Encyclopedia

Politics of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic The politics of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic take place in a framework of an area disputed and claimed by Morocco, and the Polisario Front's auto-proclaimed republic in exile, the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.
Politics of the Solomon Islands Politics of the Solomon Islands takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic monarchy within the Commonwealth, whereby the Prime Minister is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. The Solomon Islands are an independent country and Commonwealth Realm.
Politics of the Southern United States Politics of the Southern United States (or Southern politics) refers to the political landscape of the Southern United States. Due to the region's unique cultural and historic heritage, the American South has been prominently involved in numerous political issues faced by the United States as a whole, including States' rights, slavery, the American Civil War, and the American Civil Rights Movement.
Politics of the Soviet Union For most of the history of the Soviet Union, its political system was characterized by divergence between the formal system as expressed in the Constitution of the Soviet Union and actual practice. For example, elections were held, but in most cases, only one candidate was on the ballot.
Politics of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Politics of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus takes place in a framework of a semi-presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President is head of state and the Prime Minister head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government.
Politics of the Turks and Caicos Islands Politics of the Turks and Caicos Islands takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic dependency, whereby as of August 9, 2006 the Premier is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. The islands are an internally self-governing overseas territory of the United Kingdom.
Politics of the United Arab Emirates Politics of the United Arab Emirates takes place in a framework of a federal presidential republic, a federation of seven absolute monarchies, the Emirates of Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Fujairah, Sharjah, Dubai, Ras al-Khaimah and Umm al-Qaiwain. The ruler of Abu Dhabi is President of the United Arab Emirates and the ruler of Dubai is the Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates, the head of government.
Politics of the United Kingdom Politics of the United Kingdom of Great Britain take place in the framework of a constitutional monarchy in which the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government. It is a pluriform multi-party system with a partial devolution of power in Scotland, Wales, and sometimes Northern Ireland.
Politics of the United States Politics of the United States of America takes place in a framework of a presidential republic, whereby the President of the United States is both head of state and head of government, and of a two-party legislative and electoral system. The national government shares sovereignty with the state governments, with the Supreme Court balancing the rights of each.
Politics of the United States during World War II The United States retained a fully civilian democratic government structure throughout World War II. Certain expediencies were taken within the existing structure of the Federal government, such as conscription and other violations of civil liberties, and the incarceration and later dispersal of Japanese-Americans.
Politics of the United States Virgin Islands Politics of the United States Virgin Islands takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic dependency, whereby the Governor is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. The United States Virgin Islands are a unincorporated and unorganized territory of the United States, administered by the Office of Insular Affairs, US Department of the Interior.
Politics of the Vatican City Politics of the Vatican City (Holy See) takes place in a framework of an absolute theocratic monarchy, in which the head of the Catholic Church, the Pope, exercises ex officio supreme legislative, executive, and judicial power over the Holy See and the State of the Vatican City, a rare case of non-hereditary monarchy.
Politics of Tajikistan Politics of Tajikistan takes place in a framework of a presidential republic, whereby the President is both head of state and head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. Legislative power is vested in both the executive branch and the two chambers of parliament.
Politics of Tanzania Politics of Tanzania takes place in a framework of a federal presidential democratic republic, whereby the President of Tanzania is both head of state and head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government.
Politics of Texas For approximately 100 years, from the end of Reconstruction until the 1970s, the Democratic Party was dominant in Texas Politics. However, since the 1970s the Republican Party has grown more prominent within the state, and is now the state's dominant political party.
Politics of Thailand Politics of Thailand takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic constitutional monarchy, whereby the Prime Minister is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government.
Politics of Toronto Residents of Toronto, Canada, elect representatives to the federal, provincial, and municipal levels of government. A total of 22 Members of Parliament (MPs) representing Toronto sit in the House of Commons in Ottawa (the federal capital), and another 22 Members of Ontario's Provincial Parliament (MPPs) sit in the Legislative Assembly in Queen's Park, located in Toronto.
Politics of Transnistria Politics of Transnistria, a de facto independent region of the Republic of Moldova in Eastern Europe, takes place in a framework of a presidential republic, whereby the President of Transnistria is both head of state and head of government. Executive power is exercised by the government.
Politics of Trinidad and Tobago Politics of Trinidad and Tobago takes place in a framework of a unitary state, with a parliamentary democracy modelled on that of the UK, from which it gained independence in 1962. Under the 1976 republican Constitution, the British monarch was replaced as head of state by a President chosen by an electoral college composed of the members of the bicameral Parliament, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives.
Politics of Tunisia Politics in Tunisia take place under a framework of a presidential republic. The President of Tunisia is both head of state and head of government, and there is a pluriform multi-party system dominated by the Democratic Constitutional Rally.
Politics of Turkey Politics of Turkey takes place in a framework of a secular parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Turkey is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government.
Politics of Tuvalu Politics of Tuvalu takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic monarchy, whereby the Prime Minister is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government.
Politics of Uganda Politics of Uganda takes place within the framework of a presidential republic, whereby the President of Uganda is both head of state and head of government, as well as of a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government.
Politics of Uruguay Politics of Uruguay takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Uruguay is both head of state and head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government.
Politics of Vanuatu Politics of Vanuatu, takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Vanuatu is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government.
Politics of Vietnam Politics of Vietnam takes place in a framework of a single-party socialist republic. A new state constitution was approved in April 1992, reaffirming the central role of the Communist Party of Vietnam in politics and society, and outlining government reorganization and increased market reforms in the economy.
Politics of Wales Wales is a constituent country of the United Kingdom. Despite being highly integrated with its larger neighbour England (and indeed part of the same legal system for nearly 500 years), Wales has retained its identity as a distinct country.
Politics of Wallis and Futuna Politics of Wallis and Futuna takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic French overseas territory, whereby the President of the Territorial Assembly is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government.
Politics of Yemen Politics of Yemen takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Yemen is both head of state and head of government. Although it is notionally a pluriform multi-party system, in reality it is completely dominated by one party, the General People's Congress, and has been since unification.
Politics of Zambia Politics of Zambia takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Zambia is both head of state and head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government.
Politidirektoratet Politidirektoratet, or the National Police Directorate, is a Norwegian directorate unit under the Ministry of Justice and Police, which manages and coordinates the national police "in order to ensure a predictable, efficient and flexible service for the benefit of the public". The Police Commissioner Ingelin Killengreen is head of the Norwegian police.
Politiets sikkerhetstjeneste Politiets sikkerhetstjeneste (PST), or Police Security Agency, is a Norwegian security agency, somewhat comparable to the British MI5. The agency was previously known as POT (Politiets OvervĂĄkningstjeneste or Police Surveillance Agency), the name change was dictated by Stortinget (parliament) on June 2, 2001.
Politionele acties The police actions (Dutch: politionele acties), known Indonesia it is called Agresi Militer Belanda (Dutch Military Agression) were the two military operations that the Netherlands undertook on Java and Sumatra against the Republic of Indonesia to reestablish colonial rule after World War II. The first operation took place from July 21 until August 5 1947, the second in December 1948 and January 1949.
Politique Politique is an archaic term used in the 16th century to describe either a head of state who puts politics before their religion, or individuals who sought political accommodation between Protestants and Catholics in the interest of peace. Due to their political philosophies, "politiques" can be viewed as early examples of the belief in separation of church and state.
Politis (Cyprus) Politis (Greek: Πολίτης, meaning "Citizen") is a daily Greek-language newspaper published in Cyprus. It is the third-largest (by circulation) Greek-language newspaper on the island, behind Phileleftheros and Simerini, with about 7,000 copies sold daily, or about 8% of the market.
Polity Polity (Greek: Πολιτεία or Πολίτευμα transliterated as Politeía or Políteuma) was originally a term used in Ancient Greece to refer to the many Greek city states that had an assembly of citizens as part of the political process. This did not include women, slaves, serfs, or metics.
Politzerization Politzerization, also called the Politzer maneuver or method, is a medical procedure that involves inflating the middle ear by blowing air up the nose during the act of swallowing. It is often performed to reopen the Eustachian tube and equalise pressure in the sinuses.
Poliwag is one of fictional species of Pokémon in the Pokémon franchise. The name Poliwag is a portmanteau of polliwog and wag, which means to move a body part (in Poliwag's case, the tail) rapidly from side to side.
Poliwhirl are one of the fictional species of Pokémon creatures from the multi-billion-dollar Pokémon media franchise – a collection of video games, anime, manga, books, trading cards and other media created by Satoshi Tajiri. The purpose of Poliwhirl in the games, anime and manga, as with all other Pokémon, is to battle both wild Pokémon, untamed creatures encountered while the player passes through various environments, and tamed Pokémon owned by Pokémon trainers.
Poliwrath is one of fictional species of Pokémon in the Pokémon franchise. Poliwrath's name is composed of poli, which is derived from polliwog, and wrath, meaning "anger" due to its Fighting-type and ferocious attitude.
Polizia di Stato The Polizia di Stato (State Police) is one of the national police forces of Italy. It is responsible for providing general police duties in Italy; patrolling motorways ("autostrada"), railways, airports, customs (together with the "Guardia di Finanza") as well as certain waterways, and assisting the local police forces.
Polizia Penitenziaria The Polizia Penitenziaria (Prison Guards, literally Penitentiary Police) is subordinate to the Ministry of Justice and operates the Italian prison system. It ensures security of Italian prisons keeping unauthorized people out and preventing escape by prisoners.
Polizia Provinciale Polizia Provinciale ('Provincial Police') is a general term used to identify provincial-level police forces in Italy. Each Italian province has its own police force (more or less like the American "county police", but with much less power).
Poliziano Angelo Ambrogini, best known as Poliziano (July 14, 1454 – September 24, 1494) was a Florentine classical scholar and poet, one of the revivers of Humanist Latin. He used his didactic poem Manto, written in the 1480s, as an introduction to his lectures on Virgil.
PoljÄŤane PoljÄŤane are a small town with 3,500 citizens, situated in the eastern part of Slovenia, 35 km southern from Maribor and 35 km north - eastern from Celje. The town is a part of municipality Slovenska Bistrica.
Poljot Poljot (Russian: "Полет", literally meaning "flight"), a brand of watches from Russia, originated in the USSR and was produced by the First Moscow Watch Factory. Virtually unknown in the United States until the late 1990s, Poljot watches established a reputation for quality at moderate prices.
Polk Salad Annie Polk Salad Annie (1969) written and performed by Tony Joe White, is a song detailing the lifestyle of a generic southern girl. Traditionally, the term to describe the type of food highlighted in the song is "poke salad.
Polka Polka is a type of dance, and also a genre of dance music. It originated in the middle of the 19th century in Bohemia, and is still a common genre of Czech and Slovenian folk music; it is also common both in Europe and in the Americas.
Polka dot Polka dot is a pattern consisting of dots. Polka dot patterns are quite variable: they range from a series of dots that are equally spaced and sized to a random arrangement of multicoloured dots of different sizes.
Polka dot jersey The polka dot jersey (French: maillot Ă  pois rouges) is the jersey awarded for the best climber during the mountain stages of the Tour de France cycle race. The "King of the Mountains" wears a white jersey with red dots.
Polka Hall of Fame The Polka Hall of Fame in Euclid, Ohio, shows the history of the Cleveland-Style polka, from its roots in Slovenia in the 1800s, through American factory and mining towns where it absorbed jazz and country expressions, to the post-war years when top ten polka hits got the nation on the dance floor.
Polka Tulk Polka Tulk is the name of a British Blues rock band formed by Tony Iommi in 1968. The band would later change their name to Earth modify their sound from its blues base to a heavier, "doom" style of Hard rock.
Polka-Dot Puss Polka-Dot Puss is a Tom and Jerry cartoon produced in 1948 and released on February 26th 1949. The short was directed by Tom and Jerry's creators, William Hanna and Joseph Barbera, produced by Fred Quimby, animated by Kenneth Muse, Ed Barge, Ray Patterson and Irven Spence, and scored by Scott Bradley.
Polkacide Polkacide is a band based in the San Francisco Bay Area that plays their own unique style of polka, which can be characterized as "punk polka". They have appeared on the Doctor Demento television show and have made several recordings.
Polkadot catshark The polkadot catshark, Scyliorhinus besnardi, is a cat shark of the family Scyliorhinidae found on the outer continental shelf off northern Uruguay between latitudes 31° S and 39° S, at depths of between 140 and 190 m. Its length is up to 47 m.
Polkamon Polkamon is the title of a song by American parodist "Weird Al" Yankovic released on the soundtrack of Pokémon The Movie 2000. It is a polka song naming several of the different Pokémon in rhyming order.
Polkovnik Polkovnik (), universally treated as Colonel, began as a commander of a distinct group of troops, Old Slavonic polk (полк), arranged for a particular battle. In late 1600s, it became a position of a regimental commander of the Strelets Troops; this position also made it into New Regiments of the Streltsy and later into the new army of Peter the Great.
Polkovnyk Polkovnyk (), was a high military rank among the Ukrainian Cossack starshyna (officers). Polkovnyk was a leader of a military unit (regiment or similar), as well as a leader of a territorial unit of the Cossack Hetmanate, Sloboda Ukraine or Zaporozhian Host.
Polkowice County Polkowice County (in Polish powiat polkowicki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government in the Lower Silesian Voivodship in Poland, created on 1 January 1999 as a result of the Local Government Reorganization Act of 1998.
Poll (horse) The poll is a name of the part of the horse's head, right between the ears. Specifically, this refers to the occipital protrusion at the back of the skull, but many horsemen incorrectly refer to the joint between the atlas and skull as "the poll.
Poll tax A poll tax, head tax, or capitation is a tax of a uniform, fixed amount per individual (as opposed to a percentage of income). Such taxes were important sources of revenue for many countries into the 19th century, but this is no longer the case.
Polla Pulchra Polla Pulchra is a fictional character in Caroline Lawrence's historical children's series, 'The Roman Mysteries'.She first appears in 'The Pirates of Pompeii' and is the eldets daughter of the wealthy Roman patron Publius Pollius Felix.
Polladras Polladras is a small settlement of around 50 residents near the larger villages of Breage and Carleen in the far west of Cornwall, England, UK. In reality, Polladras is a collection of small hamlets along two rural roads which part at the settlement's only real landmark, a green triangle.
Pollara Pollara is a Canadian public opinion and research company. Founded as Insight Canada Research in the early 1980s by current owner and chairman, Michael Marzolini, the company name was changed in 1997 to Pollara.
Pollard script The Pollard script, also known as Pollard Miao, is an abugida or writing system invented by Methodist missionary Sam Pollard. Pollard invented the script for use with A-Hmao, one of several dialects of the Hmong language.
Pollard's p-1 algorithm Pollard's p − 1 algorithm is a number theoretic integer factorization algorithm, invented by John Pollard in 1974. It is a special-purpose algorithm, meaning that it is only suitable for integers with specific types of factors.
Pollarding Pollarding is a woodland management method of encouraging lateral branches by cutting off a tree stem or minor branches two metres or so above ground level. The tree is given a year to regrow, after the initially cutting, but once begun, pollarding require annual maintenance by pruning.
Pollaxe The pollaxe is a type of European polearm which was very popular for foot combat during medieval times. It went by other names and spellings such as poll-axe, pole axe, polax, or Hache (French meaning axe); however the accepted term is pollaxe.
Pollen Pollen, sometimes incorrectly called flower sperm, is a fine to coarse powder consisting of microgametophytes (pollen grains), which produce the male gametes (sperm cells) of seed plants. Each pollen grain contains vegetative cells (only one in most flowering plants but several in other seed plants) and a generative cell containing a tube nucleus (that produces the pollen tube) and a generative nucleus (that divides to form the two sperm cells).
Pollen analysis Analysis of the distribution of pollen grains of various species contained in surface layer deposits, especially peat bogs and lake sediments, from which a record of past climate may be inferred. Because the lake sediments accumulate over time, a core of the mud will show that the mud at the bottom will be the oldest and the mud at the top will be the newest.
Pollen barrier A physical obstacle that hinders the movement of pollen from a field of genetically modified (GM) crops to neighbouring non-GM crops is called a pollen barrier. Such barriers are erected with the aim of reducing the out-crossing of GM plants.
Pollen basket The pollen basket or corbicula is part of the tibia on the hind legs of those four related lineages of apid bees that used to comprise the family Apidae; the honeybees, bumblebees, stingless bees, and orchid bees. A honeybee moistens the forelegs with a protruding tongue and brushes the pollen that has collected on head, body and forward appendages to the hind legs.
Pollen core A pollen core is a core sample of a medium containing sequences of pollen deposited over long periods of time. Analyses of the type and frequency of the pollen in each layer are used in studying historic climate change and are comparable to ice cores.
Pollen tube The pollen tube acts as a conduit to transport sperm cells from the pollen grain, which has landed on the stigma, to the ovules at the base of the pistil. The pollen tube germinates from the pollen grain and grows the entire length through the stigma, style and ovules to reach the eggs.
Pollen wasp Pollen wasps are unusual wasps that are typically treated as a subfamily of Vespidae, but have in the past sometimes been recognized as a separate family, Masaridae. It is a small subfamily, unique among wasps in feeding their larvae exclusively with pollen and nectar, in a fashion quite similar to many solitary bees.
Pollen zone Pollen zones are a system of subdividing late Pleistocene and early Holocene paleoclimate using the data from pollen cores. The sequence provides a global chronological structure to a wide variety of scientists, such as geologists, climatologisists, geographists and archaeologists, who study the physical and cultural environment of the last 15,000 years.
Pollen-presenter A pollen-presenter is an area on the tip of the style in flowers of plants of the family Proteaceae. In this family, the anthers are difficult of access for potential pollination vectors such as bees, birds and nectariferous mammals.
Pollença Pollença (Pollensa) is a town and municipality situated in the far north corner of the island of Mallorca, near Cap de Formentor and Alcúdia, and has an estimated population of 15,536 It lies about six kilometre]s west of its port, [[Port de Pollença (Puerto Pollensa).
Pollex Christi Pollex Cristi ("The Big Toe of God") was the first of Ralph America's limited edition CD's by the Residents. The piece was purportedly composed by the friend and collaborator from their early years, N.
Pollination Pollination is an important step in the reproduction of seed plants: the transfer of pollen grains (male gametes) to the plant carpel, the structure that contains the ovule (female gamete). The receptive part of the carpel is called a stigma in the flowers of angiosperms and a micropyle in gymnosperms.
Pollination management Pollination Management is the label for horticultural practices that accomplish or enhance pollination of a crop, to improve yield or quality, by understanding of the particular crop's pollination needs, and by knowledgeable management of pollenizers, pollinators, and pollination conditions.
Pollinator A pollinator is the biotic agent (vector) that moves pollen from the male anthers of a flower to the female stigma of a flower to accomplish fertilization or syngamy of the female gamete in the ovule of the flower by the male gamete from the pollen grain. Though the terms are sometimes confused, a pollinator is different from a pollenizer, which is a plant that is a source of pollen for the pollination process.
Polling (computer science) Polling, in computer science, refers to actively sampling the status of an external device by a client program as a synchronous activity. Polling is most often used in terms of I/O, and is also referred to as polled I/O.
Polling (horse) Poling is the practice of hitting a horse on the legs as it goes over a jump, to make it think it hit the fence hard (due to the pain), so the animal will pick his legs up higher the next time. It is usually performed using a long bamboo stick, which is smacked on the cannon bones of the horse.
Polloc and Govan Railway The Polloc and Govan Railway started off as a private railway owned and built by William Dixon, a Coal master; it ran along part of the route of his Govan tramway.Awdry, page 99 The Govan tramway dated back to 1811.
Pollock Halls of Residence Pollock Halls of Residence are the main halls of residence for the University of Edinburgh, located at the foot of Arthurs Seat in Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. They are located on the edge of Holyrood Park, 1ÂĽ miles (2 km) southeast of the centre of Edinburgh.
Pollock-Krasner Foundation Esablished in 1985, the Pollock-Krasner Foundation provides financial grants to artists of established ability. The fellowship program is has awarded 2,747 grants totaling over 40 million dollars to artists in 66 countries as of 2006.
Pollokshields Pollokshields is an area of the Southside of Glasgow, Scotland, the first planned garden suburb in the United Kingdom. Predating the better-known Bedford Park of London by nearly a quarter of a century, it claims to be the UK's first Garden Suburb despite having been planned and constructed before the movement was inaugurated.
Pollucite Pollucite is a zeolite mineral with the formula (Cs,Na)2Al2Si4O12·2H2O with iron, calcium, rubidium and potassium as common substituting elements. It is important as a significant ore of caesium and sometimes rubidium.
Pollutant Standards Index The Pollutant Standards Index, or PSI, provides a uniform system of measuring pollution levels for the major air pollutants. It is based on a scale devised by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) to provide a way for broadcasts and newspapers to report air quality on a daily basis.
Pollutec In the heart of the first economic french region, Lyon (France), Pollutec Horizons brings together 40,000 eco-industrialists, local authority managers and specifiers for environnment and sustainable development. During 4 days of outstanding business opportunities, 2,400 exhibitors are introducing an exceptionnal international range of sectors, equipment, technologies and services for preventing and solving all kind of pollution.
Polluted Inheritance Polluted Inheritance is a Dutch technical death metal band formed in 1989 from the remnants of Sacrement (Van Wijck and De Fouw) and Pollution (Camonier and Wesdorp). The band are shortly thereafter joined by Hoorman as their vocals.
Polluter pays principle The Polluter Pays Principle is a principle in international environmental law where the polluting party pays for the damage done to the natural environment. It is regarded as a regional custom because of the strong support it has received in most Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and European Community (EC) countries.
Pollution at Morgan's Point (Bermuda) The former US Navy Annex, located on Morgan's Point, was returned to Bermuda in 1995 with the premature termination of a 99 year lease. The base had functioned as a way station for ships and seaplanes for over 50 years but the end of the Cold War saw cutbacks in troop deployment throughout the world and the base was no longer neededof Pollution==
Pollution market A Pollution Market is a method of partly internalizing the costs a negative externality (such as pollution) by setting up a government designated maximum amount of the specified activity and then auctioning or selling tradable permits to engage in some of the specified activity.
Pollution prevention Pollution prevention (P2) is a term used to describe a series of techniques that are used to reduce the amount of pollution generated. It is in direct contrast to most pollution control strategies which seek to manage a pollutant and reduce its impact upon the environment.
Pollux (star) Pollux (β Gem / β Geminorum / Beta Geminorum) is one of the brightest stars in the constellation Gemini and one of the brightest in the nighttime sky. Although it has the Bayer designation "beta", it is actually brighter than Alpha Geminorum (Castor).
Polly (Doctor Who) Polly is a fictional character played by Anneke Wills in the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. A young woman from 1966, she was a companion of the First and Second Doctors and a regular in the programme from 1966 to 1967.
Polly (novel) Polly is a chick lit novel by Freya North about a young Englishwoman - the eponymous Polly - who, as a teacher, takes part in an exchange scheme that brings her to Vermont for a year. There, she fits in quite nicely and starts an affair with one of her male colleagues although she has left a boyfriend behind in London.
Polly (robot) Polly was a robot created at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory by Ian Horswill for his PhD, which was published in 1993 as a technical report. It was the first mobile robot to move at animal-like speeds (1m per second) using computer vision for its navigation.

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