analyses of symbolic forms. A part of all signs according to a tripartitional definition, it corresponds to Saussure's "sound-image" (or "signified", thus Pierce's "representamen").
Neutral monism Neutral monism, in philosophy, is the metaphysical view that existence consists of one kind (hence monism) of primal substance, which in itself is neither mental nor physical, but is capable of mental and physical aspects or attributes.
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