Encyclopedia

Polish minority in Romania According to the 2002 census, 3,671 Poles live in Romania, mainly in the villages of the Suceava region (). There are even three exclusively Polish villages: Nowy Sołoniec (Soloneţu Nou), Plesza (Pleşa) and Pojana Mikuli (Poiana Micului).
Polish minority in the Czech Republic Polish minority in the Czech Republic (, ) is a Polish national minority living mainly in Zaolzie territory. The Polish community is the only national (or ethnic) minority in the Czech Republic that is linked to a specific geographical area.
Polish name A Polish personal name, like names in most European cultures, consists of two main elements: imiÄ™, or the given name, followed by nazwisko, or the family name. The usage of personal names in Poland is generally governed (in addition to personal taste or family custom) by three major factors: civil law, Church law, and tradition.
Polish national ice hockey team Polish] national men's [[ice hockey team is a national ice hockey team. The Polish team is not considered to be as elite as Canada, Sweden, Slovakia, the USA, the Czech Republic, Finland or Russia, but they are ranked 21st in the world by the IIHF, and are a strong team in Europe.
Polish notation Polish notation, also known as prefix notation, is a form of notation for logic, arithmetic, and algebra. Its distinguishing feature is that it places operators, whose arity is assumed known, to the left of their operands.
Polish National Catholic Church The Polish National Catholic Church (PNCC) is a Christian church founded and based in the United States by Polish-Americans who were Roman Catholic. However, the PNCC is today not in communion with the Roman Catholic Church, and differs with it theologically in several important respects.
Polish National Government Polish National Government 1863-1864- underground polish supreme authority, conducting January Uprising against Russian occupation of Poland. It had collegial form, resided in Warsaw and was headed by Karol Majewski.
Polish National Railroads Summer 1939 In the summer of 1939 the map of both Europe and Poland looked very different from today. Poland was a much larger country, occupying, after the annexation of Zaolzie (October 1938), 389 720 square kilometers (today Poland’s size is 312 685 sq km).
Polish Navy The Polish Navy (Marynarka Wojenna RP, MW RP, PMW (Polska Marynarka Wojenna)) is the branch of Poland's Armed Forces responsible for naval operations. It has 60 ships (including 5 submarines, 1 destroyer (museum), 2 frigates, 3 corvettes, 5 missile boats) and about 14,300 commissioned and enlisted personnel.
Polish operation of the NKVD Polish operation of the NKVD refers to the coordinated actions of NKVD in 1937-1938 according to the NKVD Order № 00485 "О мерах, ограждающих СССР от проникновения шпионских, террористических и диверсионных элементов" ("On measures to protect the USSR from penetration of spying, terrorist and diversion elements"), approved on August 9, 1937 by the VKP(b) Central Committee Politburo and signed by Nikolai Yezhov on August 11, 1937, which was distributed to local subdivisions of NKVD simultaneously with Yezhov's secret letter "О фашистско-повстанческой, шпионской, диверсионной, пораженческой и террористической деятельности польской разведки в СССР" ("On fascist-resurrectionist, spying, diversional, defeationist, and terrorist activity of Polish intelligence in the USSR").
Polish orthography The Polish alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet but uses diacritics, such as kreska (graphically similar to acute accent), kropka (superior dot) and ogonek. It was one of the few Latin-character Slavic languages that did not adopt a version of the Czech orthography.
Polish Orthodox Church The Autocephalous Church of Poland, commonly known as the Polish Orthodox Church, is one of the independent Orthodox churches. The church was established in 1924 to accommodate Orthodox Christians, predominantly Ukrainians and Belarusians in the eastern part of the country, when Poland regained its independence after the First World War.
Polish parliamentary election, 1991 Polish parliamentary election in 1991 to Sejm and Senate of Poland was held on October 27. In Sejm elections, 27,517,280 citizens were eglible to vote, 11,887,949 (43,2%) of them cast their votes, 11,218,602 (94,4%) of those were counted as valid.
Polish parliamentary election, 2005 Parliamentary elections for both houses of the Parliament of Poland were held on September 25, 2005. Thirty million voters were eligible to vote for all 460 members of the lower house, the Assembly of the Republic of Poland (Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej), and all 100 members of the upper house, the Senate of the Republic of Poland (Senat Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej).
Polish people's referendum, 1946 The People's Referendum (Polish: referendum ludowe) of 1946, also know as the "Three Times Yes" (Polish: Trzy razy tak) referendum, was a referendum held in Poland on 30 June 1946 on the authority of the State National Council (order of 27 April 1946). The referendum presented an opportunity for the forces vying for political control of Poland following the Second World War to test their popularity among the general population.
Polish pisanka Polish pisanka is a common name for an egg (usually that of a chicken, although goose or duck eggs are also used) ornamented using various techniques. Originating as a pagan tradition, pisanki were absorbed by Christianity to become the traditional Easter egg.
Polish Peasant Bloc The Polski Blok Ludowy (Polish Peasant Bloc) is a political party in Poland, founded after the elections by former members of the Polish Peasant Party (PSL) and Self-Defense of the Polish Republic (Samoobrona). Its leader is Wojciech Mojzesowicz.
Polish People's Party The Polish People's Party (Polish: Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe, also known in English as Polish Peasant Party) is a political party in Poland. The party's name traces its tradition to an agrarian political party in Austro-Hungarian controlled Galicia, which sent MPs to the parliament in Vienna.
Polish Plumber Polish Plumber (, ) was a phrase first used by Philippe de Villiers and opponents of the European Constitution as a symbol of cheap labour coming in from Central Europe as a result of the Directive on services in the internal market during the EU Constitution referendum in France in 2005.
Polish resistance movement in World War II Polish resistance movement was a resistance movement in Poland, part of the anti-fascist resistance movement which fought against the occupation of Poland by Nazi Germany during World War II. Resistance to the Nazi German occupation began almost at once, although there is little terrain in Poland suitable for guerilla operations.
Polish Reformed Church The Polish Reformed Church full name: Evangelical Reformed Church in the republic of Poland (Kościół Ewangelicko-Reformowany w RP) is a historic Protestant church in Poland established in the 16th century, which has continued to this day.
Polish Roman Catholic Union of America The Polish Roman Catholic Union of America ("PRCUA") is the oldest Polish American organization in the United States. Its history spans notable periods in the development of the Polish American ethnic group, from the time of early settlement by immigrants from Poland (Poles) through their development of ethnic identity, to their dual struggles in support of Poland's independence and to find their place in American society.
Polish Round Table Agreement The Polish Round Table Talks took place in Warsaw, Poland from February 6 to April 4, 1989. The government initiated the discussion with the banned trade union Solidarność and other opposition groups in an attempt to defuse growing social unrest.
Polish soccer (football) in interwar period In late fall of 1918, after First World War, Poland regained independence, which had been lost at the end of 18th century (see: Partitions of Poland). Newly created country soon started to organize its administration and several national organizations.
Polish space In mathematics, a Polish space is a separable complete metrisable topological space; that is, a space homeomorphic to a complete metric space that has a countable dense subset. Polish spaces are so named because they were first extensively studied by Polish topologists and logicians, like Sierpinski, Kuratowski, Tarski, and others.
Polish style pickled cucumber Polish style pickled cucumber are a type of pickled cucumber developed in the northern parts of Europe and have been exported worldwide and found in the cuisines of many countries. As opposed to some other varieties of pickled cucumbers, they are prepared using the traditional process of natural fermentation in a salty brine.
Polish Scouts rank insignia This article details various rank insignia of the Polish Scouting movement. Take note that while the general rank system is common for most Scouting organizations in Poland, including the two most numerous, much is left to the traditions of specific groups.
Polish Sculpture Center The Polish Sculpture Center () in Orońsko, near Radom, Poland, is a museum housed at Józef Brandt’s 19th-century manor house. The Center’s collections comprise 621 sculptures, installations and other art forms owned by the Center, as well as 173 deposit items.
Polish Secret State Polish Secret State (also known as Polish Underground State; Polish Polskie Państwo Podziemne) is a term coined by scholar Jan Karski in his book Story of a Secret State; it is used to refer to all underground resistance organizations in Poland during World War II, both military and civilian. The term is used in Polish historiography to denote both armed struggle against the occupying powers and all the examples of underground political, social and educational activities.
Polish School of Mathematics The Polish School of Mathematics is the appellation given to the remarkably productive and creative mathematics community that has flourished in modern Poland, particularly in the two decades between World Wars I and II.
Polish Sign Language Polish Sign Language ("Polski Język Migowy", PJM) is the language of the Deaf community in Poland. Its lexicon and grammar are distinct from the Polish language, although there is a manually coded version of Polish known as System Językowo-Migowy (SJM, or Signed Polish), which is often used by interpreters on television and by teachers in schools.
Polish Socialist Party The Polish Socialist Party (Polska Partia Socjalistyczna, PPS) was one of the most important Polish left-wing political parties from its inception in 1892 until 1948, when it split, part of it merging with the communist Polish Workers' Party (PPR) to form the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR), the ruling party in the People's Republic of Poland, and the other remaining on emigration.
Polish Sociological Association The Polskie Towarzystwo Socjologiczne (PTS) (Polish Sociological Association) is the main professional organization of sociologists in Poland. The PTS defines its mission as "supporting the development of sociology and popularizing sociological knowledge within society".
Polish Solidarity Campaign Britain's Polish Solidarity Campaign (PSC) was a campaign in solidarity with Solidarity (the Solidarność trade union) and other democratic forces in Poland. It was founded in August 1980 by Robin Blick, Karen Blick, and Adam Westoby, and continued its activities into the first half of the 1990s.
Polish Southern Front The Southern Front (Polish Front południowy) was one of two fronts of the Polish Army created during the Polish Defensive War of 1939 against the allied forces of Nazi Germany and Soviet Union. It was established on September 12 out of the Polish Armies Karpaty and Kraków, as well as several military units created behind the front-lines.
Polish theater The great strength of Polish dramatic theatre is the high quality of its actors. The tradition of the great 19th century actors, with Helena Modrzejewska, the "star of two continents," at the forefront, has been continued by successive generations of excellent artists.
Polish United Workers' Party The Polish United Workers' Party (PUWP; in Polish, Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza, PZPR), was a Polish communist party. It was the governing political party in communist-ruled People's Republic of Poland from its creation (through a fusion of the communist Polish Workers' Party and the left wing of the Polish Socialist Party) in December 1948 until the regime's electoral defeat in 1989.
Polish University Abroad The Polish University Abroad () was initially established in Paris in 1939 with the aim of maintaining Polish education while Poland was occupied. With the fall of France it was re-established by the Polish government in exile in London
Polish Wedding Polish Wedding is a 1998 comedy/drama film written and directed by Theresa Connelly. It was screened at the Sundance Film Festival on January 16, 1998 and at the Berlin International Film Festival on February 12.
Polish Workers' Party The Polish Workers' Party (Polska Partia Robotnicza, PPR) was a communist party in Poland from 1942 to 1948. It was founded as a reconstitution of the Communist Party of Poland, and merged into the Polish Socialist Party in 1948 to form the Polish United Workers' Party.
Polish YMCA Związek Młodzieży Chrześcijańskiej (Christian Young People Association)- called also Polish YMCA- youth social organization, on program bases of international organizations YMCA built, conduct of guardian, charitable as well as educational and in christian morale educational activity is purpose which. Christians of sex both can be members of Polish YMCA.
Polish-British Common Defence Pact The Polish-British Common Defence Pact was an annex to the Franco-Polish Military Alliance signed on August 25, 1939 between representatives of the United Kingdom and Poland. The pact contained promises of mutual military assistance between the nations in the event either was attacked by another European country.
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, also known as the Polish Republic, Republic of the Two Nations, Commonwealth of the Two Nations (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów; Belarusian: Рэч Паспалітая Абодвух Народаў; Lithuanian: Abiejų tautų respublika) or as the "First Republic," was one of the largest and most populousHeritage: Interactive Atlas: Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, last accessed on 19 March 2006 At its apogee, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth comprised some 400,000 square miles and a multi-ethnic population of 11 million. For population comparisons, see also those maps: [http://homepage.
Polish-Lithuanian relations during the World War II The issue of Polish and Lithuanian relations during the Second World War is a controversial one, and some modern Lithuanian and Polish historians still differ in their interpretations of the related events, many of which are related to the operations of Polish resistance organization of Armia Krajowa on territories inhabited by Lithuanians and Poles. In recent years a number of common academic conferences have started to bridge the gap between Lithuanian and Polish interpretations, but significant differences still remain.
Polish-Lithuanian Union The term "Polish-Lithuanian union" refers to a series of acts and alliances between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania that lasted for prolonged periods of time and led to the creation of a Polish-Lithuanian federation — the "Republic of the Two Nations" — in 1569 and eventually to the creation of a short-lived unitary state in 1791.
Polish-Lithuanian War The Polish-Lithuanian War was an armed conflict between newly independent Lithuania and Poland, from August 1920 to October 7, 1920. It was part of a wider conflict over control of the cities of Vilnius (), Suwałki and Augustów that took place between the end of World War I and October 1920.
Polish-Lithuanian-Muscovite Commonwealth The "Polish-Lithuanian-Muscovite Commonwealth" was a proposed (but never actually formed) state to have been based on a personal union between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Muscovite Russia. A number of serious attempts, by various means, to create such a union took place between 1574 and 1658, and even as late as the latter part of the 18th century.
Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian Commonwealth Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian Commonwealth (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Trojga NarodĂłw, Commonwealth of Three Nations). The creation of a Duchy of Ruthenia was considered at various times, particularly during the 1648 Cossack insurrection against Polish rule in Ukraine.
Polish-Romanian Alliance The Polish-Romanian Alliance was a series of treaties signed in the interwar period by the Second Polish Republic and the Kingdom of Romania. The first of them was signed in 1921 and, together, the treaties formed a basis for good foreign relations between the two countries that lasted until World War II began in 1939.
Polish-Soviet Friendship Society The Polish-Soviet Friendship Society () was a Polish organisation founded in 1944. It was a vehicle for organized propaganda, like the celebration of anniversaries of the October Revolution, trips to the Soviet Union, exchange programs, promotion of Soviet culture, technology, books or movies as well as festivals of Soviet songs for amateurs.
Polish-Soviet War The Polish-Soviet War (February 1919 – March 1921) was an armed conflict between Soviet Russia and the Second Polish Republic, two nascent states in post-World War I Europe. The war was a result of conflicting expansionist attempts.
Polish-Swedish union Polish-Swedish union was a short-lived personal union between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the Kingdom of Sweden, when Sigismund III Vasa, King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, was crowned King of Sweden in 1592. In 1599, after a civil war, he lost this crown and returned to Warsaw.
Polish-Swedish War (1620–1622) Having signed the Treaty of Stolbovo ending their Ingrian War with Russia in 1617, the Swedes under king Gustav II Adolf (Gustavus Adolphus, hailed as saviour of Protestant Europe) expanded their gains in their previous war with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, in the disputed Livonia region, taking Dünamünde and Pernau in 1617. Then, when the truce from that war expired in November 1620, Gustav Adolf succeeded in taking the city of Riga after a few weeks of siege.
Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618) The Polish–Muscovite War of 1605–1618 (also known as Polish-Russian War, although that name is also applied to several other conflicts) is the name of the series of wars between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Tsardom of Russia, in the background of the Russian dynastic crisis known as the Time of Troubles (1598–1613). The sides and their goals changed several times during this conflict: the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was not formally at war with Muscovy until 1609, and various Muscovite factions fought among themselves, allied with the Commonwealth and other countries or fighting against them.
Polish–Swedish wars The Polish–Swedish Wars were a series of wars between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden, in the wider meaning to the series of wars in which both Sweden and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth participated between 1563 and 1721, in the narrower meaning denoting the two wars between 1600 and 1629. In the wider meaning, they are:
Polistes Wasps of the cosmopolitan genus Polistes are the most familiar of the polistine wasps, and are the most common type of paper wasp. It is also the single largest genus within the family Vespidae, with over 300 recognized species and subspecies.
Polistes dominulus Polistes dominulus, sometimes referred to as the European paper wasp, is one of the more common and well-known species of social wasps in Europe; for many years, the species was known as Polistes gallicus, a name which was incorrectly attributed. This species was introduced into the US about 1981 and has quickly spread throughout most of the country, in most cases replacing native species within a couple of years.
Polistinae The Polistinae are eusocial wasps closely related to the more familiar yellowjackets, but placed in their own subfamily; it is the second most diverse subfamily within Vespidae, and while most species are tropical or subtropical, they include some of the most frequently-encountered large wasps in temperate regions. They are also known as paper wasps, which is a misleading term since other wasps (including yellowjackets) also build nests out of paper, and because some Polistine wasps (e.
Politainment Politainment, a portmanteau word composed of politics and entertainment, describes tendencies in politics and mass media to liven up political reports and news coverage using elements from public relations. Of doubtful virtue, declining amounts of content and substance can easily be compensated by giving news stories a sensationalistic twinge.
Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union The Politburo (in Russian: Политбюро, full: Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, abbriviated Политбюро ЦК КПСС), known as the Presidium from 1952 to 1966, functioned as the central policymaking and governing body of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The body was made up of the top members of the Central Committee.
Politburo of the Communist Party of China The Politburo of the Communist Party of China (Chinese: 中国共产党中央政治局 pinyin: Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng Zhōngyāng Zhèngzhìjú) (also "Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee") is a group of 19 to 25 people who oversee the Communist Party of China. Unlike politburos (political bureaus) of other Communist parties, power within the politburo is centralized in the Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China.
Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China The Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China () is a committee whose membership varies between 5 and 9 and includes the top leadership of the Communist Party of China. The inner workings of the PSC are not well known, although it is believed that decisions of the PSC are made by consensus.
Polite fiction A polite fiction refers to a social scenario where all participants are aware of a truth, but to avoid conflict or embarrassment, all pretend to believe in some alternate version of events. It is closely related to euphemism, where a word or phrase that might be impolite, disagreeable or offensive is replaced by another word or phrase that both speaker and listener understand to have the same meaning.
Politechnika Warszawska PW-6 The Politechniki Warszawskiej PW-6U is a Polish two-seat training sailplane designed at the Warsaw Polytechnic for basic flight instruction and transition training to the PW-5 single-seater. It is manufactured at PZL Swidnik since 2000.
Politeia Politeia (πολιτεία) is an Ancient Greek word with no single English translation. Derived from the word polis ("city-state"), it is an important term in Ancient Greek political thought, especially that of Plato and Aristotle.
Politeness Politeness is best expressed as the practical application of good manners or etiquette. It is a culturally defined phenomenon, and what is considered polite in one culture can often be quite rude or simply strange in another.
Politeness maxims According to Geoffrey Leech, there is a politeness principle with conversational maxims similar to those formulated by Paul Grice. He lists six maxims: tact, generosity, approbation, modesty, agreement, and sympathy.
Political action committee In the US, a political action committee, or PAC, is the name commonly given to a private group, regardless of size, organized to elect or defeat government officials in order to promote legislation, often supporting the group's special interests.
Political agenda The political agenda is a set of issues and policies laid out by either the executive or cabinet in government which tries to dictate existing and near-future political news and debate. The political agenda while shaped by government can be influenced by grass-roots support from party activists at events such as a party conference and can even be shaped by non governmental activist groups which have a political aim.
Political and Economic Planning Political and Economic Planning was a British policy think tank, formed in 1931 in response to Max Nicholson's A National Plan for Britain. The prolific organisation was influential in the formation of the National Health Service, World War II and post-war planning, and the development of the African colonies.
Political anthropology Political anthropology concerns the structure of political systems, looked at from the basis of the structure of societies. Political anthropologists include Georges Balandier, Marc Abélès, Jocelyne Streiff-Fenart, Ted C.
Political arbitrage A trading strategy which involves using knowledge or estimates of future political activity to forecast and discount security values. For example, the major factor in the values of some foreign government bonds is the risk of default, which is a political decision taken by the country's government.
Political aspects of Islam Islam as a political movement has a diverse character that has at different times incorporated elements of many other political movements, while simultaneously adapting the religious views of Islamic fundamentalism, particularly the view of Islam as a political religion.
Political astrology Political Astrology is the branch of astrology dealing with politics, the government, and the politicians/laws governing a particular nation, state, or city. Certains countries have astrological charts (or horoscopes) just like a person is said to in astrology; for example, the chart for the USA is widely thought to be sometime during the day of July 4, 1776, for this is the exact day that the Declaration of Independence was signed and made fully official, thus causing the "birth" of the United States of America as a nation.
Political Animal (radio) Political Animal is a live show compered by British comedians John Oliver and Andy Zaltzman, in which the follies and vices of modern society are exposed to ridicule. Sometimes there are also jokes about croissant.
Political boss A boss, in politics, is a person who wields de facto power over a particular political region or constituency. Bosses may dictate voting patterns, control appointments, and wield considerable influence in other political processes.
Political campaign A political campaign is an organized effort to influence the decision making process within a group. In democracies, political campaigns often refer to electoral campaigns, wherein representatives are chosen or referenda are decided.
Political campaign staff The staff of political campaigns are the people who formulate and implement the strategy needed to win an election. Many people have made careers out of working full-time for campaigns and groups that support them, in other campaigns much of the staff might be unpaid volunteers.
Political campaigner A political campaigner (or political activist) is someone (generally not a politician) involved in politicial campaigning, that is, lobbying the government and politicians on political issues (such as the environment) and encouraging other citizens to do the same.
Political capital In finance and accounting, Capital generally refers to financial wealth, especially that used to start or maintain a business, and political capital as used here refers to an extension of this idea to the realm of political power. (The term political capital can also be used to refer to the legislative seat of government of a state, such as South Africa, where the legislative, executive and judicial branches are physically separated.
Political cinema Political Cinema in the narrow sense of the term is a cinema which portrays current or historical events or social conditions in a partisan way in order to inform or to agitate the spectator. Political cinema exists in different forms such as documentaries, feature films, or even animated and experimental films.
Political commissar A political commissar is an officer appointed by a government to oversee a unit of the military. They were first used in the Soviet Union's Red Army by Leon Trotsky, who faced the task of integrating Tsarist officers and troops into the new Red Army, while ensuring their loyalty.
Political compass A political compass or political diamond is a multi-axis model used to label or organize political thought on several dimensions. They are intended as an alternative to the originally one-axis (Left versus Right) model, which has been widely adopted over the past two centuries; see glossary of the French Revolution.
Political consulting Political consulting is the business which has grown up around advising and assisting political campaigns, primarily in the United States. As democracy has spread around the world, American political consultants have often developed an international base of clients.
Political correctness Political correctness (also politically correct or PC) is a term used to describe language or behavior which is claimed to be calculated to provide a minimum of offense, particularly to racial, cultural, or other identity groups. The concept is not exclusive to the English language.
Political corruption In broad terms, political corruption is the misuse by government officials of their governmental powers for illegitimate, usually secret, private gain. Misuse of government power for other purposes, like repression of political opponents and general police brutality, is not considered political corruption.
Political crime In criminology, a political crime is one involving overt acts or omissions (where there is a duty to act), which prejudice the interests of the state, its government or the political system. It is to be distinguished from state crime when it is the states that break both their own criminal laws and/or public international law (Ross, 2000).
Political criticism Political criticism (also referred to as political commentary or political discussion) is criticism that is specifically of or relevant to politics, including policies, politicians, political parties, and types of government.
Political cult Although the majority of groups to which the term "cult" (currently often used as a pejorative term according to some comparative religion scholarsMiller, Timothy. Religious Movements in the United States: An Informal Introduction (2003) Melton, J.
Political culture A political culture is a distinctive and patterned form of political philosophy that consists of beliefs on how governmental, political, and economic life should be carried out. Political cultures create a framework for political change and are unique to nations, states, and other groups.
Political culture of Canada Canadian political culture is in some ways part of a greater North American and European political culture, which emphasizes constitutional law, freedom of religion, personal liberty, and regional autonomy; these ideas stemming in various degrees from the British common law and French civil law traditions, North American aboriginal government, and English civic traditions, among others.
Political culture of Germany The political culture of Germany as of the early 21st century is known for the popular expectation for governments to ensure a degree of social welfare, business and labour corporatism and a multiparty system dominated by social democratic and moderate conservative forces, with a strong influence of smaller Green, liberal and post-Communist parties. Coalition governments are the rule on both the federal and the state level.
Political decorations of the Nazi Party Political decorations of the Nazi Party were medals and awards issued by the National Socialist German Workers Party between1920 and 1945. Political awards were authorized for wear on any paramilitary uniform of Nazi Germany, as well as civilian attire, but were generally frowned upon for display on active duty military uniforms of the Wehrmacht.
Political decoy A political decoy is a person employed to impersonate a politician, in order to draw attention away from the real person or to take risks on their behalf. This can also apply to military figures, or civilians impersonated for political/espionage purposes.
Political discussion society The Political Discussion Society was established in 1967 to ensure discussion of issues of national and international importance. The Society is politically oriented without a political agenda and reaches out to all facets of the student body culminating in a cross section of the University.
Political dissent Political dissent refers to any expression designed to convey dissatisfaction with or opposition to the policies of a governing body. Such expression may take forms from vocal disagreement to civil disobedience to the use of violence.
Political division A political division is a geographic region accepted to be in the jurisdiction of a particular government entity. On the large scale, a political division is typically a country, while administrative divisions including states, counties, cities, and others can also be defined.
Political division of Cúcuta The Administrative Division of Cúcuta includes the municipal head, the small towns of Agua Clara, El Escobal, Guaramito, El Carmen de Tonchalá, and the small villages of Alto Viento, El Rodeo, La Jarra, Puerto León and Puerto Nuevo.
Political divisions of China Due to China's large population and area, the political divisions of China have always consisted of several levels since ancient times. The constitution of the People's Republic of China provides for three de jure levels of government.
Political divisions of Mexico The United Mexican States are a federation made up by thirty-one free and sovereign states. These states conform one federated State or Union that has had exclusive jurisdiction of the Federal District a territory that does not belong to a state in particular but to all, as well as the islands, atolls and reefs that do not belong to any state.

Information are taken from Wikipedia, the open encyclopedia, to which contribute many volunteers from around the whole world. Texts are available under the following conditions GNU Free Documentation License.