Encyclopedia

Prepared singleton pattern In software engineering, the prepared singleton is design pattern that is one of the many extensions to the basic singleton idea, where a class is only permitted one instance. The method by which the second and subsequent instances are prohibited is governed by the language.
Preparedness Day Bombing The Preparedness Day Bombing was a bombing in San Francisco, California on July 22, 1916 when the city held a parade in honor of Preparedness Day, in anticipation of entering World War I. During the parade a suitcase bomb was detonated, killing ten and wounding forty in the worst such act in San Francisco history.
Preparing for Emergencies Preparing for Emergencies is a public information scheme, produced by the Home Office, a department of the United Kingdom Government, advising British citizens on what to do in the event of a natural disaster, accident or terrorism. The scheme was started on 26 July 2004 in the wake of several major disasters including the 11 March 2004 Madrid train bombings, SARS and the 2001 UK foot and mouth crisis, in the form of a 22-page booklet which covered topics such as transport accidents, health, foot and mouth disease, terrorism and fire safety.
Preparing People to Lead Extraordinary Lives Preparing People to Lead Extraordinary Lives — along with Chicago's Jesuit University — is the official marketing slogan of Loyola University Chicago in Chicago, Illinois. The school is one of twenty-eight members of the Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities.
Prepatellar bursitis Prepatellar bursitis, also known as housemaid's knee, is a common cause of swelling and pain above the patella (kneecap), and is due to inflammation of the prepatellar bursa. This structure is a superficial bursa with a thin synovial lining located between the skin and the patella.
Prepelaus Prepelaus (in Greek Πρεπελαος; lived 4th century BC) was a general in the service of Cassander, king of Macedonia. He is first mentioned in 315 BC, when he was sent by Cassander on a secret mission to Alexander the son of Polyperchon, whom he succeeded in detaching from the cause of Antigonus and inducing to join his arms with those of Cassander.
Prepenetrative orgasm Prepenetrative orgasm is the phenomenon whereby a woman reaches orgasm without having her vaginal plane penetrated by any foreign object. It usually involves a considerable amount of work on the part of her partner, who may have resorted to seductive lying, caressing, sweet talk, dirty talk and, in some cases, consensual violence.
Prepme PrepMe is a for-profit American company that offers online courses and tutoring for standardized achievement tests, in particular those offered by the Educational Testing Service (ETS), such as the PSAT and SAT, and also the ACT offered by ACT, Inc.
Prepositional case Prepositional case (also called the sixth case) is a grammatical case that marks the object of a preposition. This term can be used in languages where nouns have a declensional form that appears exclusively in combination with certain prepositions.
Prepositional marketing Prepositional marketing is a term used in marketing describing the various prepositions (at, to, with) used to describe the nature and orientation of specific marketing conditions in regards to the type of approach initiated by marketers when establishing channels of communication with consumers.
Prepple Houmb Per Øivind Houmb also known as «Prepple» (born 14 March 1964) is the vocalist and frontman in the Norwegian rock band DumDum Boys. He had been the vocalist in the band Wannskrækk, drummer in Belsen Boys and bassist in the band Betty Boom Bang Band
Preppy Preppy (also spelled preppie) is a chiefly North American adjective or noun traditionally used to describe the characteristics of those adhering to what is referred to as white Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASPs) culture. Such individuals commonly attend or attended major private, secondary university-preparatory schools commonly associated with New England and the northeastern United States.
Prepress Prepress is the term used in the printing and publishing industries for the processes and procedures that occur between the procurement of a written manuscript and original artwork, and the manufacture of a printing plate, image carrier, or (traditionally) forme, ready for mounting on a printing press.
Preprocessor In computer science, a preprocessor is a program that processes its input data to produce output that is used as input to another program. The output is said to be a preprocessed form of the input data, which is often used by some subsequent programs like compilers.
Preprohormone A preprohormone is the precursur molecule to a prohormone, which is in turn the precursur to a peptide hormone. It consists of the amino acid chain that is created by the hormone secreting cell, before any changes have been made to it.
Prepulse inhibition Pre-pulse inhibition (PPI) is a research (animal) model of a part of Schizophrenia, a complex disease. Creating animal models of the whole disease is difficult; therefore, it has been the objective of researchers to model individual parts of the illness.
Preputioplasty Preputioplasty or prepuce plasty, also known as limited dorsal slit with transverse closure, is a minor plastic surgical operation on the prepuce or foreskin of the penis to widen a narrow non-retractile foreskin which cannot comfortably be drawn back off the head of the penis in erection because of a stenosis which either has not relaxed during childhood and adolescence or has re-narrowed after sexual maturity.
Prequel A prequel is a work that portrays events which include the structure, conventions, and/or characters of a previously completed narrative, but occur at an earlier time. The word is a neologism, dating to the early 1970s; its first known, traceable use is in the original press pack for The Godfather Part II,where it is used to describe the sections of the film which take place before the events of The Godfather].
Prerogative A Prerogative is an exclusive legal right given from a government or state and invested in an individual or group, the content of which is separate from the body of rights enjoyed under the general law of the normative state. It was a common facet of Feudal law.
Prerogative of Mercy In the British tradition the Prerogative of Mercy is one of the historic Royal Prerogatives of the British monarch in which he or she can grant pardons to convicted persons. In actual practice this power has been passed to politicians.
Presburger arithmetic Presburger arithmetic is the first-order theory of the natural numbers with addition, named in honor of MojĹĽesz Presburger, who published it in 1929. It is not as powerful as Peano arithmetic because it omits multiplication.
Presbyornithidae Presbyornithidae were a family of waterbirds with an apparently global distribution that lived until the Earliest Oligocene, but are now extinct. Initially, they were believed to present a mix of characters shown by waterbirds, shorebirds and flamingos and were used to argue for an evolutionary relationship between these groups, but they are now generally accepted to be "wading ducks", the sister taxon of the Anatidae, and thus essentially modern waterbirds.
Presbyter Presbyter in the New Testament refers to a leader in local Christian congregations, then a synonym of episkopos (which has now come to mean bishop). In modern usage, it is distinct from bishop and synonymous with priest, pastor, elder, or minister in various Christian denominations.
Presbyter Judaeorum The Presbyter Judaeorum or Presbyter Judæorum was the chief official of the Jews of England prior to the Edict of Expulsion. The office appears to have been for life, though in two or three instances the incumbent either resigned or was dismissed.
Presbyterian and Methodist Schools' Association The Presbyterian and Methodist Schools Association (PMSA) is an independent joint activity of the Uniting and Presbyterian Churches that promotes Christianity through its involvement in education. The PMSA is a not for profit organisation that currently owns and operates four independent schools (Brisbane Boys' College, Somerville House, Clayfield College and Sunshine Coast Grammar School).
Presbyterian High School Presbyterian High School (长老会中学) is a government-aided secondary school located at 5209 Ang Mo Kio Avenue 6, Singapore 569845, across the road from the Yio Chu Kang MRT Station. Presbyterian High School has affiliations with Saint Andrew's Junior College.
Presbyterian Hospital (Charlotte) Presbyterian Hospital is a tertiary care facility located in Charlotte, NC. with 593 licensed beds, it is the city's second largest hospital after the regional referral center, Carolinas Medical Center (CMC) and is the location of the third busiest emergency department in Mecklenburg County, after CMC and Carolinas Medical Center-University.
Presbyterian Church (USA) Hezbollah controversy In October 2004, the Presbyterian Church (USA) Advisory Committee on Social Wellness Policy toured the Middle East in order to listen to local Christians, ecumenical partners, and political leaders in Lebanon, Palestine, Israel, Egypt and Jordan. While in Lebanon, the delegation met with members of Hezbollah, which became a cause of controversy.
Presbyterian Church Business Administrators Association The Presbyterian Church Business Administrators Association is an official organization of the Presbyterian Church (USA). Its primary purpose is to administer the demination's certification programs for the Church Business Administrator.
Presbyterian Church in America The Presbyterian Church in America (PCA) is a Protestant denomination, the second largest Presbyterian church body in the United States after the Presbyterian Church (USA). The PCA professes a strong commitment to evangelism, missionary work, and Christian education.
Presbyterian Church in Canada The Presbyterian Church in Canada is the name of a Protestant Christian church, of presbyterian and reformed theology and polity, serving in Canada under this name since 1875, although the United Church of Canada claimed the right to the name from 1925 to 1939. According to the Canada 2001 Census 409,830 Canadians identify themselves as Presbyterian, that is, 1.
Presbyterian Church in the United States The Presbyterian Church in the United States was the Southern branch of Presbyterianism in America. This group split from the Northern body of Presbyterianism largely over the issue of slavery in 1861 and was known during the American Civil War as the Presbyterian Church in the Confederate States of America.
Presbyterian Church in Taiwan The Presbyterian Church in Taiwan (PCT; Taiwanese: Tâi-oân Ki-tok Tiúⁿ-ló Kàu-hoē; Chinese: 台灣基督長老教會) was planted in Taiwan in the 19th century by Dr James Laidlaw Maxwell Sr of Britain, and Dr George Leslie Mackay of Canada.
Presbyterian Church in Westfield, NJ The Presbyterian Church in the West Fields of Elizabeth Town was established in 1728, when twelve to eighteen of the early settlers built a log house for worship near what is now Benson Place. A great drum was sounded to call people to services.
Presbyterian Church of Eastern Australia The Presbyterian Church of Eastern Australia (PCEA) is a Presbyterian denomination which was formed in Sydney on 10 October 1846 by three ministers and a ruling elder. As of December 2005 it consists of 12 pastoral charges with 9 serving ministers, and a community of about 1,000 (including 500 communicant members).
Presbyterian Church of Korea The Presbyterian Church of Korea or PCK is a mainline Protestant denomination based in South Korea and currently has the largest membership of any Presbyterian denomination in the world. It is affiliated with its daughter denomination, the Korean Presbyterian Church in America (KPCA).
Presbyterian Church of Wales The Presbyterian Church of Wales (Welsh: Eglwys Bresbyteraidd Cymru), also known as The Calvinistic Methodist Church (Welsh: Yr Eglwys Fethodistaidd Galfinaidd), is a denomination of Protestant Christianity. It was born out of the Welsh Methodist revival in the eighteenth century and seceded from the Church of England in 1811.
Presbyterian Ladies' College, Armidale The Presbyterian Ladies' College, Armidale (formerly New England Ladies' College 1887-1910 and Hilton School 1910-1939) is an Independent, Day and Boarding, Presbyterian school for girls, in Armidale, New South Wales, Australia.
Presbyterian Publishing Corporation The Presbyterian Publishing Corporation is the publishing agency of the Presbyterian Church (USA). According to its official Web site, "The Presbyterian Publishing Corporation is one of six agencies of the Presbyterian Church (U.
Presbyterian Reformed Church The Presbyterian Reformed Church was founded in Ontario, Canada on November 17th, 1965. The churches continue historic Scottish Presbyterian orthodoxy in doctrine, worship, government and discipline, on the basis of a conviction that these principles and practices are founded upon and agreeable to the Word of God.
Presbyterian Reformed Church, Epping The Presbyterian Reformed Church, Epping, is a congregation of the Presbyterian Reformed Church based in Epping, Sydney, Australia. It meets in the Epping Community Centre Hall, Oxford St, Epping, each Sunday at 10.
Presbyterian Theological Centre The Presbyterian Theological Centre is the theological college of the Presbyterian Church of Australia in New South Wales. It provides theological education for candidates of the ministry and members of the laity, and is an approved teaching institution of the Australian College of Theology.
Presbyterianism Presbyterianism is a form of Protestant Christianity, primarily within the Reformed branch of Western Christianity. Presbyterianism traces its institutional roots back to the Scottish Reformation, led by John Knox.
Presbyterians Aiding Nicaraguans Presbyterians Aiding Nicaraguans is a lay ministry of ordinary Presbyterians working to bring together churches in Canada with churches in Nicaragua. They are based in Guelph, Ontario and have been active in Nicaragua for about eight years.
Presbyterium Presbyterium is a modern term used in the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Rite Catholic Churches after the Second Vatican Council in reference to a college of priests, in active ministry, of an individual particular church such as a diocese or eparchy. The body, in union with their bishop as a collective, is a symbol of the collaborative and collegial nature of their sacerdotal ministry as inspired by the reforms made during the Second Vatican Council.
Presbyterorum Ordinis Presbyterorum Ordinis, the Decree on the Ministry and Life of Priests, is one of the documents produced by the Second Vatican Council. Promulgated by Pope Paul VI on December 7, 1965, it had been earlier approved by the assembled bishops by a vote of 2,390 to 4.
Prescient store A prescient store is an operation to allow store operations to occur earlier than would otherwise be permitted in the context of threads and locks. The process needs some way of knowing ahead of time what value will be stored by the assignment that it should have followed.
Prescientific system Prescientific systems are approaches to scientific fields such as medicine or astronomy that evolved before the natural sciences established their modern standards of methodological work and theoretical understanding. Support for the system was largely anecdotal, and objective testing procedures were often lacking.
Prescisive abstraction Prescisive abstraction or prescision, variously spelled as precisive abstraction or prescission, is a formal operation that marks, selects, or singles out one feature of a concrete experience to the disregard of others.
Prescot Playhouse The Prescot Playhouse was a purpose-built Elizabethan theatre in the then-Lancashire town of Prescot, now in Merseyside, England. It was built in approximately 1593, and was demolished in the early 17th century.
Prescott and Northwestern Railroad The Prescott and Northwestern Railroad is a short-line railroad headquartered in Prescott, Arkansas. The railroad was chartered in 1890, for the purpose of constructing a railroad north-northwest from Prescott to access timberlands for the Ozan Lumber Company.
Prescott College Prescott College is a private liberal arts college in Prescott, Arizona, founded in 1966. Tucked into a corner of the town of the same name, Prescott College offers residential and limited-residency BA degrees, a limited-residency MA degree and a limited-residency PhD in Sustainability Education.
Prescott College, South Australia Prescott College is a collection of Seventh-day Adventist schools in Adelaide, South Australia. Prescott College - secondary campus - (Prospect, South Australia) is a high school with year levels beginning from 8 through to 12.
Prescott Farm Prescott Farm is a historic preservation of a colonial farm in Newport, Rhode Island. It spans 40 acres, and was in danger of demolition before Doris Duke, through the Newport Restoration Foundation bought it in 1973] and began restoration of the historical site.
Prescott Speed Hillclimb Prescott Speed Hillclimb is a hillclimb in Gloucestershire, England. The course used for most events (the "Long Course") is 1127 yards (1031 metres) in length, and as of August 2005 the hill record was held by Adam Fleetwood, who set a time of 36.
Prescott, Ontario Prescott is a town of approximately 4,200 people on the north shore of the Saint Lawrence River in Ontario, Canada, directly across from Ogdensburg, New York. The Ogdensburg-Prescott International Bridge connects the two towns.
Prescription (law) Prescription (law) is the method of sovereignty transfer of a territory through international law analogous to the common law doctrine of adverse possession for private real-estate. Prescription involves the open encroachment by the new sovereign upon the territory in question for a prolonged period of time, acting as the sovereign, without protest or other contest by the original sovereign.
Prescription drug A prescription drug is a licensed medicine that is regulated by legislation to require a prescription before it can be obtained. The term is used to distinguish it from over-the-counter drugs which can be obtained without a prescription.
Prescription drug prices in the United States Prescription drug prices for single-source brand name drugs in the United States are significantly higher than in Canada and other countries, many of which have price controls. Prices for generically available drugs tend to be higher in Canada.
Prescriptions regarding gender roles In most, if not all societies, there are prescriptions regarding gender roles. The traditions, and sometimes the laws, of a society often direct that certain career choices and lifestyles are appropriate to men, and other career choices and lifestyles are appropriate to women.
Prescriptivity Prescriptivity is a term used in meta-ethics to state that when an evaluative judgment or decision is made it must either prescribe or condemn. The word infers that these judgments (and restultantly the prescription and condemnation) logically commit us to certain ways of living.
Presdales school Presdales school is a five-form entry all-ability school for girls aged from 11 to 18. Founded as Ware Grammar School for Girls in 1906 on the Amwell House site, it was moved to its present site at Presdales in 1964.
Presea Combatir Presea Combatir is a character from the video game Tales of Symphonia, released by Namco for the Nintendo GameCube and Sony PlayStation 2 (the PlayStation 2 version was released in Japan only). She is played in English by established voice actress Tara Strong.
Preselector gearbox A preselector gearbox is a type of gearbox used on a variety of vehicles, more commonly until around the 1950s. It was originally invented and patented in 1928 by Colonel Walter Gordon Wilson (1874-1957) and was first used in World War I tanks.
Presence (band) Presence was a short-lived British rock band formed by Gary Biddles and Lol Tolhurst. In their brief existence, Presence only released one full-length album, called Inside (through Smash Records, a subsidiary of Island Records).
Presence (comics) The Presence is a fictional comic book character portrayed as the supreme being in the DC Comics Universe, believed to be the God of Judeo-Christian (and other) beliefs. The Voice is an aspect of The Presence, specifically, it is the "Voice" of God.
Presence information In computer and telecommunications networks, presence information is a status indicator that conveys ability and willingness of a potential communication partner - for example a user to communicate. A user's client provides presence information (presence state) via network connection to a presence service, which is stored in what constitutes his personal availabilty record (called a presentity) and can be made available for distribution to other users (called watchers) to convey his availability for communication.
Presendia Lathrop Huntington Presendia Lathrop Huntington (7 September 1810 in Watertown, New York - 1 February 1892 in Salt Lake City, Utah) is recognized as the sixth woman to marry LDS Church founder Joseph Smith, Jr.The Wives of Joseph Smith
Presenilin Presenilins are a family of related multi-pass transmembrane proteins that function as a part of the gamma-secretase protease complex. Vertebrates have two presenilin genes, called Presenilin1 and Presenilin2, while invertebrates such as the fruit fly have only a single presenilin.
Present (album) Present is an album by Van der Graaf Generator, released in 2005. It was the band's first studio album since The Quiet Zone/The Pleasure Dome in 1977, and the first with the 'classic' line-up since World Record in 1976.
Present (Killing Heidi album) Present is the second studio album by the Australian band Killing Heidi, released in Australia on October 25, 2002 (see 2002 in music. It succeeded the group's enormously successful debut album, 2000's Reflector.
Present (time) The present is the time that is perceived directly, not as a recollection or a speculation. It is often considered as a point in space-time, often called now, but it may also be viewed as a duration (see specious present).
Present arms! Present Arms is a two part command used by many militaries in the world as a sign of respect. Within the United States Military, it involves presenting the underside of the firearm towards the one receiving the honor, or raising the blade overhead in a 45 degree angle.
Present Laughter Present Laughter is a comedic play written by Noel Coward and first staged in 1939 as part of a double bill with his lower middle-class domestic drama This Happy Breed; in 1941 the double bill was expanded to include Coward's new play Blithe Spirit. Coward himself starred in Present Laughter during the original run; later productions have featured actors such as Simon Callow and Ian McKellen in the lead role.
Present perfect tense The present perfect tense is a perfect tense used to express action that has been completed with respect to the present. (It is considered a present tense, not a past tense, since the resulting state is in the present.
Present sense impression A present sense impression, in the law of evidence, is a statement made by a person (the declarant) that conveys his or her sense of the state of an event or the condition of something. The statement must be spontaneously made while the person was perceiving (i.
Present value The present value of a future cash flow is the nominal amount of money to change hands at some future date, discounted to account for the time value of money. A given amount of money is always more valuable sooner than later since this enables one to take advantage of investment opportunities.
Presentation Academy Presentation Academy is a college-preparatory all-girls Catholic high school, located just south of Downtown Louisville, Kentucky. It was started in 1831 by Mother Catherine Spalding, superior of the Sisters of Charity of Nazareth.
Presentation copy A presentation copy is a copy of a book is that has been dedicated by the author or illustrated and signed in some way to that effect. Presentation copies with a demonstrated relationship between the presenter and the recipient are generally more valuable than those merely signed chockablock by a writer.
Presentation College Presentation College is a Roman Catholic secondary school in San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago. It claims to be the first Catholic secondary school in South Trinidad, having been established circa 1930 in the basement of San Fernando Presbytery.
Presentation College Chaguanas Presentation College, Chaguanas is a Roman Catholic secondary school on the corner of Yves and Rene Streets, Chaguanas, Trinidad and Tobago. The land on which the school was built was donated by Endeavour estates.
Presentation management Presentation Management is the creation, automation and distribution of presentation content to a large group. It has evolved as a result of advances in media technology, which have empowered the masses to create, consume and distribute terabytes of media, turning once static presentations into rich media collateral bringing the corporate presentation to life.
Presentation of a group In mathematics, one method of defining a group is by a presentation. One specifies a set S of generators so that every element of the group can be written as a product of some of these generators, and a set R of relations among those generators.
Presentation of Jesus at the Temple The Presentation of Jesus at the Temple was an early episode of the life of Jesus. In the Roman Catholic Church, the Presentation is a feast celebrated on 2 February and is the fourth Joyful Mystery of the Rosary.
Presentation program A presentation program is a computer software package used to display information, normally in the form of a slide show. It typically includes three major functions: an editor that allows text to be inserted and formatted, a method for inserting and manipulating graphic images and a slide-show system to display the content.
Presentation Pack A presentation pack is a special product issued on the day of issue of a new set of postage stamps in Great Britain and other countries. They contain a full set of mint stamps and are designed to show an insight into the issue by containing a card with explanatory text.
Presentation Sisters The Presentation Sisters (also known as the Sisters of the Presentation of the Blessed Virgin Mary) are a Roman Catholic religious order, founded in Ireland by Nano Nagle in 1775. In the past, the Sisters dedicated their time to creating schools that would help to educate young people, especially young ladies.
Presentational acting Representational acting is a concept in theatre which holds that actors should strive to, in some sense, become their characters, rather than simply portraying them. For instance, rather than thinking about what would be entertaining for the audience, or what would fit symbolically or abstractly with the character, the actor strives to feel what the character feels and think what the character thinks, with the end result that they do what the character would do.
Presente litany The Presente litany is a memorial litany in which the names of people killed in political repression (usually in Central and South America) are recited. This litany is used at the annual memorial service held at the gates of the School of the Americas in Columbus, Georgia for those killed by graduates of the school.
Presentism (literary and historical analysis) Presentism is a mode of historical analysis in which present-day ideas and perspectives are anachronistically introduced into depictions or interpretations of the past. Most modern historians seek to avoid presentism in their work because they believe it creates a distorted understanding of their subject matter.
Presentism (philosophy of time) In the philosophy of time, presentism is the belief that neither the future nor the past exists. The opposite of presentism is 'eternalism', which is a belief in things that are past and things that are yet to come exist eternally.
Presents Guitar Duets Joan of Arc Presents: Guitar Duets is the eighth full-length album by Joan of Arc, released in 2005 on Polyvinyl Records. The album consists of ten guitar duets, each featuring 2 past members of Joan of Arc, paired up by pulling names out of a hat.
Preservation breeding Preservation breeding is an attempt by many animal breeders to preserve bloodlines of animals, either of a rare breed, or of rare pedigrees within a breed. One purpose of preservation breeding is to protect genetic diversity within a species, another is to preserve valuable genetic traits that may not be popular or in fashion in the present, but may be of great value in the future.
Preservative A preservative is a natural or synthetic chemical that is added to products such as foods, pharmaceuticals, paints, biological samples, etc. to retard spoilage, whether from microbial growth, or undesirable chemical changes.
Preserve Our Island Preserve Our Island is a grassroots organization, created by residents of Maury Island (Washington, USA), that is opposed to Glacier Northwest and their efforts to mine aggregate on Maury Island. Preserve Our Island “is committed to serving the interests of the Vashon/Maury Island community by insuring that the proper scientific data is available to permitting agencies and that all environmental and legal protections are brought to full consideration.
Preserved counties of Wales The Preserved counties of Wales are the current areas used in Wales for ceremonial purposes such as Lieutenancy. They are based on the counties created by the Local Government Act 1972 and used for local government and other purposes between 1974–1996.
Preshil Preshil, or The Margaret Lyttle Memorial School, is an independent, non-denominational private school, in Melbourne, Australia. Founded in the early 1930s by Margaret J R Lyttle, and based upon alternative education principles similar to Summerhill in England, although unlike Summerhill, classes are compulsory and held at fixed times.
Preschool Teacher A Preschool Teacher is a type of early childhood educator who instructs children from infancy to age 5, which stands as the youngest stretch of early childhood education. Early Childhood Education teachers need to span the continum of children from birth to age 8.
Presian Ridge Presian Ridge (Presiyanov Rid pre-si-'ya-nov 'rid) is a ridge of elevation 1456 m extending 950 m in E-W direction in Friesland Ridge, Tangra Mountains, Livingston Island, Antarctica. Situated between Mount Friesland to the W and Catalunyan Saddle to the E, and 3.
Presidency of Hugo Chávez Venezuela under the presidency of Hugo Chávez (1999 - present) has seen sweeping and radical shifts in social policy, moving away from the government officially embracing a free market economy and neoliberal reform principles and towards quasi-socialist income redistribution and social welfare programs. Chávez has just as radically up-ended Venezuela's traditional foreign policy.

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