Encyclopedia

Political drama A political drama can describe a play, film or TV program that has a political component, whether reflecting the author's political opinion, or describing a politician or series of political events. Dramatists who have written political dramas include Sergei Eisenstein, Bertolt Brecht, Jean Paul Sartre and Federico GarcĂ­a Lorca.
Political Donor Class A term used in David Cay Johnston's book Perfectly Legal: The Covert Campaign to Rig Our Tax System to Benefit the Super Rich - and Cheat Everybody Else, to describe wealthy individuals (the "Upper class") or corporations who use political contributions to influence US Government fiscal policy. According to Johnston, while politicians can claim that money does not buy influence, they cannot deny that money buys access.
Political ecology Political ecology is the study of how political, economic, and social factors affect environmental issues. The majority of studies analyze the influence that society, state, corporate, and transnational powers have on creating or exacerbating environmental problems and influencing environmental policy.
Political economy Political economy was the original term for the study of production, the acts of buying and selling, and their relationships to laws, customs and government. It developed in the 18th century as the study of the economies of states (also known as polities, hence the word "political" in "political economy").
Political effects of Hurricane Katrina The devastation wrought by Hurricane Katrina has already begun to have significant political effects manifested in criticism of the government response. In addition to this immediate response, commentators have discussed the likely effects of the disaster on a wide range of political issues, and potentially on future elections and legislation.
Political efficacy Political efficacy, in political science, is a term referring to the citizens' faith and trust in government and their own belief that they can understand and influence political affairs. It is commonly measured by surveys and used as an indicator for the broader health of civil society.
Political egalitarianism Political egalitarianism is a term used to define a state of affairs in which the members of a society are of equal standing in terms of political power or influence. It is a founding principle of various forms of democracy.
Political engineering Political engineering is a concept in political science that deals with the designing of political institutions in a society. The criteria and constraints used in such design vary depending on the optimization methods used and they are also a function of the time and place where they are applied.
Political entities inhabited or ruled by Serbs This is the list of political entities (states and provinces) that were inhabited or ruled by Serbs during the history. The list also include political entities where Serbs were official, constitutional or titular nation.
Political Editor The Political Editor of a newspaper or broadcast media is the senior political reporter who covers politics and related matters for the newspaper or station. He or she may have a large team of political correspondents working under him or her.
Political faction A political faction is presently an informal grouping of individuals, especially within a political organization, such as a political party, a trade union, or other group with some kind of political purpose (referred to in this article as the “broader organisation”). It may also be referred to as a power bloc, or a voting bloc.
Political football A political football is a term used to describe a political topic or issue that is continually debated but left unresolved. The term is used often during a political election campaign to highlight issues that have not been completely addressed, such as the natural environment and abortion.
Political funding in Japan In Japan, the problem of political funding was intensely debated during the late 1980s and early 1990s, partly as a result of revelations following the Recruit scandal of 1988-89. The scandal arose as a result of the dealings of Ezoe Hiromasa, the ambitious chairman of the board of the Recruit Corporation (a professional search service that had diversified into finance and real estate and had become involved in politics), who sold large blocks of untraded shares in a subsidiary, Recruit Cosmos, to seventy-six individuals.
Political Fictions Political Fictions is a 2001 book of essays by Joan Didion on the American political process. Written for The New York Review of Books between October 1988 and October 2000, the collection includes three essays previously published as the "Washington" section of After Henry.
Political Film Society The Political Film Society is a nonprofit corporation that exists to recognize Hollywood films ability to raise awareness in political matters in the world. Film makers (directors) are the ones who are awarded by this organization.
Political Film Society Award for Democracy The Political Film Society Award for democracy is given out each year to a film that promotes, educates, and raises the awareness level of the public in the specific areas of democracy and freedom. This award has been handed out by the Society since 1988.
Political Film Society Award for Exposé The Political Film Society Award for exposé is given out each year to a film that has an investigative depth into a subject matter and often exposes surprising information on the subject. This award has been handed out by the Society since 1988.
Political Film Society Award for Human Rights The Political Film Society Award for human rights is given out each year to a film that deals with struggle for human rights in both fictional and non-fictional stories. This award has been handed out by the Society since 1987.
Political Film Society Awards The Political Film Society Awards are handed out each year by the Political Film Society. Each year, films that best promote political consciousness are selected in four categories; democracy, exposé, human rights, and peace.
Political general A political general was a general without significant military experience who was given a high position in command due to political connections or to appease certain political blocks. This concept was most prominent during the American Civil War.
Political geography Political geography is a field of human geography that is concerned with politics. It is closely related to geopolitics, which is seen as the strategic, military and governmental application of political geographies.
Political handicapping The terms "horse race" or "handicapping the horse race", have been used to describe media coverage of elections. The terms refer to any news story or article whose main focus is describing how a particular candidate or candidates is faring during the election, in other words, trying to predict the outcome.
Political hip hop Political hip hop is a subgenre of alternative hip hop. Though mainstream and crossover acceptance has been generally limited to crunk & pop rap, some artists with a socially aware and positive or optimistic tone or a more avantgarde approach have achieved some success.
Political history of Chicago The Politics of Chicago is about the politics and political environment of Chicago, Illinois, which have been dominated by controversy, corruption, turn-of-the-19th Century businessmen, Irish Catholics, and Richard J. Daley and the Daley family.
Political houseparty A political house party is a party held in a private home for the purpose of supporting a particular candidate, political party, or ballot measure, or to share information and opinions about an upcoming election.
Political choice Political choice is a sort of practical moral choice where violence and its consequences are considered. That is, there are certain moral choices you don't take, because they can't be defended in a violent world where the only protection from violence is politics as usual.
Political integration of India The political integration of India established a united nation for the first time in centuries from a plethora of princely states, colonial provinces and possessions. Despite partition, a new India united peoples of various geographic, economic, ethnic, linguistic and religious backgrounds.
Political jurisprudence Political jurisprudence is a legal theory that some judicial decisions are motivated more by politics than by unbiased judgment. According to Martin Shapiro, who first noted the theory in 1964: "The core of political jurisprudence is a vision of courts as political agencies and judges as political actors.
Political lesbian A political lesbian is a woman who identifies as lesbian, but for whom the most important part of being lesbian is its refusal to sleep with men, who are seen as oppressors of women. Whereas most common definitions of lesbian involve the sexual desire for other women and the desire to sleep with other women, for the proponents of the notion of political lesbian these aspects are not essential; the essential component is the refusal to sleep with men.
Political lesbianism Political lesbianism is a phenomenon within feminism, primarily Second wave feminism; it includes, but is not limited to, lesbian separatism. Political lesbianism embraces the theory that sexual orientation is a choice, and advocates lesbianism as a positive alternative to heterosexuality for women.
Political line A political line is the general view a political party, organization, faction, or ideology takes on a given question. The existence of a political line gives its advocates guidance on what to say, which makes their work easier.
Political Liberalism Political Liberalism is an update to John Rawls' 1971 Theory of Justice in which Rawls attempts to show that his theory of justice is not a "comprehensive conception of the good", but is instead compatible with a liberal conception of the role of justice: namely, that government should be neutral between competing conceptions of the good. Rawls tries to show that his two principles of justice, properly understood, form a "theory of the right" (as opposed to a theory of the good) which would be supported by all reasonable individuals, even under conditions of reasonable pluralism.
Political machine A political machine is an unofficial system of political organization based on patronage, the spoils system, "behind-the-scenes" control, and longstanding political ties within the structure of a representative democracy. Machines sometimes have a boss, and always have a long-term corps of dedicated workers who depend on the patronage generated by government contracts and jobs.
Political media Political media are communication vehicles owned, ruled, managed, or otherwise influenced by political entities, meant to propagate views of the related entity. A similar term, normative media, emphasizes technical and social characteristics of the media itself in shaping decisions.
Political Management Political management is the term used to describe the growing field of professional politics. The field is broad and includes campaign management, advertisement creation/purchasing, grassroots politics, strategic research, issue advocacy, lobbying, fundraising, and polling.
Political Movement Social Democrats The Political Movement Social Democrats (Politicesko DviĹľenie "Socialdemokrati") is a social-democratic political party in Bulgaria. It is part of the Coalition for Bulgaria, an alliance led by the Bulgarian Socialist Party.
Political organisation A political organisation is any organisation or group that is concerned with, or involved in the political process. Political organisations can include everything from special interest groups who lobby politicians for change, to think tanks that propose policy alternatives, to political parties who run candidates for elections, to terrorist groups that use violence to achieve political goals.
Political parties in Kyrgyzstan Political parties in Kyrgyzstan have greater power in politics and freedom to campaign than at any time previously in the history of the nation. During the Akayev administration's rule, opposition parties were allowed, but were widely considered to have no real chance of gaining power.
Political parties of minorities Ethnic parties aim to represent an ethnic group in a political system, be it a sovereign state or a subnational entity. An alternate designation is 'Political parties of minorities', but they should not be mistaken with regionalist or separatist parties, whose purpose is territorial autonomy.
Political parties of the Empire of Japan appeared in Japan after the Meiji Restoration, and gradually increased in importance after the promulgation of the Meiji Constitution and the creation of the Diet of Japan. During the Taisho period, parliamentary democracy based on party politics temporarily succeeded in Japan, but in the 1930s the political parties were eclipsed by the military, and were dissolved in the 1940s during World War II.
Political party A political party is a political organisation that seeks to attain political power within a government, usually by participating in electoral campaigns. Parties often espouse a certain ideology and vision, but may also represent a coalition among disparate interests.
Political party committee In the United States, political party committees are organizations, officially affiliated with a political party and registered with the Federal Elections Commission (FEC), which raise and spend money for political campaigning. They are not to be confused with political action committees, which are formally independent of political parties and subject to different rules.
Political party governance Under representative democracy the political party is the way people organize to choose representatives. The detailed choice of officers, candidates, and eligibility for membership, are political party governance issues.
Political philosophy Political philosophy is the study of fundamental questions about the state, government, politics, liberty, justice, property, rights, law and the enforcement of a legal code by authority: what they are, why (or even if) they are needed, what makes a government legitimate, what rights and freedoms it should protect and why, what form it should take and why, what the law is, and what duties citizens owe to a legitimate government, if any, and when it may be legitimately overthrown—if ever. In a vernacular sense, the term "political philosophy" often refers to a general view, or specific ethic, belief or attitude, about politics that does not necessarily belong to the technical discipline of philosophy.
Political position ranking of the People's Republic of China The political ranking of the People's Republic of China is the ranking of political leaders in China, by order of presumed political power. Although there is no formally published ranking, there is usually an established convention and protocol, and the relative positions of Chinese political figures can usually be deduced from the order in meetings and especially by the time and order which figures are covered by the official media.
Political prisoner A political prisoner is someone held in prison or otherwise detained, perhaps under house arrest, because their ideas or image are deemed by a government to either challenge or threaten the authority of the state.
Political privacy Political privacy has been a concern since voting systems emerged in ancient times. The secret ballot is the simplest and most widespread measure to ensure that political views are not known to anyone other than the voter themself - it is nearly universal in modern democracy, and considered a basic right of citizenship.
Political rehabilitation Political rehabilitation is the process by which a member of a political organization or government who has fallen into disgrace is restored to public life. It is usually applied to leaders or other prominent individuals who regain their prominence after a period in which they have no influence or standing.
Political religion In the terminology of some scholars working in sociology, a political religion is a political ideology with cultural and political power equivalent to those of a religion, and often having many sociological and ideological similarities with religion. Quintessential examples are Stalinism and National Socialism, but totalitarianism is not a requirement.
Political repression Political repression is the oppression or persecution of an individual or group for political reasons, particularly for the purpose of restricting or preventing their ability to take part in the political life of society. Political repression may be represented by discriminatory policies, surveillance abuse, police brutality, imprisonment, involunatry settlement, stripping of citizen's rights, and violent action such as the murder, summary executions, torture, forced disappearance and other extrajudicial punishment of political activists, dissidents, or general population.
Political revolution In the Trotskyist movement, the term Political Revolution refers to an upheaval in which the government is replaced, or the form of government altered, but in which property relations are predominantly left intact. The revolutions in France in 1830 and 1848 are often cited as political revolutions.
Political Resident A Consul or Consul-General has largely consular functions, such as looking after British business persons abroad. A Political Resident or Political Agent, on the other hand, not only has consular duties but also has political contacts with chiefs, nizams, nawabs, rajas, sultans, sheikhs and the like.
Political satire Political satire is a subgenre of general satire that specializes in gaining entertainment from politics, politicians and public affairs. It has also been used with subversive intent where political speech and dissent are forbidden by a regime, as a method of advancing political arguments where such arguments are expressly forbidden.
Political scandal A political scandal is a scandal in which politicians or government officials engage in various illegal or unethical practices. A political scandal can involve the breaking of the nation's laws or plotting to do so.
Political socialization Political socialization is the process by which individuals learn the values and norms in their society and by which political culture is passed from one generation to another. Socialization happens both directly and indirectly.
Political spectrum A political spectrum is a way of visualizing different political positions. It does this by placing them upon one or more geometric axes symbolising political dimensions that it models as being independent of one another.
Political status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip The political status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip is one of the most violently disputed issues in the Arab-Israeli conflict. Various conferences and negotiations have been conducted to determine the status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip (see "Palestinian territories").
Political status of Taiwan The controversy regarding the political status of Taiwan hinges on whether Taiwan, including the Pescadores (Penghu), should remain the effective territory of the Republic of China (ROC), become unified with the territories now governed by the People's Republic of China (PRC), or become the Republic of Taiwan. The controversy over the political status of the Republic of China hinges on whether its existence as a state is legitimate and recognized.
Political subdivison Political subdivision in the United States is a legal term used to define smaller governmental units which fall under the jurisdiction of the State government. Since each State determines what units of government meet its legislative definition, the definition of political subdivision varies from State to State, and does not necessarily occur in every state.
Political suicide Political suicide is the concept that a politician or political party would lose widespread support and confidence from the voting public by proprosing actions that are seen as unfavourable or that might threaten the status quo. A politician that committed political suicide may be forced to resign.
Political Sleaze (UK Politics) A number of political scandals in the 1980s and 1990s created the impression of what was described in the British press as "sleaze": a perception that the then Conservative government was associated with political corruption and hypocrisy.
Political Soldier Political Soldier is a political concept associated with the Third Position that played a leading role in Britain's National Front from the late 1970s onwards under young radicals Nick Griffin, Patrick Harrington and Derek Holland of the Official National Front. The term was used to indicate a fanatical devotion to the cause of nationalism, which its supporters felt was needed to bring about a revolutionary change in society.
Political Spring Political Spring (Greek: Πολιτική Άνοιξη, Politiki Anixi) is a former Greek conservative political party founded in June 1993 by Antonis Samaras. The party was formed after Antonis Samaras broke away from the New Democracy party when he was fired as Minister of Foreign Affairs.
Political Stew Political Stew is a community-led political debate internet forum] started by frequent contributors to the [[Lonely Planet Thorntree Talk Politics forum, which was closed in December 2004 due to the controversial nature of some of the discussions, and not being in line with the more conservative marketing strategy Lonely Planet were pursuing.
Political Studies Association The Political Studies Association (PSA) exists to develop and promote the study of politics. Founded in 1950, it is the leading Association in its field in the UK, with an international membership including academics in political science and current affairs, theorists and practitioners, policy makers, researchers and students in higher education.
Political taxonomy "Political taxonomy" is the concept that political regimes can be described in a short format using a system of classification. The purpose of Political taxonomy is to alleviate the problem that, for instance, there are as many definitions for fascism are there are humans.
Political terrorism Political terrorism is a form of terrorism (a tactic of violence that targets civilians) used to influence socio-political events so that gains occur that might not have otherwise happened by peaceful means or by conventional warfare. Criminal terrorists — those who use blackmail, intimidation, and the promotion of fear — are differentiated from political terrorists because the former seek to enrich themselves, whereas for the latter, it is a sine qua non that terrorist action is motivated and justified by the furtherance of an objective cause.
Political theatre Political theatre is drama or performing art which emphasizes a political issue or issues in its theme or plot. Overt forms of political theatre include the works of Bertolt Brecht and the street theatre of the San Francisco Mime Troupe and ROiL, to name two examples.
Political Truth While not a well-recognized term, "political truth" may well develop into a term over the next few years. The question has become, from a morality standpoint, when the omission of material terms, the use of inaccurate "facts" and the many other challenges honest disclosure has faced over the past century are acceptable and can be treated as the truth, or if they are not sufficient to be recognized as truthful.
Political uniform A number of political movements have involved their members wearing uniforms, typically as a way of showing their identity in marches. The wearing of political uniforms has tended to be associated with radical political beliefs, typically at the far-right or more rarely, far-left of politics, and can be used to imply a paramilitary type of organization.
Political union A political union is a type of state which is composed of smaller states. Unlike a personal union, the individual states share a common government and the union is recognized internationally as a single political entity.
Political views of Lyndon LaRouche The political views of Lyndon LaRouche are the source of much controversy. LaRouche's critics and supporters often have difficulty interpreting or agreeing on the meaning of statements he has made, and must analyse the implications of those statements.
Political views on the Macedonian language The existence and distinctiveness of the Macedonian language is disputed among the politicians, linguists and common people from Macedonia and neighboring countries. Macedonian dialects are indeed a part of dialectal continuum which stretches from Croatian, Bosnian and Serbian Shtokavian dialect through Torlakian on the northwest, to western and eastern Bulgarian dialects on the East, and the Macedonian language, like Bulgarian, Serbian, Croatian and Bosnian, is a standardized form of (some of) these dialects.
Political Warfare Executive During World War II, the Political Warfare Executive (PWE) was a British clandestine body created to produce and disseminate both white and black propaganda, with the aim of damaging enemy morale and sustaining the morale of the Occupied countries.
Politically Correct Bedtime Stories Politically Correct Bedtime Stories: Modern tales for our life and times is a book written by James Finn Garner published in 1994. The author rewrites many fairy tales such as Little Red Riding Hood, Three Little Pigs, Snow White according to the modern principle of political correctness.
Politically Direct Politically Directis a nightly radio talk show on the Air America Network. Hosted by David Bender], the one hour show usually consists of two half hour interviews with notable writers, musicians, and politicians.
Politically Incorrect Politically Incorrect was a late-night, half-hour political talk show hosted by Bill Maher that ran from 1993 to 2002. It premiered on Comedy Central from 1993 to 1996, and later on ABC in 1997, which cancelled it in 2002.
Politician A politician is an individual who is a formally recognized and active member of a government, or a person who influences the way a society is governed through an understanding of political power and group dynamics. This includes people who hold decision-making positions in government, and people who seek those positions, whether by means of election, coup d'Ă©tat, appointment, electoral fraud, conquest, right of inheritance (see also: divine right) or other means.
Politicization of science The politicization of science occurs when government, business or interest groups use legal or economic pressure to influence the findings of scientific research, or influence the way the research is disseminated, reported or interpreted.
Politicized issue A politicized issue is a social, economic, theological, spiritual, medical or legal issue which has become a political issue, as a result of deliberate action or otherwise, whereby people become politically active over that issue.
Politico-media complex The term politico-media complex (PMC) refers to a close and symbiotic type of relationship between a nation state's political classes, particularly any ruling class, its media industry, and any interactions with or dependencies upon an analogous interest group, such as the so-called military-industrial complex (MIC).
Politics Politics is the process by which groups make decisions. Although the term is generally applied to behavior within governments, politics is observed in all human (and many non-human) group interactions, including corporate, academic, and religious institutions.
Politics (Aristotle) The Politics (Greek Τα Πολιτικα) is a work of political philosophy written by Aristotle. It begins where the Nicomachean Ethics ends, and the two are frequently considered to be parts of a larger treatise dealing with the "philosophy of
Politics (disambiguation) Politics is the process observed in all human (and many non-human) group interactions by which groups make decisions, including activism on behalf of specific issues or causes. The term has been used as the title of various works of literature and entertainment, including:
Politics (novel) Politics is a 2003 novel by Adam Thirlwell about a father-daughter relationship and about a ménage à trois which includes said daughter and two of her friends. We are informed by the narrator that the novel is about "goodness".
Politics and government of Nuevo LeĂłn The governmental structures of Nuevo LeĂłn, a Mexican state, are organized according to article 30 of the state constitution, which provides for a republican, representative and popular government, divided into three independent branches (executive, legislative and judicial) that cannot be joined together in a single person or institution. Nuevo LeĂłn's relation with the federal government of Mexico places it in a similar relation to that federal government as any other Mexican state, but it retains certain aspects of sovereignty with respect to other Mexican states and even toward foreign countries, especially with reference to its own internal affairs.
Politics and the English Language Politics and the English Language (1946) is one of George Orwell's most famous essays. He examines political writing (and writing in general) in English, diagnoses its serious faults, and suggests remedies. In particular, Orwell states his beliefs of what writers should do:
Politics as a Vocation Politics as a Vocation (Politik als Beruf) was a lecture given by Max Weber, a German economist and sociologist to the students of the Munich University in January 1919 but only published in October of the same year. The original edition was published in German, but various translations to English exist.
Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture Politique tirée de l'Écriture sainte (in English translation, Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture) is a work of political theory prepared by Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet as part of his duties as tutor for Louis XIV's heir apparent, Louis, the Grand Dauphin. It is one of the purest expressions of the branch of political absolutism which historians have labeled "Divine Right Absolute Monarchy.
Politics in South India Politics in South India is typically dominated by regional parties than by the larger national political parties such as the Congress (INC) or BJP (BJP). However, both the BJP and INC have had some success in forging alliances with regional parties.
Politics in West Bengal Politics in West Bengal is dominated by the following major political parties, the Communist Party of India (Marxist), the Indian National Congress (also known as Congress(I)) and the Trinamool Congress. All three are leading a regional bloc of parties, the CPI(M) heads the Left Front and the Trinamool Congress has emerged as the main component of the National Democratic Alliance in the state.
Politics of Abkhazia Politics in Abkhazia is dominated by the conflict with Georgia, of which the territory became de facto independent but remains a de jure part of Georgia. Politics of separatist Abkhazia takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, wherein the President of Abkhazia is both head of state and head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system.
Politics of Afghanistan In recent years the politics of Afghanistan have been dominated by the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan by the United States and the subsequent efforts to stabilise and democratise the country. As of 2006 the system of government in Afghanistan is in transition.
Politics of Albania Politics of Albania takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the Prime Minister is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government.
Politics of Alberta The politics of Alberta are centred on a provincial government resembling that of the other Canadian provinces. The capital of the province is Edmonton, where reside the premier, legislature, lieutenant-governor and cabinet.
Politics of Algeria Politics of Algeria takes place in a framework of a presidential republic, whereby the President of Algeria is both head of state and head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government.
Politics of American Samoa Politics of American Samoa takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic dependency, whereby the Governor is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. American Samoa is a unincorporated and unorganized territory of the United States, administered by the Office of Insular Affairs, US Department of the Interior.
Politics of Andorra Politics of Andorra takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic country, whereby the Prime Minister of Andorra is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government.
Politics of Angola Politics of Angola takes place in a framework of a presidential republic, whereby the President of Angola is both head of state and head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government.
Politics of Anguilla Politics of Anguilla takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic dependency, whereby the Chief Minister is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. Anguilla, the most northerly of the Leeward Islands in the Lesser Antilles, is an internally self-governing overseas territory of the United Kingdom.

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