Encyclopedia

Place Saint-Sulpice The large square of Place Saint Sulpice, which is dominated on the east side by the enormous church of Saint-Sulpice, was built in 1754 in the quiet, tranquil gardens of the Latin Quarter of the VIe arrondissement of Paris.
Place Stanislas The Place Stanislas, known colloquially as the place Stan', is a large pedestrianized square in Nancy, Lorraine, France. Since 1983, the architectural ensemble comprising the Place Stanislas and the extension of its axis, the Place de la Carrière and Place d'Alliance, has been on the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Place theory (hearing) Place theory is a theory of hearing which states that our perception of sound depends on where each component frequency produces vibrations along the basilar membrane. Therefore, the pitch of a pure tone would be determined by where the membrane vibrates.
Place Viger Place Viger was both a grand hotel and railway station in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, constructed in 1898 and named after Jacques Viger, Montreal's first mayor. Although combined stations and hotels were common in the United Kingdom in the late 19th century, the concept was unique to Canada.
Place-based education Place-based education, sometimes called experiential education, community-based education, education for sustainability, environmental education or more rarely, service learning, is an educational philosophy developed largely by Professor David Sobel, Project Director of the Antioch College New England Institutethough educators have used its principles for decades. Place-based education promotes learning focused in students’ own “place” or immediate schoolyard, neighbourhood, town or community.
Placebo A placebo is a medicine or preparation which has no inherent pertinent pharmacologic activity but which is effective only by virtue of the factor of suggestion attendant upon its administration. The substance may be ingested, injected, inserted, inhaled or applied.
Placebo (at funeral) An obsolete usage of the word placebo was to mean someone who came to a funeral claiming (often falsely) a connection with the deceased, to try to get a share of any food and/or drink being handed out at the funeral. This usage originated from the phrase "placebo Domino in regione vivorum" in the Roman Catholic Church's Office of the Dead ritual.
Placebo Effect (Doctor Who) Placebo Effect is an original novel written by Gary Russell and based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. It features the Eighth Doctor and Sam and includes brief appearances by the characters of Stacy and Ssard, created by Russell for the Radio Times Doctor Who comic strip.
Placeholder name Placeholder names are words that refer to objects or people whose names are either irrelevant or unknown in the context which it is being discussed. "Whatchamacallit" (for objects) and "Whatshisname" or "Whatshername" (for men and women, respectively) are defining examples.
Placemaking Placemaking is a term that began to be used beginning in the 1970s by architects and planners to describe the process of creating squares, plazas, parks, streets, and waterfronts that will attract people because they are pleasurable or interesting. Placemaking is often characterized by a focus on human activities and community involvement.
Placement Year A Placement Year is often part of a 4 year sandwich degree course, in which you partake in a year in industry, normally after your second year at University. They can also be referred as industrial placements, internships or simply a year out.
Placentia-Yorba Linda Unified School District The Placentia-Yorba Linda Unified School District (PYLUSD) is a public school district that serves Placentia, Yorba Linda and parts of Anaheim, Brea, and Fullerton located in Orange County, California. The school district covers 45 square miles and employs 2,500 people.
Placeopedia Placeopedia is an online gazetteer which integrates Google Maps images (including satellite photos) and Wikipedia encyclopedia articles using user-generated content. Placeopedia was constructed by UK-based mySociety and started in September 2005.
Placer deposit In geology, a placer deposit or placer is an accumulation of alluvium or eluvium containing valuable minerals which is formed by deposition of dense mineral phases in a trap site. The name is from the Spanish word placer, meaning "sand bank".
Placer Theatre Ballet Placer Theatre Ballet is the official ballet company for Placer County, California, USA, and holds performances in Auburn, California. Practice for this company takes place at the school The Conservatory of Dance in Rocklin, California.
Placerias Placerias was a dicynodont (a group of mammal-like reptiles) that lived during the late Carnian age of the Triassic Period. It was a member of the family Kannemeyeridae, the last known representative of the group in North America.
Places in the Heart Places in the Heart is a 1984 drama film which tells the story of a Southern widow who tries to keep her farm together with the help of a blind man and an African-American man. It stars Sally Field, Lindsay Crouse, Ed Harris, Amy Madigan, John Malkovich and Danny Glover.
Places in the works of Madeleine L'Engle Madeleine L'Engle has published more than fifty books, including twenty-three novels, virtually all of them interconnected by recurring characters and locales. In particular, L'Engle's three major series have a consistent geography, including a number of significant fictional locations.
Places I Never Meant to Be Places I Never Meant to Be is a book edited by Judy Blume and first published in 1999. The book is a collection of short stories written by authors who have been censored or banned in some form in the United States.
Places of interest in and around Ernakulam Ernakulam (Malayalam : എറണാകുളം ) refers to the western part of the mainland of Kochi city in Kerala, India. Ernakulam is the most urbanised part of Kochi and has lent its name to Ernakulam District.
Places of worship in Warsaw This article is a list of places of worship in Warsaw, Poland, both current and historical. It includes Catholic, Uniate, Protestant and Orthodox churches, as well as synagogues and shrines of other denominations.
Places of Worship near Thrissur City Thrissur is acclaimed as the Cultural Capital of Kerala state of south India, and is the head quarters of the Thrissur District. The demographic set up of the city provides a fine example of peaceful co-existence of different communities.
Placeshifting Placeshifting can be defined as watching or listening to live, recorded or stored media on a remote device via the internet or over a data network. This is not to be confused with time shifting, which is watching or listening to recorded media locally.
Placetas Placetas is a city in the Villa Clara Province in the center of Cuba, with a population of 42,000. Close towns include Zulueta (to the north), San Juan de los Remedios (to the northeast), Cabaiguán and Fomento (to the east), and Santa Clara and Camajuani (to the west).
Placid Ark Placid Ark was an Australian thoroughbred foaled in Western Australia. His sire Arkenstone was a winning son of Western Australian champion sire Zvornik (Horse) and his dam Northern Queen a daughter of USA import Star of the North.
Placido Columbani Placido Columbani, Italian architectural designer, who worked chiefly in England in the latter part of the 18th century. He belonged to the school of the Adams and Pergolesi, and like them frequently designed the enrichments of furniture.
Placode A placode is an area of thickening in the embryonic epithelial layer where some organ or structure later develops. The term usually refers to cranial placodes, peripheral nervous system structures associated with the special senses and cranial ganglia.
Placodont Placodonts ("Tablet teeth") were a group of marine reptiles that lived during the Triassic period, becoming extinct at the end of the period. It is believed that they were related to the Sauropterygia, the group that includes Plesiosaurs.
Placostylus Placostylus, or flax snails, are a genus of large terrestrial gastropod molluscs of the family Bulimulidae, endemic to the island groups of the Melanesian Plateau; the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji, Lord Howe Island, and Northland in New Zealand including offshore islands. There are arboreal species, which are thin-shelled, and ground dwelling species that are solid and often massive in their shell structure.
Placostylus ambagiosus ambagiosus Placostylus ambagiosus ambagiosus is a large rare terrestrial gastropod mollusc in the family Bulimulidae, endemic to Northland in the North Island of New Zealand. It is found off Cape Maria van Diemen on Motuopao Island, around the roots of flax bushes.
Placostylus ambagiosus annectens Placostylus ambagiosus annectens is a large rare terrestrial gastropod mollusc in the family Bulimulidae, endemic to the Spirits Bay area of Northland in the North Island of New Zealand. It is found at an altitude of about 900 ft between Spirits Bay and Tom Bowling Bay, in mixed forest, and also near the mouth of the Huka Stream.
Placostylus ambagiosus consobrinus Placostylus ambagiosus consobrinus is a large rare terrestrial gastropod mollusc in the family Bulimulidae, endemic to Cape Maria van Diemen in Northland in the North Island of New Zealand. It is found in a similar area to Placostylus ambagiosus worthyi, but is of more recent occurrence and survives in a few places in flax clumps.
Placostylus ambagiosus gardneri Placostylus ambagiosus gardneri is an extinct large terrestrial gastropod mollusc in the family Bulimulidae, endemic to the North Cape area in Northland in the North Island of New Zealand. It is subfossil in consolidated sand dunes at Tom Bowling Bay, Waikuku, and Whareana.
Placostylus ambagiosus hinemoa Placostylus ambagiosus hinemoa is an extinct large terrestrial gastropod mollusc in the family Bulimulidae, endemic to the Cape Maria van Diemen area in Northland in the North Island of New Zealand. It is found only on the offshore island of Motuopao, subfossil in consolidated dunes.
Placostylus ambagiosus michiei Placostylus ambagiosus michiei is a large rare terrestrial gastropod mollusc in the family Bulimulidae, endemic to the North Cape area in Northland in the North Island of New Zealand. It is found on the Kerr Point herbfield, along the seaward edge of a plateau.
Placostylus ambagiosus pandora Placostylus ambagiosus pandora is a large rare terrestrial gastropod mollusc in the family Bulimulidae, endemic to the Spirits Bay area of Northland in the North Island of New Zealand. It is found in rocky scree under cover of Muehlenbeckia and Phormium (flax), in a a small forest remnant, containing Corynocarpus laevigatus (karaka) trees.
Placostylus ambagiosus watti Placostylus ambagiosus watti is a large rare terrestrial gastropod mollusc in the family Bulimulidae, endemic to the North Cape area in Northland in the North Island of New Zealand. It is found between Waikuku Beach and North Cape, under cover of coastal forest on cliff faces.
Placostylus ambagiosus whareana Placostylus ambagiosus whareana is a large rare terrestrial gastropod mollusc in the family Bulimulidae, endemic to the North Cape, New Zealand area in Northland in the North Island of New Zealand. It is found at Whareana, between Waikuku Beach and Parengarenga Heads, in mixed forest.
Placostylus ambagiosus worthyi Placostylus ambagiosus worthyi is an extinct large terrestrial gastropod mollusc in the family Bulimulidae, endemic to Cape Maria van Diemen in Northland in the North Island of New Zealand. It is found only as a subfossil weathering out of consolidated sand dunes.
Placostylus bollonsi arbutus Placostylus bollonsi arbutus is a large rare terrestrial gastropod mollusc in the family Bulimulidae, endemic to the Three Kings Islands of New Zealand. It is found at an altitude of about 700 ft in forest, mainly under the canopy of rangiora.
Placostylus bollonsi caperatus Placostylus bollonsi caperatus is a large rare terrestrial gastropod mollusc in the family Bulimulidae, endemic to the Three Kings Islands of New Zealand. It is found at an altitude of about 500 ft under cover of stunted ngaio (Myoporum) scrub.
Placostylus hongii Placostylus hongii is a large rare terrestrial gastropod mollusc in the family Bulimulidae, endemic to Northland in the North Island of New Zealand. It is found from Whangaroa to Bream Head, the Poor Knights Islands, Chicken Island, and Great Barrier Island, but most of the mainland colonies are now extinct.
Plaek Pibulsonggram Field Marshal Plaek Pibulsonggram (Thai แปลก พิบูลสงคราม or ป. พิบูลสงคราม, lastname sometimes spelled Phibunsongkhram, Phibul Songkhram or Pibul Songgram) (July 14, 1897–June 11, 1964) was Prime Minister and military dictator of Thailand from 1938 to 1944 and 1948 to 1957.
Plaggen soil Plaggen is a type of soil created in Europe in the Middle Ages, as a result of so called 'plaggen cultivation', created by cutting turves of peat from an outfield area, and then using them as bedding for cattle; the slurry-soaked bedding was later spread on the arable fields as fertilizer. Over time, this created a very rich agricultural soil which could be over 1m in depth—unlike our modern arable soils, which tend to be just 30 cm deep.
Plagiarism Plagiarism is the practice of claiming, or implying, original authorship, or incorporating material from someone else's written or creative work in whole or in part, into ones own, without adequate acknowledgment. The written or creative work which is plagiarized may be a book, article, musical score, film script, or other work.
Plagio climax community This is an area or habitat in which the influences of the human race, have prevented the system from expanding further, an example may be in a beach dune system where the impact of the human race has caused footpath erosion to occur, affecting the vegetation so that feet trampling on the dune plants eventually destroys them.
Plagioclase Plagioclase is a very important series of tectosilicate minerals within the feldspar family. Rather than referring to a particular mineral with a specific chemical composition, plagioclase is a solid solution series, more properly known as the plagioclase feldspar series (from the Greek "oblique fracture", in reference to its two cleavage angles).
Plagiosternum Plagiosternum (plae-jee-oh-ster-num, meaning "sideways breastbone") was a poorly known middle Triassic amphibian that is native to Spitzbergen. It's feeding habit was believed to be raising it's head underwater to suck in fish.
Plague Column A plague column is a sculpture in form of a column that used to be erected in Roman Catholic countries in commemoration of plague epidemics, especially in the 16th and 17th centuries. It most often depicts the Blessed Trinity on the top.
Plague of Athens The city-state of Athens in ancient Greece was hit by a devastating epidemic, known as the Plague of Athens, during the second year of the Peloponnesian War (430 BC) when an Athenian victory still seemed within reach. It is believed to have entered Athens through Piraeus, the city's port and sole source of food and supplies.
Plague of Justinian The Plague of Justinian (541-542) is the first known pandemic on record, and it also marks the first firmly recorded pattern of bubonic plague. It is comparable to the Black Death of the 14th century, in the context of the 6th century, it was nearly world-wide in scope, striking central and south Asia, North Africa and Arabia, and Europe as far north as Denmark and west to Ireland.
Plague pit Plague pit is the informal term used to refer to the mass graves with the mortal remains from victims of epidemics of medical conditions caused by diseases such as the Black Death. Often hundreds of bodies would be buried in a single location, as the risk of further infection from traditional funerary rites was too great.
Plague Pillar (Košice) The Immaculata (or The Plague Pillar, Slovak: Morový stĺp) is a Baroque plague column in Košice, Slovakia. It was erected at the place of medieval gallows at Hlavná ulica (Main Street) in 1723 and it commemorates the end of the plague of 1710-1711.
Plague Soundscapes Plague Soundscapes is abrasive rock band The Locust's first album with ANTI- Records, a spinoff of Epitaph Records. It features a less raw sound than previous Locust albums, with a lot more emphasis on keyboards, but still a large amount of screaming and smashing in minute-long bursts.
Plagues of Egypt The Plagues of Egypt (Hebrew: מכות מצרים, Makot Mitzrayim) or the Ten Plagues (עשר המכות, Eser Ha-Makot) are the ten calamities inflicted upon Egypt by God in the Biblical story recounted the book of Exodus, chapters 7 - 12, in order to convince Pharaoh (possibly Ramesses II, making the pharaoh of the Oppression Horemheb) to let the Israelite slaves leave.
Plagusia capense The red rock crab, Plagusia capense, is a marine large-eyed crab of the family Grapsidae. It is found in southern subtropical Indo-Pacific oceans from South Africa to Chile, including southern Australia, Tasmania, Juan Fernandez, Tonga, and New Zealand from Parengarenga Harbour to Lyttleton Harbour.
Plagusia depressa tuberculata Plagusia depressa tuberculata is a marine crab of the family Grapsidae. It is found in tropical Indo-Pacific oceans, specimens occasionally drifting as far south as New Zealand, and as far north as Japan, clinging to driftwood.
Plach Yeremiji Plach Yeremiji (In Ukrainian: Плач Єремії) — Ukrainian rock band. Formed in February 1990, but two most constant musicians - Taras Chubay and Vsevolod Dyachishyn have played together since 1984 in the band Cyclon (Циклон).
Plachutta The Plachutta is a device found in chess problems: a white piece sacrifices itself on a square where it could be captured by one of two similarly-moving black pieces (for example, a bishop and a queen moving along a diagonal, or two rooks) moving along a different line; whichever black piece captures, it interferes with the other. Plachutta theme is named by Joseph Plachutta (*1827 †1883).
Plaid (band) Plaid is a British electronic music duo comprised of Andy Turner and Ed Handley, taking their name from the different interweaving threads of plaid cloth. They are former members of The Black Dog and used many other names, such as Atypic (Andrew Turner) and Balil (Ed Handley), before settling on Plaid.
Plaid Cymru Plaid Cymru (pronounced IPA: ) – The Party of Wales, is the principal nationalist political party in Wales. Traditionally it has advocated the withdrawal of Wales from the United Kingdom and the establishment of an independent Welsh state, as well as the promotion of the Welsh language and its associated culture.
Plaid Pantry Plaid Pantry is a chain of convenience stores that operates throughout Portland, Oregon, and the surrounding areas, including several stores in Seattle. Founded in 1960 by John Piacentini, there are now over 100 Plaid Pantry stores.
Plain and Fancy Plain and Fancy is a Broadway musical with a book by Joseph Stein and Will Glickman, music by Albert Hague, and lyrics by Arnold Horwitt. It is an original musical, not adapted from a novel, play, or any other literary source.
Plain Antvireo The Plain Antvireo, Dysithamnus mentalis, is a passerine bird in the antbird family. It is a resident breeder in tropical Central and South America from southern Mexico south to northern Argentina, and on Trinidad and Tobago.
Plain correct Plain correct is a rhetorical device used to indicate that speech or action is prudent, appropriate, good, and (ultimately) correct regardless of political considerations or presumed social conventions. It is used in opposition to both political correctness and criticisms of that movement.
Plain English Campaign The Plain English Campaign is a pressure group based in the United Kingdom. It encourages organisations to use simple English for public information, which can include contracts, terms and conditions and bills.
Plain Folk of the Old South The Plain Folk of the Old South, often called yeomen, were the middling white United States Southerners of the 19th century who owned few slaves or none. Historians have long debated the social, economic and political roles.
Plain Chachalaca The Plain Chachalaca, Ortalis vetula is a large bird in the Cracidae family. It breeds in tropical and subtropical environments from the chaparral thickets along the Rio Grande River in southernmost Texas, USA to Costa Rica.
Plain Language Movement The Plain Language Movement holds regular conferences on eliminating overly complex language from academic, legal and other circles. Like the Slow Food or conservation movements, it relies on drawing good examples from small-scale use all over the world, and sharing them with others.
Plain Meaning Rule The Plain meaning rule, also known as the literal rule, is a type of statutory construction which dictates that statutes are to be interpreted using the ordinary meaning of the language of the statute. It is the mechanism which underlines Textualism, and to a certain extent Originalism.
Plain of Bagua The Utcubamba valley is born in the high jalcas of Chachapoyas and runs from the southeast to the northwest to mix with the waters of the Marañón river, forming the immense plain of Bagua. This plain has a of warm climate, with temperatures reaching a maximum of 40ºC and the minimum of 21ºC.
Plain old telephone service Plain old telephone service, or POTS, is the standard telephone service that remains the basic form of residential and small business telephone service nearly everywhere in the world, and was the only basic telephone service known to most people until the introduction of mobile phones. It has been available almost since the introduction of the telephone system in the late 19th century, in a form mostly unchanged to the normal user despite the introduction of electronic telephone exchanges into the public switched telephone network since the middle of the 20th century.
Plain Old XML Plain Old XML (POX) is a term used to describe basic XML, sometimes mixed in with other, blendable specifications like XML Namespaces, Dublin Core, XInclude and XLink. People typically use the term as a contrast with complicated, multilayered XML specifications like those for Web Services or RDF.
Plain people The plain people is a generic term used to refer to Amish, Old Order, Conservative and Old Colony Mennonites, Old German Baptist Brethren and Old Order River Brethren in Pennsylvania. Historically it referred also to plain Quakers, Dunkards and perhaps Moravians.
Plain sects The Plain sects are a group of Anabaptist communities who grew from the teachings of Jacob Ammann (1644–1720). They are referred to as Pennsylvania Dutch in an area centered around Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and as the Amish elsewhere, and encompass a number of other groups with related beliefs and practices.
Plain text In computing, plain text is textual material, usually in a disk file, that is (largely) unformatted. Thus, "I'm keeping that letter in plain text form until someone insists on getting it in a particular format".
Plain Tales from the Hills Plain Tales from the Hills (published 1888) is the first collection of short stories by Rudyard Kipling. The stories were initially published in the Civil and Military Gazette in Lahore, British India, (now in Pakistan) from November 1887 to June 1888.
Plain Titmouse The Plain Titmouse species (Parus inornatus) was divided into the Oak Titmouse (Baeolophus inornatus) and the Juniper Titmouse (Baeolophus ridgwayi) by the American Ornithologists' Union in 1996. Bird guides published before 1996 will still have the older reference.
Plain view doctrine The plain view doctrine allows an officer to seize without a warrant, evidence and contraband found in plain view during a lawful observation. In order for the officer to seize the item, the officer must have probable cause to believe the item is evidence of a crime or is contraband.
Plain-backed Sunbird The Plain-backed Sunbird, Anthreptes reichenowi, is a sunbird. The sunbirds are a group of very small Old World passerine birds which feed largely on nectar, although they will also take insects, especially when feeding young.
Plain-brown Woodcreeper The Plain-brown Woodcreeper (Dendrocincla fuliginosa), is a sub-oscine passerine bird which breeds in the tropical New World from Honduras through South America to northern Argentina, and in Trinidad and Tobago.
Plain-carbon steel Plain-carbon steel is a metal alloy, a combination of two elements, iron and carbon, where other elements are present in quantities too small to affect the properties. The only other alloying elements allowed in plain-carbon steel are: manganese (1.
Plainfield Central High School Plainfield Central High School, or PCHS, is a public four-year high school located in Plainfield, Illinois, a southwest suburb of Chicago, Illinois, in the United States. It is part of Plainfield Community Consolidated School District 202, which also includes Plainfield South High School, and Plainfield North High School.
Plainfield Community Consolidated School District 202 Plainfield School District is a school district in Plainfield, Illinois, USA. The district contains 21 schools in Plainfield, Joliet, Bolingbrook, and Romeoville, as well as parts of unincorporated Will County.
Plainfield Elementary School Plainfield Elementary School is an elementary school in South-Central Pennsylvania with grades of Kindergarten through Fifth Grade. The main structure was built in 1955 with an addition in 1967 and is part of the Big Spring School District.
Plainfield North High School Plainfield North High School, or PNHS, is a public four-year high school located in Plainfield, Illinois, a southwest suburb of Chicago, Illinois, in the United States. It is part of Plainfield Community Consolidated School District 202, which also includes Plainfield Central High School, and Plainfield South High School.
Plainfield Public School District The Plainfield Public School District is a comprehensive community public school district that serves students in prekinderagrten through twelfth grade from Plainfield, in Union County, New Jersey, United States.
Plainfield Tornado The Plainfield Tornado was a devasting tornado that occurred on the afternoon of August 28, 1990. It formed from a supercell thunderstorm which initially formed in the vicinity of Janesville in south central Wisconsin and produced at least one tornado near Rockford, Illinois earlier in the afternoon.
Plainfield, Massachusetts Plainfield is a small hilltown, situated on the northwestern border of Hampshire County, about 25 miles east of Pittsfield and 30 miles northwest of Northampton. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 589.
Plains All American Pipeline Plains All American Pipeline () is a publicly traded Master Limited Partnership in the oil pipeline transmission and storage business in the United States. It owns about 37 million barrels (5,900,000 mÂł) of terminalling and storage capacity and 15,000 miles (25,000 km) of crude oil pipelines.
Plains Cree language Plains Cree is an Algonquian language, often considered a dialect of Cree, spoken by about 34,000 people in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Montana. In the southern parts of its territory it is now spoken only by older people, but in the northern parts use of the language remains vigorous.
Plains of the Paynims In the World of Greyhawk campaign setting for the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game, the Plains of the Paynims, also known simply as the Paynims, is a political state of the Flanaess. The name also applies to the tribes of nomadic horsemen who dwell within these lands.
Plains Pocket Mouse The Plains Pocket Mouse (Perognathus flavescens) has soft silky fur and grows to be 5 inches long, although nearly half of that is the tail. They generally live directly underneath Spanish bayonet or prickly pear plants.
Plains Vintage Railway The Plains Vintage Railway is a heritage railway near Ashburton, New Zealand that operates on three kilometres of trackage that was once part of the Mount Somers Branch before it closed. Public services run regularly and utilise preserved and restored locomotives and rolling stock once used on New Zealand's national railway network.
Plainskin Plainskin is a pejorative term used by the modified to describe those who take an intolerant or hateful stance toward practices like scarification, body piercing, and tattooing, and thus lack any body art. It first emerged among members of the BME (website) online body-modification community in the late 1990s or early 2000s.
Plainsong Broadly speaking, plainsong (also known as plainchant) is the name given to the body of traditional songs used in the liturgies of the Roman Catholic Church. The liturgies of the Eastern Orthodox Church, though in many ways similar, are generally not classified as plainsong, though the musical form is nearly as old as Christendom itself.
Plaint note A plaint note is a legal document, chiefly referred to as such under English law and that of other Commonwealth nations. It is sent by a court to a defendant to confirm legal action taken against them, and to inform them of their case number.
Plaintext In cryptography, plaintext is information used as input to an encryption algorithm; the output is termed ciphertext. The plaintext could be, for example, a diplomatic message, a bank transaction, an e-mail, a diary and so forth — any information that someone might want to prevent others from reading.
Plaintext-aware encryption Plaintext-awareness is a notion of security for public-key encryption. A cryptosystem is plaintext-aware if it is difficult for any efficient algorithm to come up with a valid ciphertext without being aware of the corresponding plaintext.
Plaintiff A plaintiff, also known as a claimant or complainer, is the party who initiates a lawsuit (also known as an action) before a court. By doing so, the plaintiff seeks a legal remedy, and if successful, the court will issue judgment in favour of the plaintiff and make the appropriate court order (eg.

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