Encyclopedia

Orient Steam Navigation Company The Orient Steam Navigation Company, also known as the Orient Line, was a British shipping company with roots going back to the late eighteenth century. From the early twentieth century onwards an association began with P&O that eventually culminated in the the Orient Line being totally absorbed into that company in the 1960s.
Orient Thai Airlines Orient Thai Airlines (Thai: โอเรียนท์ไทยแอร์ไลน์) is a scheduled and chartered and international passenger airlines based in Bangkok, Thailand. Its main base is Suvarnabhumi Airport.
Orientability Intuitively, a surface S in the Euclidean space R3 is non-orientable, if a figure such as the figure can be moved around the surface and back to where it started so that it looks like , its mirror image. (This figure was chosen because it cannot be continuously moved to its mirror-image within a plane).
Oriental and India Office Collections The Oriental and India Office Collections (OIOC) form a significant part of the holdings of the British Library in London, England. The collections include the documents from the India Office Library and Records, relating to the entire history of British involvement in India and other parts of the eastern world, as well as materials in the languages of Asia and of north and north-east Africa.
Oriental Adventures Oriental Adventures is the title shared by two hardback rulebooks published for different versions of the Dungeons & Dragons (D&D) fantasy roleplaying game. Each version of Oriental Adventures provides rules for adapting its respective version of D&D for use in campaign settings based on the Far East, rather the medieval Europe-setting assumed by most D&D books.
Oriental Bay Oriental Bay is a suburb of Wellington, the capital city of New Zealand. Located close to the CBD on Wellington Harbour, it has the closest beach to the centre of the city and is thus a popular spot both for living and for visiting.
Oriental Cuckoo The Oriental Cuckoo Cuculus saturatus is a species of cuckoo found in South Asia. It breeds in northern Eurasia and the Himalayas, migrating to southeast Asia and the Greater Sunda Islands (where resident races also occur) for the winter.
Oriental despotism In sociology, Oriental Despotism is a polemical term used to describe a despotic form of government that opposes the western tradition. Historically, the term's meaning has varied and today it is hardly ever used at all, largely because of all the issues surrounding the concept of orientalism.
Oriental Greenfinch The Oriental Greenfinch or Grey-capped Greenfinch (Carduelis sinica) is a small passerine bird in the finch family Fringillidae. If the genus Carduelis is split up, this species would go into Chloris with the other greenfinches and the Desert Finch.
Oriental Heroes (manhua) Oriental Heroes is a popular Hong Kong-based manhua created by writer Wong Yuk Long, a writer responsible for also creating a number of other popular manhua titles. It was created in 1970, and it continues to be published today.
Oriental Holdings Oriental Holdings Berhad's has a reputation within the Malaysian motor industry having successfully built up an unknown brand from its beginning to the No 1 Best Selling Passenger Car in the non-national passenger car segment in Malaysia.
Oriental Honey Buzzard The Oriental Honey Buzzard, Pernis ptilorhynchus, is a bird of prey in the family Accipitridae which also includes many other diurnal raptors such as kites, eagles and harriers. This species is also known as Oriental Honey-buzzard and Crested Honey Buzzard.
Oriental insurance The Oriental Insurance Company Ltd was incorporated at Bombay on 12th September 1947. The Company was a wholly owned subsidiary of the Oriental Government Security Life Assurance Company Ltd and was formed to carry out General Insurance business.
Oriental Institute Oriental Institute is a name given to a number of institutions of higher education throughout the world that are engaged in the study of Asian culture, languages and history. Traditionally, such institutes focus on the historic Near East, but this is not necessarily the case today.
Oriental Institute, Oxford The Oriental Institute of the University of Oxford is home to the University's Faculty of Oriental Studies. It is engaged in research and teaching of a wide range of disciplines covering modern and historical Asian languages and culture.
Oriental Longhair The Oriental Longhair, formerly known as the British Angora, is a breed of cat that features a tubular, Siamese-style body (known in the cat fancy as oriental type), but with a longer coat than the short-haired Siamese. The coat can also come in a variety of colors and patterns, including tabby, "tortie", and solid.
Oriental Magpie Robin The Oriental Magpie Robin, Copsychus saularis, is a small passerine bird that was formerly classed as a member of the thrush family Turdidae, but is now more generally considered to be an Old World flycatcher, family Muscicapidae. It is also known as Oriental Magpie Robin, Straits Robin and Magpie.
Oriental Mindoro Oriental Mindoro (Filipino: Silangang Mindoro) is a province of the Philippines located in the MIMAROPA region in Luzon. Its capital is Calapan City and occupies the eastern half of the island of Mindoro; Occidental Mindoro is at the western half.
Oriental Orthodoxy The term Oriental Orthodoxy refers to the communion of Eastern Christian Churches that recognize only the first three ecumenical councils — the First Council of Nicaea, the First Council of Constantinople and the Council of Ephesus — and reject the dogmatic definitions of the Council of Chalcedon. Hence, these Churches are also called Old Oriental Churches.
Oriental rug An authentic oriental rug is a handmade carpet that is either knotted with pile or woven without pile. Oriental-design rugs made by machine or any method other than hand knotting or hand weaving are not considered authentic oriental rugs.
Oriental Skylark The Oriental Skylark (Alauda gulgula), also known as Oriental Lark or Small Skylark, is a species of skylark found in South Asia and South-East Asia. Like other skylark species it is found in open grassland often next to waterbodies and has a display flight in which it rockets up into the sky and flutters with continual singing before descending down to earth.
Oriental Sports Daily Apart from China Sports, Oriental Sports Daily, which was called Xinmin Sports, was the first Chinese sports newspaper. After the investment from the three great communism companies, it was renamed to be Oriental Sports Daily, which was set up on May 18, 2002.
Oriental Stork The Oriental Stork, Ciconia boyciana is a large, up to 115cm long, white bird with black wing feathers. It is closely related and resembles the European White Stork, of which it was formerly often treated as a subspecies.
Oriental Youngmen's Association The Oriental Youngmen's Association was founded in Japan 1900 to facilitate the cultivation of friendship between Japanese and Indian and other Asian students studying in Japan. This was published in the Japan Gazette.
Orientalism Orientalism is the study of Near and Far Eastern societies and cultures, languages and peoples by Western scholars. It can also refer to the imitation or depiction of aspects of Eastern cultures in the West by writers, designers and artists.
Orientalism (book) Orientalism is a 1978 book by Edward Said that marked the beginnings of post-colonial studies. In his book Said suggests that all discourse, particularly discourse about other cultures, is inherently ideological.
Orientalium Ecclesiarum Orientalium Ecclesiarum is the Decree on the Catholic Churches of the Eastern Rite from the Second Vatican Council. One of the shorter such documents, it was passed by the assembled bishops by a vote of 2,110 to 39 and promulgated by Pope Paul VI on November 21, 1964.
Orientalizing Period The Orientalizing Period is a cultural and art historical period, informed by the art of Syria and Phoenicia, which started during the later part of the 8th century BCE in Ancient Greece. It encompasses a new, Orientalizing style, spurred by a period of increased cultural interchange in the Aegean world.
Orientation (film) Orientation: A Scientology Information Film is a 1996 short film shown by the Church of Scientology to individuals before they attend their first Scientology service. A confidentiality agreement must be signed before watching it.
Orientation (mental) Orientation is a function of the mind involving awareness of three dimensions: time, place and person. Problems with orientation lead to disorientation, and can be due to various conditions, from delirium to intoxication.
Orientation (rigid body) The orientation of an object in space is the choice of positioning it with one point held in a fixed position. Since the object may still be rotated around its fixed point, position of the fixed point is not enough to completely describe the object.
Orientation week Orientation week is the first week of the academic year at a university or other tertiary institution, and a variety of events are held to help orientate and welcome new students. It goes by a variety of names in different countries.
Oriented strand board Oriented strand board, or OSB, is an engineered wood product formed by layering strands (flakes) of wood in specific orientations. In appearance it has a rough and variegated surface with the individual strips (around 2.
Orienteering Orienteering is a running sport involving navigation with a map and compass. The traditional form (sometimes referred to as "Foot Orienteering" or "Foot-O") involves cross-country running, though other forms have evolved.
Orienting response Orienting response, also called orienting reflex, is the reflex that causes an organism to respond immediately to a change in its environment. The term was coined by Ivan Pavlov, who also referred to it as the "What is it?
Orienting system The orienting system describes a system whereby reflexive and more controlled eye movements are initiated as part of the attentional response. The orienting system involves the Superior Colliculus, magno cells in the Pulvimar(Thalamus) and the secondary and tertiary areas of the extrastriate cortex e.
Orifice plate An orifice plate is a device which measures the rate of fluid flow. It uses the same principle as a Venturi nozzle, namely Bernoulli's principle which says that there is a relationship between the pressure of the fluid and the velocity of the fluid.
Origami Warriors Origami Warriors (Taiwanese translation: Origami Fighters, Chinese: 摺紙戰士, Korean: 접지전사, Japanese: 折紙戦士, 聖天折紙戦士ドラファラード(仮).) is a manga series of Jhou, Sian-Zong (周顯宗) in Ching-Win Publishing (青文出版社), Hong Kong/Taiwan (1990).
Origamic architecture Origamic architecture involves the three-dimensional reproduction of architecture, geometric patterns, and everyday objects, on various scales, using cut-out and folded paper, usually thin cardboard. Visually, these creations are comparable to intricate 'pop-ups', indeed, some works are deliberately engineered to possess 'pop-up'-like properties.
Origanum Origanum is a genus of about 20 species of aromatic herbs in the family Lamiaceae, native to the Mediterranean region east to eastern Asia. The genus includes some important culinary herbs, including Marjoram and Oregano.
Origin (comics) Origin is a six-issue comic book limited series published by Marvel Comics from November 2001 to July 2002, written by Bill Jemas, Joe Quesada and Paul Jenkins, and illustrated by Andy Kubert (pencils) and Richard Isanove (color).
Origin (demo CD) Origin was the first full length demo CD released by Rock band Evanescence on the Big-Wig Enterprises label. Although some people consider this to be Evanescence's first album, the lead singer Amy Lee has explicitly said that she doesn't consider it to be an album but rather a "dressed up" demo CD.
Origin (magazine) Origin magazine was an American poetry magazine founded in 1951 by Cid Corman, its longstanding editor, and Charles Olson, provided an early platform for the work of Olson, Robert Creeley, Gary Snyder and Theodore Enslin, among other poets.Carlson, Michael, "Cid Corman/ Poet who was behind the literary magazine Origin", obituary in The Guardian], [[April 15, 2004
Origin (software) Origin is scientific graphing and data analysis software package, produced by OriginLab Corporation, that runs on Microsoft Windows. All operations can be executed through either graphically (through menus or dialog boxes) or programaticly.
Origin and development of the Qur'an Regarding the origin and development of the Qur'an, Islamic scholars proceed with the assumption that the Qur'an is exactly the same today as when it was revealed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The majority of secular scholars have adopted a number of other views, none of which assume divine origin.
Origin of language The origin of language (glottogony, glossogeny) is a topic that has been written about for centuries, but the ephemeral nature of speech means that there is almost no data on which to base conclusions on the subject. We know that, at least once during human evolution, a system of verbal communication emerged from proto-linguistic or non-linguistic means of communication, but beyond that little can be said.
Origin of Pallava The Pallava were a Southern Indian dynasty who established their capital at Kanchipuram in early the 4th century CE. Initially, Pallavas were in Andhra country (Palnadu) and became independent after the eclipse of Satavahanas and Ikshvakus.
Origin of Rajputs The Rajputs (from the Sanskrit tatpurusha compound rājaputra, "son of a king") are a community in northern India and Gujarat. While present-day Rajasthan and Gujarat have been the main centers of the Rajputs, their clans have had a long and significant presence in other states.
Origin of Rashtrakutas The origin of Rashtrakuta empire has been a controversial topic and has been debated over the past decades by various historians. The differing opinions balance on the question of whether the kings of the empire were of Kannada, Maratha, Reddi or Rajput origin.
Origin of the Bagratid dynasties The Origin of the Bagratid dynasties – Bagratuni in Armenia and Bagrationi in Georgia – were the longest-reigning royal families in the Caucasus (and in Europe), starting as princely houses and attaining to the royal status in both countries in the 9th century. The origins of the Bagratids are disputed though more widely accepted version has it that the both dynasties had common roots, beginning in Armenia and branching later into Georgia.
Origin of the Basques The origin of the Basque people has been shrouded in mystery. The Basques have occupied much the same area of northern Spain and southern France for thousands of years, extending further eastward and northwards into Gascony and the Pyrenees, as attested by archaeological and toponymical evidence, and speak a language whose ties to other living languages are unclear at best.
Origin of the Chachapoyas According to the analysis of the Chachapoyas's objects made by the Antisuyo expeditions of Amazon Archaeology Institute, the Chachapoyas do not exhibit Amazon cultural tradition. Their cultural goods have Andean roots.
Origin of the name California The toponym California is currently used by three North American sub-federal entities – in the United States, by the State of California; and in Mexico, by the State of Baja California (or "Lower California") and the State of Baja California Sur (or "South Lower California") – and many other places in other parts of the world.
Origin of the name Kainuu Origin of the name Kainuu has been a disputed subject among Finnish historians and linguistics. The reason for the controversy is the speculated connection between areas known as Kainuu and Kvenland, both historical lands in Fennoscandia.
Origin of the name Kven Origin of the name Kven is not clear. The name appears for the first time in the 9th century in a Norwegian account about Kvenland and is still in usage today indicating a Finnish speaking Kven minority in northern Norway.
Origin of the Nilotic peoples The Nile Valley is dominated by the longest river in the world, stretching from the Great Lakes of East Africa, to the Ethiopian Highlands, and northward track into cultivated Egypt. Extending over 4,000 miles, the Nile River drains an area exceeding 1 million square miles and supported over 50 million people in the mid-1960s.
Origin of the Romanians The Romanians (also sometimes referred to along with other Balkan Latin peoples as Vlachs) are a nation speaking Romanian, a Romance language, and living in Central and Eastern Europe. The Origin of the Romanians has been for a long time disputed and there are two basic theories:
Origin of water on Earth The origin of water on Earth, in particular the question of why there is clearly more water on the Earth than on the other planets of the solar system has, until today, not been clarified. There are various popular theories as to how the world's oceans were formed over the past 4.
Origin Recognition Complex Protein ORC or Origin Recognition Complex Protein is a multisubunit complex existing in the replication procedure of DNA. It marks the replication origin by binding to and marking ori sequences in all eukaryotes in an ATP-dependent manner.
Origin story In comic book terminology, the phrase origin story refers to a story or backstory revealing how a character or team gained superpowers, or the circumstances under which they became superheroes or supervillains.
Original 106 Original 106fm is a radio station broadcasting to the Solent region of southern England, centred on the towns and cities of Portsmouth, Southampton and Bournemouth. It was awarded its broadcast licence in September 2005 and launched on October 1, 2006.
Original 21 Original 21 is the largest and most dedicated AEK Athens FC supporters club. The first attempt to organise AEK supporters was Gate 21 (formed in 1975), which took its name from the gate in the Nikos Goumas Stadium, Nea Filadelfia, where the most hardcore fans gathered.
Original affluent society The "Original affluent society" is a theory postulating that hunter-gatherers were the original affluent society. This theory was first articulated by Marshall Sahlins at a symposium entitled "Man the Hunter" held in Chicago in 1966.
Original Advocacy Original Advocacy is a type of speech event practiced in California High School Speech Association event, in which the speaker writes a persuasive speech and delivers it in competition. It is often referred to as 'OA', it is the Californian High School version of persuasive speeches.
Original Amiga chipset The Original Chip Set (OCS) was a chipset used in the earliest Commodore Amiga computers. It was succeeded by the slightly improved Enhanced Chip Set (ECS) and greatly improved Advanced Graphics Architecture (AGA).
Original blessing Original blessing is a concept in the theology of Episcopal Matthew Fox and others that offers a more optimistic theological doctrine of creation, anthropology, and hamartiology or sin than that of classical Christian theology. Specifically, this concept is raised as a counterpoint to original sin.
Original Design Manufacturer An Original Design Manufacturer (ODM) is a company which manufactures a product which ultimately will be branded by another firm for sale. Such companies allow the brand firm to produce (either as a supplement or solely) without having to engage in the organization or running of a factory.
Original equipment manufacturers An original equipment manufacturer (frequently abbreviated "OEM") is a company that builds products or components which are used in products sold by another company (often called a value-added reseller, or VAR). An OEM will typically build to order based on designs of the VAR.
Original English-language manga Original English-language manga or "OEL manga" are comic books or graphic novels whose language of original publication is English and which are created by comic artists and writers influenced by Japanese anime and manga. OEL manga often feature an artistic style characterized by large, expressive eyes, exaggerated hairstyles and body types, and other stylistic features found in popular Japanese manga currently translated in English.
Original Equipment Manufacturer An original equipment manufacturer (frequently abbreviated OEM) is a company that builds products or components that are used in products sold by another company (often called a value-added reseller, or VAR). An OEM will typically build to order based on designs of the VAR.
Original Highlands The Original Highlands is a neighborhood and Historic Preservation District in Louisville, Kentucky, USA. The neighborhood was built on land surveyed in 1774 and granted to Colonial William Preston, surveyor of Fincastle County, Virginia.
Original character An original character, or OC, is a character created by a fanfic author or roleplayer for an established canon storyline. For instance, if someone were to write a story set in Tolkien's Middle-earth, but focused on a person who was not in the original novels, the new character would be an OC.
Original jurisdiction The original jurisdiction of a court refers to matters on which the court rules in the first instance, as opposed to matters in which it reviews the decision of another court. The latter is appellate jurisdiction.
Original Jazz Classics Original Jazz Classics (or OJC) was started in 1983 as a record label of Fantasy Records. Under this name facsimiles of original editions of jazz LPs have been reissued on CD and formerly on LP and cassette also.
Original Joe's Original Joe's is the name of a well known pair of restaurants in Downtown San Jose, California and the Tenderloin neighborhood of San Francisco, California. They serve a wide variety of foods, themed more toward Italian food, however other more mainstream American favorites like cheeseburgers are available.
Original Memphis Five The Original Memphis Five was a New Orleans jazz quintet founded in 1917 by trumpeter Phil Napoleon and pianist Frank Signorelli. The group made many recordings between 1921 and 1931, sometimes under different names, including Ladd's Black Aces and Carolina Cotton Pickers.
Original Net Animation ONA (Original Net Animation) is an acronym used in Japan for anime titles that are directly released onto the Internet. It is a relatively new form of animation distribution that has not been widely adopted, but has been made possible by the increasing amount of Internet Streaming media websites in Japan.
Original Night Stalker Original Night Stalker is the nickname for an unidentified serial killer and rapist who murdered six people in Southern California from 1980 through 1986. His crimes are totally unrelated to Richard Ramirez, a serial killer who was dubbed The Night Stalker, or to the 1970s television show of the same name.
Original Oratory Original Oratory (often shortened to "OO") is an event in the National Forensic League, National Catholic Forensic League, and other high school forensics competitions in which competitors deliver an original speech on a subject of their choosing, though the speech must be factual. Though the rules for the category change from organization to organization, generally, an Oratory must be written and memorized by the performer and should be no more than ten minutes in length.
Original position The original position is a hypothetical situation created by American philosopher John Rawls as a thought experiment to replace the imagery of a savage state of nature of prior political philosophers like Thomas Hobbes. In social contract theory, persons in the state of nature agree to the provisions of a contract that defines the basic rights and duties of citizens in a civil society.
Original proof of Gödel's completeness theorem The proof of Gödel's completeness theorem given by Kurt Gödel in his doctoral dissertation of 1929 (and a rewritten version of the dissertation, published as an article in 1930) is not easy to read today; it uses concepts and formalism that are outdated and terminology that is often obscure. The version given below attempts to faithfully represent all the steps in the proof and all the important ideas, while restating the proof in the modern language of mathematical logic.
Original Penguin Original Penguin is an apparel company that sells clothing, footwear, and eyewear. It was established in 1955 by Munsingwear, a Minneapolis-based underwear and military garment store, when it introduced the original Original Penguin golf-shirt in the United States.
Original Pilipino Music Original Pilipino Music (frequently abbreviated to OPM) originally referred only to Filipino pop songs, especially those in the ballad form; such as songs popularized in the 1970s through the mid-1990s by major commercial Filipino pop artists like Ryan Cayabyab, Sharon Cuneta, Kuh Ledesma, Zsa Zsa Padilla, Martin Nievera, Gary Valenciano, Basil Valdez, Rey Valera, Regine Velasquez and the APO Hiking Society. In the passage of time as well as the development of many diverse and alternative musical styles in the Philippines, however, the term OPM now refers to any type of Original Philippine Music created in the Philippines or composed by individuals of Philippine extraction, regardless of location at the time when composed.
Original research Original research is research that is not exclusively based on a summary, review or synthesis of earlier publications on the subject of research. The purpose of the original research is to produce new knowledge, rather than to present the existing knowledge in a new form (e.
Original righteousness Original righteousness is a concept in Roman Catholic theology relating to the Edenic state of sinlessness. According to this doctrine, Adam and Eve were created without sin (a point that all Christian churches agree upon), and this original righteousness meant that a number of conditions that are now "natural" did not apply.
Original sin According to Christian tradition, original sin is the general condition of sinfulness (lack of holiness) into which human beings are born (Psalm 51:5). Original sin is also called hereditary sin, birth sin, or person sin.
Original Shannara Trilogy The Original Shannara Trilogy consists of the first three Shannara novels (The Sword of Shannara, The Elfstones of Shannara and The Wishsong of Shannara) by Terry Brooks. Though not originally written as a trilogy, the novels were recently published as The Sword of Shannara Trilogy by Del Rey.
Original Sin - The Collection Original Sin - The Collection is a compilation of hits and album tracks released by Australian rock band INXS in 2004 spanning the albums "INXS", "Underneath the Colours", "Shabooh Shoobah", "'The Swing'", "Listen Like Thieves" and "Kick".
Original Sin (Doctor Who) Original Sin is an original novel written by Andy Lane and based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. It introduces the Seventh Doctor's new companions Roz Forrester and Chris Cwej.
Original Six The Original Six is the term used by fans of ice hockey in United States and Canada to refer to the six teams that made up the National Hockey League from the 1942-43 season to the league's expansion of 1967. They are:
Original Soundtrack 1:Beck Original Soundtrack 1:Beck was an original soundtrack album for the anime and manga Beck. This album is the main soundtrack for Beck, containing all the songs used in the anime (excluding instrumental background score).
Original Stars Hockey League The Original Stars Hockey League (OSHL) was an attempt to create a league of professional ice hockey teams playing four-on-four games during the 2004 National Hockey League lockout that followed the expiration of the league's collective bargaining agreement with the NHL Player's Association.
Original Stories from Real Life Original Stories from Real Life with Conversations calculated to Regulate the Affections, and Form the Mind to Truth and Goodness, published in 1788, is the only work of children's fiction by Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797). First published by Joseph Johnson, the book was reissued in 1791 with engravings by William Blake.
Original video animation , abbreviated , is a term used for anime titles that are released direct-to-video, without prior showings on TV or in theaters. OVA titles were originally available on VHS, though they later became available on other media such as Laserdisc and DVD.
Originalism In the context of United States constitutional interpretation, originalism is a family of theories which share the starting point that a Constitution (or statute) has a fixed and knowable meaning which is established at the time of passage or ratification. A neologism, "originalism" is a formalist theory of law, which is closely intertwined with textualism.
Origination of Organismal Form Origination of Organismal Form: Beyond the Gene in Developmental and Evolutionary Biology (ISBN 0-262-13419-5) is a book edited by Gerd MĂĽller and Stuart Newman. It explores the multiple factors that may have been responsible for the origination of biological form in multicellular life.
Origines Origines ("Origins") is the title of a historical work by Marcus Porcius Cato, commonly known as Cato the Elder. Origines no longer survives as a complete text, but substantial fragments are known because they were quoted by later Latin authors.
Origins Award The Origins Awards, presented by the Academy of Adventure Gaming Arts and Design, are presented at the Origins International Game Expo for outstanding work in the game industry. Awards are given for the previous year, so (for example) the 1979 awards were given at the 1980 expo.
Origins in Humanity in Cross-breeding Recent genetic research indicates that the human race may be descended from the hybrids of cross-breeding between Chimpanzees and other early primates. The analysis, by David Reich, Nick Patterson and colleagues at the Broad Institute in Cambridge, Massachusetts, is reported in the New York Times, May 18, 2006.
Origins of Humanity in Interbreeding "Modern humans are actually hybrids created by millennia of interbreeding between early hominids and chimpanzees," according to geneticist James Mallet and other MIT and Harvard scientists, as quoted in the newsmagazine This Week, June 9, 2006. The interbreeding began about 6.

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