Encyclopedia

Open Document Interchange Format The Open Document Interchange Format is the binary transport part of the standard document file format described in the Open Document Architecture, created by the ITU-T to replace proprietary document file formats.
Open Door Policy The Open Door Policy is a concept in foreign affairs stating that, in principle, all nations should have equal commercial and industrial trade rights. As a theory, the Open Door Policy originates with British commercial practice, as was reflected in treaties concluded with China after the Opium War (1939-1942).
Open Doors Open Doors is a non-denominational Christian mission supporting persecuted Christian believers in countries where Christianity is socially or legally discouraged or oppressed. It was founded in 1955 by Anne van der Bijl, a Dutchman more widely known as Brother Andrew, who made his first Bible-smuggling trip to communist-ruled Eastern Europe.
Open economy An open economy is an economy in which people, including businesses, can trade in goods and services with other people and businesses in the international community at large. This contrasts with a closed economy in which international trade cannot take place.
Open educational resources The term "Open Educational Resources" was first adopted at UNESCO's 2002 Forum on the Impact of Open Courseware for Higher Education in Developing Countries funded by the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. Open Educational Resources are digitized materials offered freely and openly for educators, students and self-learners to use and re-use for teaching, learning and research.
Open end spinning Open end spinning is a technology for creating yarn without using a spindle. It was invented and developed in Czechoslovakia in Výzkumný ústav bavlnářský / Cotton Researching Institute in Ústí nad Orlicí in the year 1963.
Open ended gameplay Open ended gameplay first used in Rockstars Grand Theft Auto series had quickly spread through the gaming developers creating numerous games around the theme. Open ended gameplay essentially means that the game has no set path e.
Open ePolicy Group The Open ePolicy Group is a global network of technology experts, currently based at the Berkman Center for Internet & Society, a policy center at Harvard Law School. Created in September 2005, the Open ePolicy Group provides policymakers and managers with thought leadership and tools related to leading technology issues.
Open evangelical Open Evangelical refers to a particular Christian school of thought or Churchmanship primarily in the United Kingdom (especially in the Church of England which emphasizes traditional Evangelical and Orthodox emphases on the nature of scriptural authority, the teaching of the creeds, and other traditional doctrinal teachings, while tending to espouse more flexible stands in their engagement with culture and other theological points of view.
Open Education Software Foundation The Open Education Software Foundation (OESF) is an organization dedicated to promoting the development and use of open source software in Educational Institutions of all sizes. OESF maintains projects primarily hosted by sourceforge.
Open Enrollment Open enrollment (also known as annual enrollment) is a period of time, usually but not always occurring once per year, when employees of a company may make additions, changes or deletions to their elected fringe benefit options. In most cases, employees can only make changes in benefits elections during open enrollment or when they have experienced a specific qualifying event.
Open for Business Open for Business (OFB) is an online general interest publication with a technology bent. It features articles on a variety of topics, including computers, technology, politics, current events, theology and philosophy.
Open format An open format is a published specification for storing digital data, usually maintained by a non-proprietary standards organization, and free of legal restrictions on use. For example, an open format must be implementable by both proprietary and free/open source software, using the typical licenses used by each.
Open front rounded vowel The open front rounded vowel is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is &.
Open Firmware Open Firmware (also, OpenBoot) is a hardware-independent firmware (computer software which loads the operating system), developed by Mitch Bradley at Sun Microsystems, and used in post-NuBus PowerPC-based Apple Macintosh computers, Sun Microsystems SPARC based workstations and servers, IBM POWER systems, PegasosPPC systems, and the laptop designed by OLPC among others. It is available under a BSD license.
Open gaming Open gaming is the movement within the role-playing game (RPG) industry that is somewhat analogous to the open source software movement. "Open gaming" can also be used to refer to a type of game event, typically at game conventions, where players are free to join at any time.
Open government Open government is the political doctrine that holds that the business of government and state administration should be opened at all levels to effective public scrutiny and oversight. In its broadest construction it opposes reason of state and national security considerations which uphold the utility and necessity of extensive state secrecy.
Open Gaming License The Open Gaming License (also Open Game License or OGL) is an open content license designed for role-playing games. It was published by Wizards of the Coast in 2000 to license their Dungeons & Dragons 3rd edition game as the System Reference Document, or SRD, in a move spear-headed by Ryan Dancey.
Open Geospatial Consortium The Open Geospatial Consortium, or OGC, is an international voluntary consensus standards organization. In the OGC, more than 330+ commercial, governmental, nonprofit and research organizations worldwide, collaborate in an open consensus process encouraging development and implementation of standards for geospatial content and services, GIS data processing and exchange.
Open Government Information Awareness The Open Government Information Awareness was a project at MIT to provide US citizens with software tools to construct a database on the US government. As of November 2004 the project is no longer being developed.
Open Graphics Project The Open Graphics Project (OGP) aims to design an hardware / open architecture and standard for graphics cards, primarily targeting free software / open source operating systems. The project will first be developing reprogrammable development and prototyping boards, but aims to eventually produce a full-featured and competitive end-user graphics card.
Open Grid Forum The Open Grid Forum (OGF) is the community of users, developers, and vendors leading the global standardization effort for grid computing. It was formed in 2006 in a merger of the Global Grid Forum and the Enterprise Grid Alliance.
Open Grid Services Architecture The Open Grid Services Architecture (OGSA) describes an architecture for a service-oriented grid computing environment for business and scientific use, developed within the Global Grid Forum (GGF). OGSA is based on several other Web service technologies, notably WSDL and SOAP, but it aims to be largely agnostic in relation to the transport-level handling of data.
Open Grid Services Infrastructure The Open Grid Services Infrastructure (OGSI) was published by the Global Grid Forum (GGF) as a proposed recommendation in June 2003. It was intended to provide an infrastructure layer for the Open Grid Services Architecture (OGSA), OGSI takes the statelessness issues (along with others) into account by essentially extending Web services to accommodate grid computing resources that are both transient and stateful.
Open handed drumming Open handed playing refers to a method of playing a drumset in which the hands are not crossed to play the hi-hat and snare drum. Instead of playing with crossed arms, drummers who employ this method play with their arms open, hence the name "open handed playing".
Open hashing Open hashing is any hash method, where the data indexed by the hash is stored externally to the hash table. The data is initially divided up into groups, for instance each group might store ten items, and allocation be done on a first come, first served basis.
Open hearth furnace Open hearth furnaces are one of a number of kinds of furnace where excess carbon and other impurities are burnt out of pig iron to produce steel. Since steel is difficult to manufacture due to its high melting point, normal fuels and furnaces were insufficient and the open hearth furnace was developed to overcome this difficulty.
Open Hack Day This article is a stub and could use expansion to better describe the general structure of an Open Hack Day, the specific instance of the first Open Hack Day, additional key media and blog coverage of Open Hack Day, and future Open Hack Day planning efforts.
Open Healthcare The Open Healthcare group is working on the promotion of the formal specification of requirements for representing and communicating electronic health record (EHR) information. It is an industry group promoting the use and development of open-source healthcare software.
Open High School Open High School is an alternative public high school in urban Oregon Hill in Richmond, Virginia. It was established in 1972 with the intention of helping students become independent, self-determined thinkers and learners.
Open House (film) Open House is a 2004 real estate musical film starring Ann Magnuson, Anthony Rapp, Sally Kellerman and Kellie Martin, and directed by Dan Mirvish, a co-founder of the Slamdance Film Festival. It played on the film festival circuit in 2004-2005 and was released on DVD through Wellspring Media.
Open House (TV series) Open House was a Fox sitcom (August 27, 1989–July 21, 1990), and spinoff from Duet. Starring Alison LaPlaca as Linda, the former studio executive who brought the same zeal pushing costly houses for Juan Verde Real Estate as she did working at World Wide Studios, Open House also had Mary Page Keller and Chris Lemmon continuing their roles as Laura and Richard.
Open House London Open House London is an organisation which promotes appreciation of architecture by the general public. It organises tours, lectures, educational projects for children and so on, but it is best known for Open House Weekend, a two day event which takes place on one weekend each September throughout London.
Open House Party Open House Party is an American radio show hosted on Saturday nights by John Garabedian that promotes itself as "the biggest party on the planet." It focuses on playing contemporary hit radio (CHR) music, also known as Top 40.
Open implementation In computing, open implementation platforms are systems where the implementation is accessible. Open implementation allows developers of a program to alter pieces of the underlying software to fit their specific needs.
Open interest (futures) Open interest is the number of "open" contracts of derivatives like futures and options that have a time limit after which they expire. Open interest in a derivative is the sum of all contracts that have not expired, been exercised or physically delivered.
Open Invention Network The Open Invention Network (OIN) is a company that acquires patents and offer them royalty free "to any company, institution or individual that agrees not to assert its patents against the Linux operating system or certain Linux-related applications" (Press release of November 10, 2005 in New York City], the company was founded on [[November 10, 2005 by IBM, Novell, Philips, Red Hat, and Sony. Gerald Rosenthal is the chief executive of the company.
Open Inventor Open Inventor, originally IRIS Inventor, is a C++ object oriented “retained mode” 3D graphics API designed by SGI to provide a higher layer of programming for OpenGL. Its main goals are better programmer convenience and efficiency.
Open Jedi Project The Open Jedi Project, abbreviated OJP, is an open source modification for Raven Software's Star Wars Jedi Knight: Jedi Academy. It aims to work on fun, interesting, and useful game features from which everyone can benefit.
Open kinetic chain exercises Open Kinetic Chain Exercises (OKCE) These exercises are performed typically where the hand or foot is free to move. These exercises are typically non-weight bearing, with the movement occurring at the elbow or knee joint.
Open Knowledge Open Knowledge is a term used to denote a set of principles and methodologies related to the production and distribution of knowledge goods in an open manner. Knowledge is interpreted broadly to include data -- scientific, historical, geographic or otherwise, content such as music, films or books, and all other forms of information, for example that produced by government and other administrative bodies.
Open Knowledge Base Connectivity Open Knowledge Base Connectivity (OKBC) is a protocol and an API for accessing knowledge in knowledge representation systems like ontology repositories or object-relational databases. It is somewhat complementary to the Knowledge Interchange Format that serves as a general representation language for knowledge.
Open letter to the Sixteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China Open letter to the Sixteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China was a petition from political activists in the People's Republic of China which urged the Chinese Communist Party to introduce political reforms.
Open list Open list describes any variant of party-list proportional representation where voters have at least some influence on the order in which a party's candidates are elected. This as opposed to closed list, which allows the usually much fewer, active, voting party members to determine the order of its candidates and gives the voter no influence at all on the position of the candidates placed on the party list.
Open Letter to Hobbyists The Open Letter to Hobbyists was an open letter written by Bill Gates, the founder of Microsoft, to early personal computer hobbyists, in which Gates expresses dismay at the rampant copyright infringement taking place in the hobbyist community, particularly with regard to his company's software.
Open market operations Open market operations are the means of implementing monetary policy by which a central bank controls its national money supply by buying and selling government securities, or other instruments. Monetary targets, such as interest rates or exchange rates, are used to guide this implementation.
Open marriage acceptance The lack of social acceptance for open marriage deals with the generally negative attitudes toward open marriage in Western societies, the reasons for those negative attitudes, and the consequences of those negative attitudes for couples in open marriages.
Open matte Open matte is a filming technique that involves matting out the top and bottom of the film frame in the movie projector (known as a soft matte) for the widescreen theatrical release and then scanning the film without a matte (at Academy ratio) for a fullscreen home video release.
Open mines doctrine The open mines doctrine is a term of real property. Under the open mines doctrine depletion of natural resources constitutes waste (law) unless consumption of such resources constitutes normal use of the land, as in the case of a life estate in coal mine or a granite quarry.
Open mobile terminal platform The Open Mobile Terminal Platform (or OMTP) is a set of evolving recommendations created by the operator-sponsored OMTP group for providing a common application framework for mobile phones. The specification is 'air interface' and 'handset operating system' agnostic.
Open music Open Music is music that is shareable, available in "source code" form, allows derivative works and is free of cost for non-commercial use. It is the concept of "open source" computer software applied to music.
Open Media Commons The Open Media Commons, sometimes referred to as the Open Media Commons initiative, is a computer industry group whose goal is to "develop open, royalty-free digital rights management and codec solutions". One of their largest supporters is Sun Microsystems, who released their internal digital rights management (DRM) project, Project DReaM, as part of the Open Media Commons initiative on 22 August 2005.
Open Media Framework Interchange Open Media Framework (OMF) or Open Media Framework Interchange (OMFI) is a platform-independent file format intended for transfer of digital media between different software applications. It is used by programs like Avid, Final Cut Pro, SONAR, Nuendo, Cubase, Logic Pro and Pro Tools.
Open Middleware Infrastructure Institute The Open Middleware Infrastructure Institute UK (OMII-UK) aims to provide software and support to enable a sustained future for the UK e-Science community and its international collaborators. Through their website at http://www.
Open Mike with Mike Bullard Open Mike with Mike Bullard was a Canadian late-night talk show which aired from 1997 to 2003 late-nights on CTV and on the Comedy Network in primetime. It was hosted by comedian Mike Bullard and initially taped at a crowded studio at the back of Wayne Gretzky's restaurant in Toronto, Ontario before CTV moved the show to the refurbished Masonic Temple.
Open Mind Common Sense Open Mind Common Sense is an artificial intelligence project based at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Media Lab whose goal is to build a large common sense knowledge base from the contributions of many thousands of people across the Web. Since its founding in 1999, it has accumulated more than 700,000 English facts from over 15,000 contributors.
Open Morris Open Morris is one of the three umbrella groups for morris dance sides in England. It was formed primarily by members of Fenstanton Morris (an early mixed sex dance side operating near Huntingdon) in the early 1980s as a response to the male-only policy of the Morris Ring and the female-only riposte of the Morris Federation (although, by 1980, the Morris Federation had already dropped their female-only policy in favour of one that allowed mixed teams and would by the mid-80s allow all-male teams to join as well although several female only sides were against the idea of mixed dancing, just as much against it in fact as were Ring sides).
Open MPI Open MPI is a project combining technologies and resources from several other projects (FT-MPI, LA-MPI, LAM/MPI, and PACX-MPI) in order to build the best Message Passing Interface (MPI) library available. A completely new MPI-2 compliant implementation, Open MPI offers advantages for system and software vendors, application developers and computer science researchers.
Open Music Model The Open Music Model is an economic and technological framework for the recording industry proposed in 2003, which suggests that the only viable system for distributing music online is through a DRM-free peer-to-peer file sharing system. It is based on earlier research conducted at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Open Music System Open Music System (OMS) is a virtual studio management application by Opcode for the Classic Mac OS. Similar to FreeMIDI by Mark of the Unicorn and Audio MIDI Setup by Apple, OMS is used to manage MIDI devices by providing applications and the Mac OS with information regarding the physical setup of MIDI devices connected to the computer.
Open network architecture In telecommunications, and in the context of Federal Communications Commission's (FCC) Computer Inquiry III, Open network architecture (ONA) is the overall design of a communication carrier's basic network facilities and services to permit all users of the basic network to interconnect to specific basic network functions and interfaces on an unbundled, equal-access basis.
Open Network Computing Remote Procedure Call ONC RPC, short for Open Network Computing Remote Procedure Call, is a widely deployed remote procedure call system. ONC was originally developed by Sun Microsystems as part of their Network File System project, and is sometimes referred to as Sun ONC or Sun RPC.
Open outcry Open outcry is the name of a method of communication between professionals on a stock exchange or futures exchange which involves shouting and the use of hand signals to transfer information primarily about buy and sell orders.
Open Ocean Performance Sixties The Open Ocean Performance Sixty, or simply Open 60, is a class of trimaran racing yacht defined by the Ocean Racing Multihull Association. These boats are specified to be between 59 and 60 feet long and are intended to compete in a variety of events.
Open patent The open patent movement seeks to build a portfolio of patented inventions that can freely be distributed under a copyleft-like license. These works could be used as is, or improved, in which case the patent improvement would have to be re-licensed to the institution that holds the original patent, and from which the original work was licensed.
Open politics The open politics theory combines aspects of the free software and open content movements with multilateral assumptions of postmoderism. It promotes decision making methods claimed to be a more open, less antagonistic, and more capable of determining what is in the public interest with respect to public policy issues.
Open pollination Open pollination is pollination by insects, birds, wind, or other natural mechanisms. The seeds of open-pollinated plants will produce new generations of those plants; however, because breeding is uncontrolled and the pollen (male parent) source is unknown, open pollination results in plants that vary widely in genetic traits, characteristics.
Open position In couples dancing, open position refers to positions in which partners are connected primarily at the hands as opposed to closer body contact, as in closed position. The connection is through the hands, wrists, and fingers, and relies heavily on frame and the compression and tension of both partners' arms.
Open Peer Commentary Open Peer Commentary was first implemented by the anthropologist Sol Tax (1907-1995), who founded the journal Current Anthropology, published by University of Chicago Press in 1959. It consists of soliciting (and publishing) commentary on a peer-reviewed "target article" from a dozen or more specialists across disciplines, co-published with the author's response.
Open Platform Management Architecture Open Platform Management Architecture (OPMA) is an open, royalty free standard for connecting a modular, platform hardware management subsystem (an "mCard") to a computer motherboard. Platform hardware management generally refers to the remote monitoring of platform hardware variables such as fan speed, voltages, CPU and enclosure temperatures along with a wide range of other sensors.
Open Polar Sea The Open Polar Sea was a hypothesized ice-free ocean surrounding the North Pole. This unproven (and eventually, demonstrated false) theory was once so widely believed that many exploring expeditions used it as justification for attempts to reach the North Pole by sea, or to find a navigable sea route between Europe and the Pacific across the North Pole.
Open Publication License Open Publication License is a license used for creating free and open publications created by the Open Content Project. The license is generally focused at academics, however some artists have found it suitable to their tastes.
Open quantum system In physics, an open quantum system is a quantum system which is found to be in interaction with an external quantum system, the environment. The open quantum system can be viewed as a distinguished part of a larger closed quantum system, the other part being the environment.
Open Quartz Open Quartz is a free/open source 3D computer game that belongs to the first-person shooter genre. The goal of the project is to develop open content for the Quake engine to substitute for Quake's proprietary game content.
Open reading frame An open reading frame or ORF is a portion of an organism's genome which contains a sequence of bases that could potentially encode a protein. In a gene, ORFs are located between the start-code sequence (initiation codon) and the stop-code sequence (termination codon).
Open rescue Open rescue is a term for a form of direct action practiced by certain animal rights and animal welfare activists. The aim of open rescue is to rescue animals perceived to be in pain and suffering, generally and to give these animals veterinary treatment and humane living conditions while also documenting the living conditions at the place they were held.
Open research In the spirit of free and open source software (F/OSS), open research is conducted in much the same way. Its "source code" is made public, that is, its sources and methodologies are open to scrutiny and the results are publicly provided, often posted on the internet free to download.
Open road tolling Open road tolling (ORT) is the collection of tolls on toll roads in three or more adjacent lanes without the use of lane dividing barriers or toll-booths. The major advantage to ORT is that users are able to drive through at highways speeds without having to slow for barriers.
Open Record Book Open Record Book, started in 2006 as the first truly open-content and free record maintainer and source reference. While Wikipedia maintains records submitted freely, there is no organized effort to determine the veracity of submitted records as with other official record sites.
Open Regulatory Annotation Database The Open Regulatory Annotation Database database contains information about regulatory regions, transcription factor binding sites, regulatory variants and haplotypes. It is designed to promote community-based curation of regulatory information.
Open Relay Behavior-modification System Open Relay Behavior-modification System (ORBS) was one of the first DNS-based Blackhole List (DNSBL), a means by which a internet domain may publish a list of IP addresses, in a database which can be easily queried automatically by other computer programs on the Internet.
Open Rights Group The Open Rights Group (ORG) is a UK-based organisation that hopes to preserve digital rights and freedoms by serving as a hub for other cyber-rights groups campaigning on similar digital rights issues. Like the EFF, it will campaign against the entertainment industry's attempts to limit what people can do with digital media, as well as highlighting a variety of privacy related issues.
Open Road (Gary Barlow song) Open Road was the title track and fourth and originally final single from ex-Take That member Gary Barlow's solo debut album Open Road. Due to So Help Me Girl's lack of succees in not makeing the UK Singles Chart's Top 10 it was to be the final single from the album, however due to its success a fifth single Hang On In There Baby was released which was another failure in itself.
Open Road Racing Open Road Racing is a form of regularity rally carried out at high speeds on closed public highways, most commonly in sparsely populated parts of the Southwestern United States. Competitors attempt to set specified average speeds which can range from 80mph to 150mph or higher along courses ranging between 50 and 90 miles in length.
Open Root Server Network Open Root Server Network (ORSN) is a network of root nameservers for the Internet, operating since February 2002. Its root zone information is normally kept in synchronization with that of the network coordinated by ICANN.
Open sandwich An open sandwich, also known as an open face sandwich or open faced sandwich, is a sandwich consisting of one slice of bread with one or more food items on top of it. Technically a half bagel with cream cheese and lox is an open sandwich.
Open science Open Science is a general term representing the application of various Open approaches (Open Source, Open Access, Open Data) to scientific endeavour. It can be partially represented by the Mertonian view of Science but more recently there are nuances of the Gift economy as in Open source culture applied to science.
Open sentence In the jargon of the new mathematics of the 1960s, an open sentence is a sentence in which there are specific numbers which, when used to replace the variables, will allow the resulting expression to evaluate to true.
Open set In topology and related fields of mathematics, a set U is called open if, intuitively speaking, you can "wiggle" or "change" any point x in U by a small amount in any direction and still be inside U.
Open settlement protocol The Open settlement protocol (OSP) is a client/server protocol that Internet service providers use to exchange authorization, accounting, and usage information to support IP telephony. OSP is defined by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) Project TIPHON (and Internet Protocol Harmonization Over Networks).
Open shell In the context of atomic orbitals, an open shell is a valence shell which is not completely filled with electrons or which has not given all of its valence electrons through chemical bonds with other atoms or molecules during a chemical reaction. The valence shell of most common elements must contain eight electrons to be completely filled (at least for Periods 2 and 3).
Open shop In terms of United States labor relations, an open shop is a place of employment at which one is not required to join a labor union as a condition of hiring or continued employment. Open shops are required by law in right-to-work jurisdictions and employers such as the Federal government of the United States.
Open source Open source describes the principles and methodologies to promote open access to the production and design process for various goods, products and resources. The term is most commonly applied to the source code of software that is made available to the general public with either relaxed or non-existent intellectual property restrictions.
Open source codecs and containers This is a listing of open-source multimedia codecs and container formats. That doesn't necessarily mean that further restrictions (such as software patents) don't exist for these codecs and formats, which is the case for many of them, like MP3.
Open source curriculum An open source curriculum (OSC) is an online instructional resource that can be freely used, distributed and modified. OSC is based on the open source practice of creating products or software that opens up access to source materials or codes.
Open source governance Open source governance advocates the application of the philosophies of the open source movement to democratic principles, to enable any interested citizen to add to the creation of new policy—rather like a wiki document. Legislation is democratically opened to the general citizenry in this way, allowing policy development to benefit from the collected wisdom of the people as a whole.
Open source hardware Open source hardware refers to computer and electronic hardware that is designed in the same fashion as free and open-source software. Open source hardware is part of the open source culture that takes the open source ideas to fields other than software.
Open source healthcare Open source healthcare primarily refers to open source software and technology for use in the healthcare industry. Examples of this would include open source software for electronic medical record , Electronic health record and drivers for medical devices.
Open source intelligence Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) is an intelligence gathering discipline that involves collecting information from open sources and analyzing it to produce usable intelligence. In the Intelligence Community, the term "open" refers to overt, publicly available sources (as opposed to covert or classified sources); it is not related to open-source software.
Open source intelligence services Open source intelligence services are as diverse and tailored as one can imagine. The specific services listed in the NATO Open Source Intelligence Handbook include data conversion; database construction and stuffing; document acquisition, human intervention; imagery interpretation & annotation, indexing & abstracting; international studies analysis; modeling & simulation; online collection; open source intelligence portals; private investigation; scientific & technical analysis; signals processing; and telephone surveys (also known as primary research).

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